Bioluminescence
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Bioluminescence is a chemical reaction that produces light. Many marine organisms produce bioluminescence, including bacteria, dinoflagellates, jellyfish, squid, shrimp, and fish. Bacterial bioluminescence involves symbiotic relationships with bacteria that produce light, while intrinsic bioluminescence is produced within the organism's tissues. Some squid use a "blink and run" defense method involving a bioluminescent cloud. Countershading provides camouflage, while bioluminescence may have evolved in bacteria and marine life as an advantage for reproduction, predator avoidance, communication, and feeding.
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Bioluminescence
- 2. Ocean Zones What color/wavelength of light will animals use? dysphotic
- 4. What organisms that you know of have bioluminescence? Bioluminescence evolved in several kingdoms. Evolution: In early evolution, O 2 was toxic. Some organisms were able to convert it to a nontoxic substance, which had the tendency to produce photons of light. This may have had a selective advantage to some organisms. Not found in freshwater organisms.
- 6. (bacterial) Light emitting organ Photophore
- 12. What are the advantages of using bioluminescence?
- 14. Countershading
- 15. Camouflage
- 16. Some mesopelagic copepod species are red/black in color. Why?
- 18. Some predators can lure prey by mimicking signals of prey. Other predators dangle a lure to attract prey. Predation
- 19. mid-water squid releases a bioluminescent cloud to startle and confuse predators. Photoblepharon- blink and run method. Defense
- 20. Other bioluminescent animals Duncecap or helmet jelly Periphylla periphylla
- 21. Bamboo coral Keratoisis flexibilis
- 23. pterapods
- 24. Firefly squid Deep sea squid
- 25. Deep sea glass squid Teuthowenia pellucida
- 26. Deep sea gulper Photophores on ventral surface
- 27. Deep sea viper fish & deep sea shrimp
- 28. Black Devil Angler Fish lure
- 29. angler fish
- 30. Shrimps
- 31. More Jellyfish
Editor's Notes
- The hatchetfish gets its name from the distinct hatchet-like shape of its body. Hatchetfishes live in the deep ocean at depths down to 4500 feet. They are a small fish growing up to only 4 inches in length. They have upward pointing eyes that enable them to search for food falling from the depths above. These fish have light-producing photophores that run along the length of their body. It is believed they use these light organs to signal others of their own kind during mating. Since these photophores point downward, they may also serve to attract prey from below. Hatchetfishes are found in deep waters all over the world. They feed mainly on copepods and the fry of other fishes. Bioluminescence- Countershading, i.e., match downwelling light
- The firefly squid is a small member of the squid family, growing to a length of only three inches. The tips of their tentacles are equipped with light-producing organs called photophores. The squid uses these lights to attract it prey. By flashing these lights on and off, they can attract small fish and then pounce on the with their powerful tentacles. The firefly squid is also capable of emitting light from its entire body. The squid's body is covered with tiny photophores that can be flashed in unison or alternated in an endless number of hypnotizing patterns. The firefly squid spends its days at depths of about 1200 feet. At night, it comes up to the surface to search for food. During spawning season, they can even come close to shore. They can be seen gathering every year from March to May in Toyama Bay in Japan. Toyama Bay is a V-shaped canyon in which the sea floor drops away very suddenly. The flow of the current usually wells up from the bottom so that the squid are pushed up to the top by the water. The area where the squid gather has been designated as special natural treasure. The average life span of a firefly squid is about one year. They are found throughout the western Pacific ocean.
- Deep Sea Glass Squid Teuthowenia pellucida An ecologically important Southern Hemisphere deep-sea squid. This species has light organs on its eyes and possesses the ability to roll into a ball, like an aquatic hedgehog. It is prey of many deep-sea fish (eg Goblin Sharks) as well as whales and oceanic seabirds. from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.imagequest3d.com/ImageFolio3_files/gallery/aquatic/mollusca/cephalopoda/tn_PBB00182.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.imagequest3d.com/cgi-bin/ImageFolio3/imageFolio.cgi%3Fsearch%3DHITS&h=144&w=109&sz=17&hl=en&start=10&tbnid=HMhMt7YKH4L69M:&tbnh=94&tbnw=71&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddeep%2Bsea%2Bglass%2Bsquid%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN
- Size: 6 feet long Location: found world wide Depth 3000-6000 ft The gulper eel has a hinged skull, which can rotate upward to swallow large prey. The gulper eel is particularly well-known for its impossibly large mouth - big enough to get its mouth around (and swallow!) creatures much bigger than itself. The eel's mouth is loosely-hinged, and can be opened wide enough to swallow an animal much larger than itself. The hapless fish is then deposited into a pouch-like lower jaw, which resembles that of a pelican. In fact, it is sometimes referred to as the pelican eel. The gulper's stomach can also stretch to accommodate its large meals. This giant mouth gives the eel its other common name of umbrellamouth gulper. The eel also has a very long, whip-like tail. Specimens that have been brought to the surface in fishing nets have been known to have their long tails tied into several knots.
- Location Mesopelagic - most waters of the world Depth: found at up to 5000 ft; day- 5000ft, night 2000 ft Size: 12-24 inches These fangs are so large in fact that they do not fit inside its mouth. Instead, they curve back very close to the fish's eyes. The viper is thought to use these sharp teeth to impale its victims by swimming at them at high speeds. The first vertebra, right behind the head, actually acts as a shock absorber. This fearsome looking creature has a long dorsal spine that is tipped with a photophore, a light-producing organ. The viperfish uses this light organ to attract its prey. By flashing it on and off, it can be used like a fishing lure to attract smaller fish. They have been known to hang motionless in the water, waving their lures over their heads to attract their meals. Vipers have a hinged skull which can be rotated up for swallowing large prey. They also have large stomachs that allow them to stock up on food when ever it is plentiful. The viperfish also has photophores all along the sides of its body. These light organs may be used to signal and attract other viperfishes during mating. Like many deep sea creatures, the viperfish is known to migrate vertically throughout the day.