fingerprinting technology is an emerging field of biometrics in 21st century.

1. Fingerprinting
Technology
“The act or an instance of taking an ink impression of
someone's fingerprints for the purpose of identification”

2. History
• Fingerprints have been found on ancient clay tablets, seals,
and pottery.
• In about 200 BC fingerprints were used to sign written
contracts in China.
• In 1901, Sir Edward Henry established the first fingerprint
classification system in Britain.
• 1903- First official use of Fingerprints in United States.
• 1924- FBI consolidates 800,000 fingerprints files from Across
United States
• 1975- FBI introduces the Automated Fingerprint identification
system (AFIS)
• On January 25, 2008 Pakistan Automated Fingerprints
System (PAFIS) was launched in Islamabad.

3. What are Fingerprints?
• A fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of
a human finger.
• The skin surface of any human finger consists of a
pattern of dark lines of ridges along with white lines or
valleys between them termed as Ridges.
• The details of ridges and their sequence is what defines
the information for fingerprint identification.

4. Patterns of Fingerprints
• Finger patterns can be divided into 3 groups as shown
below:
 Arches Loops
 Whorls

5. Fingerprinting Techniques
• Exemplar
Exemplar prints can be collected
using live scan or by using ink on
Paper cards.
• Latent
In forensic science a partial
fingerprint lifted from a surface is
Called a latent fingerprint.
.

6. Obtaining Fingerprints
• Chemical Method
Chemical methods of techniques for visualizing fingerprints
are:
• Spraying the surface with black powder can reveal the fingerprint
patterns which can then be lifted using clear tape.
• Different chemicals like cyanoacrylate can develop fingerprints on a
variety of objects.
• Ninhydrin - forms bonds with amino acids present in fingerprints,
can also be used.
• Also, the magnetic powder can be used to reveal fingerprints and
works on shiny surfaces or plastic bags or containers.

7. Automatic Identification method
Fingerprints Sensors
A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of
the fingerprint pattern.
The fingerprint images can be acquired using different sensors.
• Optical scanners take a visual image of the fingerprint using a
digital camera.
• Capacitive or CMOS scanners use capacitors and thus electrical
current to form an image of the fingerprint.
• Ultrasound fingerprint scanners use high frequency sound waves
to penetrate the epidermal (outer) layer of the skin.
• Thermal scanners sense the temperature differences on the
contact surface, in between fingerprint ridges and valleys.

8. Fingerprinting identification process
• Basically, digital imaging technology is used in acquiring, storing and
analyzing the fingerprint data.
• Acquiring Images
The left image given below shows the whole structure of the fingerprint
acquisition using an optical scanner and the right image is the real-time
example of the system.

9. Storing of images
• The acquired image is then processed using digital
image processing techniques as explained below:
• Image Image image Frequency
Segmentation normalization concentration image
image Binary image
thinning image filtering
Analyzing the Images
The system provides a list of the closest matching fingerprint
images from the print database and the results are verified to determine if an
identification is made.

10. Fingerprint processors
• A fingerprint processor is a digital integrated circuit that
processes binary data received from sub-systems.
• A fingerprint processor works like the brains of the
fingerprint recognition device.
• Today’s fingerprint processors are faster than ever and
are easy to integrate in application specific systems.

11. Applications of
Fingerprinting Technology
• Following are the applications
of fingerprinting technology in
the fields of:
1. Biometrics
• Law enforcement and public
security
• Military
• Border, travel, and migration
control
• Civil identification
• Healthcare and subsidies
• Physical and logical access
• Commercial applications
• Unlocking mobile
• Door unlocks
• Payment
• Fingerprint credit cards
• Biometrics in schools
2. Forensic
3. Crime scene investigation
5. Detection of drug use
6. Police force database

12. Biometrics
“Biometrics is the most suitable means of identifying
and authenticating individuals in a reliable and fast
way through unique biological characteristics.”

13. Biometrics authentication
and identification
Biometric authentication Biometric identification
• Biometric authentication compares
data for the person's
characteristics to that person's
biometric to determine
resemblance.
• In this mode, the question is: "Are
you indeed, Mr or Mrs. X?"
• Biometric identification
consists of determining the
identity of a person.
• It can be a photo of their face, a
record of their voice, or an image
of their fingerprint.
• In this mode, the question ​is a
simple one: "Who are you?

14. Biometric identifiers
2. Behavioral
measurements
• Voice recognition
• Signature dynamics
• Keystroke dynamics
• Gait, the sound of steps
• Gestures, etc.
1. Physiological
measurements
• Fingerprints
• The hand
• The finger
• Vein pattern
• The eye (iris and retina)
• The face's shape.

15. Uses of Biometrics
1. Law enforcement
• Criminal/suspect identification
• Automated Fingerprint
Identification Systems (AFIS).
• Store, search and retrieve,
fingerprint images and subject
records
Public security
• Live face recognition
• Face identification in a crowd
for public security – in cities,
airports, at borders, or other
sensitives such as stadiums or
places of worship.

16. Border, travel, and migration control
• Fingerprint scanners and cameras at border posts
capture information that helps identify travelers
entering the country in a more precise and reliable
way.
• Use of biometric passports to increase the level of
protection for people entering and leaving the country.
• Over 1.2 billion e-passports were in circulation in
2020.

17. Civil identification/ voting
• Biometric technology is widely used IN recognizing
person’s identity e.g, NADRA
• Biometrics can also be critical for the "one person, one
vote​" principle.

18. Unlocking mobile devices
• Passcodes and pin codes in mobile devices are not
secure enough so fingerprints are more convenient and
secure way of unlocking mobile phones.
Unlocking DOOR locks
Thanks to fingerprint biometrics,
customers register their fingerprints
at the check-in.

19. Health care
• Biometric identification of patients optimizes the
treatment process and virtually eliminates the possibility
of errors.
• Detection of drug use
The fingerprints of tobacco smokers contain traces of cotinine, a
nicotine metabolite. Fingerprint drug test device scan the prints
of drug abuser.

20. Payments
• It is now possible to use your fingerprint as a payment
method, without the need to carry cash or credit cards.
• Biometrics in schools
In schools of United Nations, students and teachers’
attendance is done through biometric techniques.

21. Crime scene investigations
• One of the most important uses for fingerprints is to help
investigators link one crime scene to another involving
the same person.
Staff management
Using biometrics to identify employees can increase
employee accountability, which will directly lead to
increased productivity.
The biometric HR solution provides more accurate
attendance information, eliminates unnecessary payroll
costs, and reduces labor costs

22. Future of Biometric Technology
• Many biometric services are currently under development and
testing. However, in a few years, these biometric technologies will
be introduced everywhere.
• Plastic cards will recede into the background soon, and fingerprint
scans will become a standard daily operation.
• Experiments are underway with every possible trait, from monitoring
your heart rate to implanting chips under your skin.
• Improving modern methods in terms of protection such as scanning
3D image of a fingerprint
• Biometric identification technologies are improving so quickly that it
is difficult to predict what they will look like in a few years- like
passwords that were difficult to use, change, and remember will
remain in the past.

23. The biometrics market
• According to Global Markets Insights, the global
biometric market is expected to top USD 50 billion by
2024.
• Non-AFIS will account for the highest biometrics market
share, exceeding USD 18 billion by 2024.
• Pakistani biometric
technology is still
growing.
• The global biometric
technology market is
driven by growing
applications of
biometric solutions
in the commercial & government sectors.

24. Recent advancements in
Fingerprinting technology
• Today’s fingerprint recognition devices are faster, accurate and
securer than their previous generations and they will continue to
improve as technology and new standards grow.
• Recent advancements in fingerprint technology has resulted in
several benefits, important ones are discussed below:
• Improved anti-spoofing mechanism
• Improved speed and reduced processing time
• Ease of integration : fingerprint SDKs and APIs
• Accuracy
• Power efficiency

25. Advantages
• Security- fingerprints are the securest means of
protecting our personal data and accounts.
• Spoof-proof- Fingerprints are harder to fake or steal.
• Non-transferable- fingerprints are non- transferable
because every person has unique sets of fingerprints.
We cannot share them as passwords or pin codes.
• Accountability- Using fingerprints recognition also
provides high level of accountability at work
• Fast speed- compared to typing passwords, fingerprints
are proved as far more faster technique.
• User friendly- For payments or identity recognition you
don’t have to carry cards because you always have your
fingerprints with you.

26. Disadvantages
• System failures – Scanners are subject to the same technical
failures and limitations as all other electronic identification systems such
as power outages, errors and environmental factors.
• Errors– Using fingerprints canners can sometimes leads to
false rejections and acceptances.
• Costly– the fingerprints scanning devices are expensive and
sensitive to handle.
• Exclusions– Some people are restricted from this
technology because in older age or if anybody had a cancer
history he/ she would be excluded from using fingerprinting
technology.
• Highly complex systems – biometric technique is highly
technical and complex system as most of the population of
Pakistan is illiterate.

27. Conclusion
• Technology is probably the fastest developing area than any
other man made things and fingerprint recognition technology
is not an exception. Recent years have witnessed so many
advancements in fingerprint technology which is unparalleled
in the history of biometric technology.
• Mobile biometrics has particularly shown unprecedented
growth. Today, we have ultra-thin fingerprint processor that can
fit into applications like payment cards and fingerprint sensors
which can scan user prints from the smartphone display.
• Once only limited to high security facilities for access control
and identification applications, fingerprint recognition is now
available even in low-end smartphones.