Biometric in the field of Computer science ! This is a powerpoint presentation prepared as a first year participation in college presentation competition. Topic - Applications of biometrics in technology. This was my first attempt. Hope it comes in use for people in need of a simple presentation.

1. Applications of
Biometrics in
Technology
Presented by:
Sanjay Khubchandani FY MSc IT 04
NVPAS

2. What is Biometrics?
 The word “biometrics” comes form two Greek
words – ‘bio’ meaning life and ‘metric’ meaning
to measure.
 It includes recognition by retina, iris, fingerprints,
face, vein geometry, voice patterns, hand
measurements, etc which are used to identify
human characteristics and to verify identity.

3.  There is a wide range of usage of
Biometric in the field of Information
Technology..
 Some of them are as follows…

4. Retina Scanning
 It is a biometric technique that uses the unique
patterns formed by blood vessels on a
person's retina.
 The network of blood vessels in the retina is not
entirely genetically determined, as a result
even identical twins do not share a similar
pattern.
 It was known from 1930s that each human
eyeball has unique characteristics. This
information was later put to use and in 1984 the
first retinal scanner was made available for
commercial use by a company called EyeDentify.

5.  The retinal scan uses a
low-intensity light source
and a sensor to scan the
pattern of blood vessels
at the back of the retina.
 As the retinal blood
vessels absorb light more
readily than the
surrounding tissue, the
amount of reflection
varies and the blood
vessels appear darker
compared to other
tissues.
 The pattern of variations
is digitized and stored in
a database.

6.  ADVANTAGES
 Low error rate of 1 in 10,00,000.
 Highly Reliable
 Easy to use.
 DISADVANTAGES
 Measurement accuracy can be affected by
certain diseases such as cataract,
astigmatism, diabetes, etc.
 Invasive scanning process.
 Not very user friendly
 High equipment cost

7. Retina Scanning
The controls of a
Topocon Retinal
Camera..
Scanners can be made
handheld and easily
portable, like this one
being used by the US
Army, or wall-mounted
for convenience in
places like airports.

8. Iris Scanning
 Similar to a retina scan, an iris scan also makes
use of the uniqueness of your eyes.
 In an iris scan, the different patterns in your iris are
scanned and stored.
 In 1994, US-born mathematician John Daugman
develops the algorithms that can turn
photographs of irises into unique numeric codes.
He is granted US patent #5,291,560 for a
"biometric personal identification system based
on iris analysis" .

9.  The eyes of a person are
digitally photographed with
both ordinary light and
infrared light(it has a slightly
longer wavelength than
ordinary red light).
 The infrared helps to show the
patterns of dark coloured
eyes as it is not very clear in
ordinary light.
 These two digital
photographs, are then
analyzed by
a computer which identifies
around 240 unique features.
 These features, are turned into
a 512-digit number called an
Iris Code that is stored in a
computer database.

10.  ADVANTAGES
 Accuracy and reliability
 Patterns of iris remain unchanged for long
periods of time.
 Hygienic as direct contact with the scanner is
not needed.
 DISADVANTAGES
 High initial cost of equipments.

11. Fingerprint Scanning
 When a computer checks your fingerprints, there
obviously isn't a little person with a magnifying
glass sitting inside, comparing your fingerprints
with all the hundreds or thousands stored in the
database!
 So how can a computer compare prints? During
enrolment or verification, each print is analyzed
for very specific features called minutiae, where
the lines in your fingerprint terminate or split in
two.

12.  The computer measures
the distances and angles
between these features—
a bit like drawing lines
between them—and
then uses an algorithm
(mathematical process)
to turn this information
into a unique numeric
code. Comparing
fingerprints is then simply
a matter of comparing
their unique codes. If the
codes match, the prints
match, and the person
gains access.

13. Face Recognition
 This project was labeled man-machine because the
human extracted the coordinates of a set of features
from the photographs, which were then used by the
computer for recognition.
 Using a graphics tablet (GRAFACON or RAND TABLET),
the operator would extract the coordinates of features
such as the center of pupils, the inside corner of eyes,
the outside corner of eyes, point of widows peak, and
so on. From these coordinates, a list of 20 distances,
such as width of mouth and width of eyes, pupil to
pupil, were computed.

14.  These operators could
process about 40 pictures
an hour. When building
the database, the name
of the person in the
photograph was
associated with the list of
computed distances and
stored in the computer.
 In the recognition phase,
the set of distances was
compared with the
corresponding distance
for each photograph,
yielding a distance
between the photograph
and the database
record. The closest
records are returned.

15. Vein Geometry
 As with irises and fingerprints, a person's veins are
completely unique. Twins don't have identical
veins, and a person's veins differ between their
left and right sides.
 To use a vein recognition system, you simply
place your finger, wrist, palm or the back of your
hand on or near the scanner.

16.  A camera takes a
digital picture using
near-infrared light. The
haemoglobin in your
blood absorbs the light,
so veins appear black in
the picture.
 As with all the other
biometric types, the
software creates a
reference template
based on the shape
and location of the vein
structure.

17.  All these techniques have a similar way of functioning.
 When a retina, iris, fingerprint, etc are scanned for the
first time the unique features in the form of data is
stored in the database.
 Next time when the same person uses the scanner, the
computer matches the data already stored in it with
the data of the retina, iris or fingerprint, instead of
performing the process all over again.

18. Biometrics in India
 India's national ID program called Aadhaar is the
largest biometric database of the world. It is a
digital identity of a person assigned for a lifetime.
 It is based on biometric data(fingerprint, iris
scan and face photo), along with demographic
data (name, age, gender, address, etc.) of a
person.