The document summarizes a study that investigated how different levels of light affect the rate of seed germination in radishes. Seeds were exposed to three lighting conditions (maximum, partial, and zero sunlight) in petri dishes maintained at 25ยฐC. The results showed that seeds germinated equally in darkness and maximum sunlight, falsifying the hypothesis that more light increases germination rate. The study aimed to determine optimal lighting for radish growth in gardens.
IB Biology 9.1 transport in the xylem of plantsBob Smullen
ย
The document discusses plant transpiration and water transport. It provides explanations of key concepts:
1) Transpiration occurs as a consequence of gas exchange through leaf stomata. Water is transported from roots to leaves to replace water lost from transpiration.
2) The cohesive properties of water and thick cell walls of xylem vessels allow water transport under tension throughout the plant.
3) Active transport of mineral ions in roots creates a gradient for water to enter xylem vessels by osmosis, powering water movement throughout the plant.
CSEC Physics Lab - Using Die to demonstrate the nature of radioactive decayRonaldo Degazon
ย
Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting particles. The half-life of a radioactive element is the time it takes for half of the original radioactive nuclei to decay. Radioactive decay is random but the decay rate of a large number of atoms is predictable. This document describes using dice to model radioactive decay, where the number of "sixes" represents decay and the half-life is the number of throws to reduce the dice by half. The half-life found was approximately 4 throws.
The document summarizes key points about the origin of cells:
1. Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, and cells only come from pre-existing cells.
2. Pasteur's experiments in 1864 disproved spontaneous generation and provided evidence that cells only arise from other cells.
3. Miller and Urey's experiments in 1953 simulated early Earth conditions and formed simple organic molecules like amino acids, providing evidence that the first cells could have originated from non-living materials.
4. The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of eukaryotic cells, proposing that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originally came from
The document summarizes a student's IB Mathematical Studies Internal Assessment project investigating whether shoe size correlates with forearm length. Data on shoe size and forearm length was collected from 50 students and analyzed using statistical tests. A strong positive correlation of 0.9976 was found between increasing shoe size and forearm length. While sizes were not exactly equal, the difference was found to not be statistically significant, supporting the hypothesis that shoe size correlates with forearm length.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a metal using the method of mixtures.
2. A metal sample was boiled in water for 5 minutes and then quickly transferred to a Styrofoam cup containing water.
3. The temperatures of the metal and water were measured before and after mixing to calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal, which was found to be 368ยฐC compared to the theoretical value of 380ยฐC.
1. The document describes an experiment that investigated the effect of different colored lights on the rate of photosynthesis. Leaves were placed in solutions colored red, green, blue, violet, and clear, and the time taken for the leaves to rise to the surface was measured.
2. The results showed that the clear solution had the fastest rate of photosynthesis, followed by red, violet, and blue, with green having the slowest rate. However, the expected order was clear, red, violet, blue, and green.
3. Sources of error included the method used to record timing, fibers connecting leaves, leaves that did not sink, and uneven concentrations of the food coloring used to color
This lab report examines how water temperature affects the rate of diffusion. The student hypothesized that a higher water temperature would increase the rate of diffusion. Experimental results showed that diffusion occurred much faster in hot water compared to normal and cold water. For example, in one trial diffusion was completed in 186 seconds for hot water but took 600 seconds for normal water and 743 seconds for cold water. However, the student noted inconsistencies between trials that could be addressed in future experiments by standardizing testing conditions. Overall, the lab supported the hypothesis and provided insight into how temperature impacts diffusion, which is important for understanding cellular processes.
The document discusses carbon cycling in ecosystems. It provides 10 understandings about carbon cycling, including that autotrophs convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds, carbon dioxide diffuses into and out of organisms, methane is produced under anaerobic conditions, and fossil fuels are the product of ancient organic matter. Maintaining the carbon cycle through these processes is essential for continued availability of carbon in ecosystems.
IB Biology 9.1 transport in the xylem of plantsBob Smullen
ย
The document discusses plant transpiration and water transport. It provides explanations of key concepts:
1) Transpiration occurs as a consequence of gas exchange through leaf stomata. Water is transported from roots to leaves to replace water lost from transpiration.
2) The cohesive properties of water and thick cell walls of xylem vessels allow water transport under tension throughout the plant.
3) Active transport of mineral ions in roots creates a gradient for water to enter xylem vessels by osmosis, powering water movement throughout the plant.
CSEC Physics Lab - Using Die to demonstrate the nature of radioactive decayRonaldo Degazon
ย
Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting particles. The half-life of a radioactive element is the time it takes for half of the original radioactive nuclei to decay. Radioactive decay is random but the decay rate of a large number of atoms is predictable. This document describes using dice to model radioactive decay, where the number of "sixes" represents decay and the half-life is the number of throws to reduce the dice by half. The half-life found was approximately 4 throws.
The document summarizes key points about the origin of cells:
1. Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, and cells only come from pre-existing cells.
2. Pasteur's experiments in 1864 disproved spontaneous generation and provided evidence that cells only arise from other cells.
3. Miller and Urey's experiments in 1953 simulated early Earth conditions and formed simple organic molecules like amino acids, providing evidence that the first cells could have originated from non-living materials.
4. The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of eukaryotic cells, proposing that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originally came from
The document summarizes a student's IB Mathematical Studies Internal Assessment project investigating whether shoe size correlates with forearm length. Data on shoe size and forearm length was collected from 50 students and analyzed using statistical tests. A strong positive correlation of 0.9976 was found between increasing shoe size and forearm length. While sizes were not exactly equal, the difference was found to not be statistically significant, supporting the hypothesis that shoe size correlates with forearm length.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a metal using the method of mixtures.
2. A metal sample was boiled in water for 5 minutes and then quickly transferred to a Styrofoam cup containing water.
3. The temperatures of the metal and water were measured before and after mixing to calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal, which was found to be 368ยฐC compared to the theoretical value of 380ยฐC.
1. The document describes an experiment that investigated the effect of different colored lights on the rate of photosynthesis. Leaves were placed in solutions colored red, green, blue, violet, and clear, and the time taken for the leaves to rise to the surface was measured.
2. The results showed that the clear solution had the fastest rate of photosynthesis, followed by red, violet, and blue, with green having the slowest rate. However, the expected order was clear, red, violet, blue, and green.
3. Sources of error included the method used to record timing, fibers connecting leaves, leaves that did not sink, and uneven concentrations of the food coloring used to color
This lab report examines how water temperature affects the rate of diffusion. The student hypothesized that a higher water temperature would increase the rate of diffusion. Experimental results showed that diffusion occurred much faster in hot water compared to normal and cold water. For example, in one trial diffusion was completed in 186 seconds for hot water but took 600 seconds for normal water and 743 seconds for cold water. However, the student noted inconsistencies between trials that could be addressed in future experiments by standardizing testing conditions. Overall, the lab supported the hypothesis and provided insight into how temperature impacts diffusion, which is important for understanding cellular processes.
The document discusses carbon cycling in ecosystems. It provides 10 understandings about carbon cycling, including that autotrophs convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds, carbon dioxide diffuses into and out of organisms, methane is produced under anaerobic conditions, and fossil fuels are the product of ancient organic matter. Maintaining the carbon cycle through these processes is essential for continued availability of carbon in ecosystems.
1. The document discusses the structure and properties of cell membranes. It describes how phospholipid molecules form a bilayer structure in water, with their hydrophobic tails associating together and hydrophilic heads facing outwards.
2. The early "Davson-Danielli" model of the cell membrane proposed that proteins coated the surface of the phospholipid bilayer. However, evidence from techniques like freeze-fracturing and fluorescent tagging showed that some proteins pass through the membrane and are able to move laterally within it.
3. This evidence led to the "Singer-Nicholson fluid mosaic model", which describes the cell membrane as a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with integral and peripheral proteins dispersed within
The document discusses greenhouse gases and their effect on climate change. It states that carbon dioxide and water vapor are the most significant greenhouse gases, trapping heat in the atmosphere and influencing global temperatures. While the levels of these gases have varied over hundreds of thousands of years, since the industrial revolution the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has risen sharply due to fossil fuel combustion, correlating with increased global temperatures. However, some groups remain unconvinced that human emissions are the primary cause of current climate change.
1. The cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
2. Unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life within a single cell, including metabolism, reproduction, response to stimuli, homeostasis, excretion, nutrition, and growth. These functions can be observed in organisms like Paramecium and Chlorella through processes like contracting vacuoles and photosynthesis.
3. As cells increase in size, their surface area to volume ratio decreases, limiting their ability to exchange materials and wastes. This limitation on cell size is an important factor in the cell theory.
The document summarizes a student's biology research project investigating the effect of light exposure on mung bean germination. The student designed an experiment with five light exposure conditions (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours per day) and tracked germination rates over 72 hours. Results showed that mung beans receiving 8 hours of light germinated the fastest, with a statistically significant difference from the no light condition. However, differences between other light intervals were not statistically significant. The student concluded that increased light exposure facilitated faster germination by warming the beans and stimulating enzymes.
The document summarizes a biology lab report on the effects of light intensity on photosynthesis. It finds that increasing the distance between the light source and plant (decreasing light intensity) decreases the rate of photosynthesis, as measured by counting oxygen bubbles. Specifically, it finds that the highest number of oxygen bubbles (and rate of photosynthesis) occurred at 10 cm between light and plant, and the lowest number of bubbles occurred at 50 cm. A graph shows an inverse relationship between distance from light and rate of photosynthesis. The experiment supports the hypothesis that increased light intensity leads to more light absorption and a higher photosynthesis rate.
1) The experiment investigated how the surface area of dialysis tubing filled with starch affected the rate of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane when submerged in an iodine solution.
2) It was predicted that tubes with larger surface areas would diffuse more quickly, resulting in darker colors, while tubes with smaller surface areas would diffuse more slowly, remaining lighter.
3) The results supported this, as the tube with the largest average surface area of 193.75mm produced the darkest color, while the smallest average surface area of 34mm produced the lightest color.
Cellular respiration allows organisms to control the release of energy from organic molecules in their food. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and produces significantly more ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen but produces much less ATP. Aerobic respiration fully breaks down glucose and other molecules, yielding 36 ATP through a series of chemical reactions. Anaerobic respiration can only partially break down glucose through glycolysis, yielding only 2 ATP without oxygen present.
This document describes biochemical tests that can be used to identify different biological molecules, including lipids, proteins, starches, and sugars. It provides tables to complete with the appropriate tests, reagents, and expected results. The key tests described are testing for reducing sugars using Benedict's reagent and testing for proteins using the biuret test. Instructions are also given for hydrolyzing non-reducing sugars before testing for reducing sugars.
This document describes an experiment investigating how the concentration of sucrose solutions affects the rate of osmosis in potato cylinders. Potato cylinders were placed in solutions of varying sucrose concentration (0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%) and their change in mass over 30 minutes was measured. The results showed that as the concentration of sucrose increased, the potato cylinders lost more mass, indicating the rate of osmosis increased. This supported the hypothesis that increasing the concentration difference between the solution and potato would increase the rate of water moving from the potato into the solution.
All organisms require energy obtained through two main pathways: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to produce 36 ATP through glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain. It occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and produces only 2 ATP through fermentation, which can occur in the cytoplasm. Today's experiment will track and compare aerobic respiration in bean beetles and pill bugs by measuring their carbon dioxide production, with expectations that one insect will have higher respiration levels than the other.
Undifferentiated cells in the meristems of plants allow for indeterminate growth. Plant growth occurs through cell division in meristematic tissues. Hormones like auxin control many processes of plant growth and response to the environment. Auxin concentration gradients established by efflux pumps allow differential cell expansion during phototropism and gravitropism, directing plant growth. Gene expression is also influenced by auxin levels to regulate these tropic responses.
CSEC Physics Lab - IV Relationship of a filament lampRonaldo Degazon
ย
1. The document describes a physics lab experiment to investigate the current-voltage (IV) relationship of a filament lamp.
2. The experiment involved setting up a circuit with a power source, voltmeter, rheostat, and filament bulb, and recording the current measurements at decreasing voltage intervals from 2.6V to 0.8V.
3. The results showed that the filament lamp obeyed Ohm's law for most of the experiment, as evidenced by the linear IV graph, but that resistance increases with temperature, causing current to change at higher voltages and temperatures.
IB Biology 1.2 Slides: Ultrastructure of CellsJacob Cedarbaum
ย
Electron microscopes have much higher resolution than light microscopes due to the shorter wavelengths of electron beams. Prokaryotes like E. coli have a simple cell structure without compartments, containing a cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, nucleoid, cytoplasm and other structures. They divide via binary fission. Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. Organelles in specialized cells like pancreatic and leaf cells are adapted for their functions like enzyme secretion and photosynthesis.
- Phospholipid bilayers form cell membranes due to the amphipathic properties of phospholipid molecules, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
- Membrane proteins are diverse in structure and function, embedded in and spanning the membrane.
- Cholesterol is a component of animal cell membranes that reduces membrane fluidity and permeability.
The document provides information about several key concepts in meiosis and genetics:
1) It describes the behavior of chromosomes during the phases of meiosis and explains how crossing over results in genetic variation through the formation of chiasmata during prophase I.
2) It states Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment, which is that each pair of alleles segregates independently into gametes during meiosis.
3) It explains the relationship between Mendel's law and random orientation of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis, which results in independent assortment.
IB Biology 4.1-4.2 Slides: Ecosystems & Energy FlowJacob Cedarbaum
ย
This document discusses several ecological sampling and analysis techniques:
1) Quadrats are used to sample populations by placing frames randomly and counting organisms, providing estimates of population sizes.
2) Chi-squared testing analyzes associations between variables by calculating expected and observed frequencies in contingency tables and comparing a chi-squared value to a critical value.
3) Ecosystems cycle nutrients which flow through food chains and are recycled by decomposers to maintain sustainability.
This document discusses an experiment comparing the growth parameters of six mungbean varieties under subtropical conditions. The results showed that most dry mass production occurred after flowering. Maximum crop growth rate was observed during the pod filling stage due to increased leaf area. Higher total dry mass production and crop growth rate at all stages, as well as higher relative growth rate and net assimilation rate in the vegetative stage, contributed to greater yield. For higher yields, mungbean varieties should possess these growth characteristics.
The complete guide to learning how to hydroponics. Grow your very own vegetables, plants, and flowers indoors year round without the back breaking work of gardening. For more information visit http://www.zerosoilgardens.com
1. The document discusses the structure and properties of cell membranes. It describes how phospholipid molecules form a bilayer structure in water, with their hydrophobic tails associating together and hydrophilic heads facing outwards.
2. The early "Davson-Danielli" model of the cell membrane proposed that proteins coated the surface of the phospholipid bilayer. However, evidence from techniques like freeze-fracturing and fluorescent tagging showed that some proteins pass through the membrane and are able to move laterally within it.
3. This evidence led to the "Singer-Nicholson fluid mosaic model", which describes the cell membrane as a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with integral and peripheral proteins dispersed within
The document discusses greenhouse gases and their effect on climate change. It states that carbon dioxide and water vapor are the most significant greenhouse gases, trapping heat in the atmosphere and influencing global temperatures. While the levels of these gases have varied over hundreds of thousands of years, since the industrial revolution the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has risen sharply due to fossil fuel combustion, correlating with increased global temperatures. However, some groups remain unconvinced that human emissions are the primary cause of current climate change.
1. The cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
2. Unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life within a single cell, including metabolism, reproduction, response to stimuli, homeostasis, excretion, nutrition, and growth. These functions can be observed in organisms like Paramecium and Chlorella through processes like contracting vacuoles and photosynthesis.
3. As cells increase in size, their surface area to volume ratio decreases, limiting their ability to exchange materials and wastes. This limitation on cell size is an important factor in the cell theory.
The document summarizes a student's biology research project investigating the effect of light exposure on mung bean germination. The student designed an experiment with five light exposure conditions (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours per day) and tracked germination rates over 72 hours. Results showed that mung beans receiving 8 hours of light germinated the fastest, with a statistically significant difference from the no light condition. However, differences between other light intervals were not statistically significant. The student concluded that increased light exposure facilitated faster germination by warming the beans and stimulating enzymes.
The document summarizes a biology lab report on the effects of light intensity on photosynthesis. It finds that increasing the distance between the light source and plant (decreasing light intensity) decreases the rate of photosynthesis, as measured by counting oxygen bubbles. Specifically, it finds that the highest number of oxygen bubbles (and rate of photosynthesis) occurred at 10 cm between light and plant, and the lowest number of bubbles occurred at 50 cm. A graph shows an inverse relationship between distance from light and rate of photosynthesis. The experiment supports the hypothesis that increased light intensity leads to more light absorption and a higher photosynthesis rate.
1) The experiment investigated how the surface area of dialysis tubing filled with starch affected the rate of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane when submerged in an iodine solution.
2) It was predicted that tubes with larger surface areas would diffuse more quickly, resulting in darker colors, while tubes with smaller surface areas would diffuse more slowly, remaining lighter.
3) The results supported this, as the tube with the largest average surface area of 193.75mm produced the darkest color, while the smallest average surface area of 34mm produced the lightest color.
Cellular respiration allows organisms to control the release of energy from organic molecules in their food. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and produces significantly more ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen but produces much less ATP. Aerobic respiration fully breaks down glucose and other molecules, yielding 36 ATP through a series of chemical reactions. Anaerobic respiration can only partially break down glucose through glycolysis, yielding only 2 ATP without oxygen present.
This document describes biochemical tests that can be used to identify different biological molecules, including lipids, proteins, starches, and sugars. It provides tables to complete with the appropriate tests, reagents, and expected results. The key tests described are testing for reducing sugars using Benedict's reagent and testing for proteins using the biuret test. Instructions are also given for hydrolyzing non-reducing sugars before testing for reducing sugars.
This document describes an experiment investigating how the concentration of sucrose solutions affects the rate of osmosis in potato cylinders. Potato cylinders were placed in solutions of varying sucrose concentration (0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%) and their change in mass over 30 minutes was measured. The results showed that as the concentration of sucrose increased, the potato cylinders lost more mass, indicating the rate of osmosis increased. This supported the hypothesis that increasing the concentration difference between the solution and potato would increase the rate of water moving from the potato into the solution.
All organisms require energy obtained through two main pathways: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to produce 36 ATP through glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain. It occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and produces only 2 ATP through fermentation, which can occur in the cytoplasm. Today's experiment will track and compare aerobic respiration in bean beetles and pill bugs by measuring their carbon dioxide production, with expectations that one insect will have higher respiration levels than the other.
Undifferentiated cells in the meristems of plants allow for indeterminate growth. Plant growth occurs through cell division in meristematic tissues. Hormones like auxin control many processes of plant growth and response to the environment. Auxin concentration gradients established by efflux pumps allow differential cell expansion during phototropism and gravitropism, directing plant growth. Gene expression is also influenced by auxin levels to regulate these tropic responses.
CSEC Physics Lab - IV Relationship of a filament lampRonaldo Degazon
ย
1. The document describes a physics lab experiment to investigate the current-voltage (IV) relationship of a filament lamp.
2. The experiment involved setting up a circuit with a power source, voltmeter, rheostat, and filament bulb, and recording the current measurements at decreasing voltage intervals from 2.6V to 0.8V.
3. The results showed that the filament lamp obeyed Ohm's law for most of the experiment, as evidenced by the linear IV graph, but that resistance increases with temperature, causing current to change at higher voltages and temperatures.
IB Biology 1.2 Slides: Ultrastructure of CellsJacob Cedarbaum
ย
Electron microscopes have much higher resolution than light microscopes due to the shorter wavelengths of electron beams. Prokaryotes like E. coli have a simple cell structure without compartments, containing a cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, nucleoid, cytoplasm and other structures. They divide via binary fission. Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. Organelles in specialized cells like pancreatic and leaf cells are adapted for their functions like enzyme secretion and photosynthesis.
- Phospholipid bilayers form cell membranes due to the amphipathic properties of phospholipid molecules, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
- Membrane proteins are diverse in structure and function, embedded in and spanning the membrane.
- Cholesterol is a component of animal cell membranes that reduces membrane fluidity and permeability.
The document provides information about several key concepts in meiosis and genetics:
1) It describes the behavior of chromosomes during the phases of meiosis and explains how crossing over results in genetic variation through the formation of chiasmata during prophase I.
2) It states Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment, which is that each pair of alleles segregates independently into gametes during meiosis.
3) It explains the relationship between Mendel's law and random orientation of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis, which results in independent assortment.
IB Biology 4.1-4.2 Slides: Ecosystems & Energy FlowJacob Cedarbaum
ย
This document discusses several ecological sampling and analysis techniques:
1) Quadrats are used to sample populations by placing frames randomly and counting organisms, providing estimates of population sizes.
2) Chi-squared testing analyzes associations between variables by calculating expected and observed frequencies in contingency tables and comparing a chi-squared value to a critical value.
3) Ecosystems cycle nutrients which flow through food chains and are recycled by decomposers to maintain sustainability.
This document discusses an experiment comparing the growth parameters of six mungbean varieties under subtropical conditions. The results showed that most dry mass production occurred after flowering. Maximum crop growth rate was observed during the pod filling stage due to increased leaf area. Higher total dry mass production and crop growth rate at all stages, as well as higher relative growth rate and net assimilation rate in the vegetative stage, contributed to greater yield. For higher yields, mungbean varieties should possess these growth characteristics.
The complete guide to learning how to hydroponics. Grow your very own vegetables, plants, and flowers indoors year round without the back breaking work of gardening. For more information visit http://www.zerosoilgardens.com
Cloning is the asexual reproduction of plants through vegetative propagation techniques like taking cuttings, division, or grafting. This allows the production of exact genetic copies of plants. When taking cuttings for cloning, a portion of the plant with stem and leaves is placed in a sterile medium and grown into a new plant. Clones have advantages like allowing reproduction of superior cultivars, disease resistance, and overcoming issues with seeds like low germination rates or long juvenile periods before flowering.
Farmers worry about declining crop yields during drought conditions. There are several alternative ways for farmers to overcome this:
1. Plant drought-tolerant crops like cacti and succulents that require less water.
2. Build reservoirs and improve irrigation systems to ensure a steady water supply for crops.
3. Construct greenhouses to better control the temperature and humidity around plants. This allows for plant growth in areas that may otherwise be unsuitable.
4. Explore new areas suitable for agriculture that have reliable access to water if the existing farmland is affected by drought.
The document discusses several topics related to agriculture and pest control:
1) It describes different types of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides used for various pests, as well as some of their risks. Endosulfan and glyphosate are mentioned as examples.
2) It provides a recipe for a homemade insecticide made from water, cigar snuff, and soap that can be stored and used over several months.
3) It discusses the development of pesticide production plants and how they aim to produce methamidophos and other pesticides at lower costs than imported versions.
Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil, instead using mineral nutrient solutions in water or an inert medium. The roots of plants are placed in the nutrient solution to absorb nutrients. Key benefits include higher yields, more control over nutrient levels, less water and space needed compared to traditional farming. Hydroponic farming provides a precise scientific approach to produce high quality, nutritious food in any climate and can help address issues of food and water shortages globally.
The document discusses a student project to grow plants using a hydroponic method without soil. It describes traditional plant growing which requires soil, nutrients, water, and sunlight. Hydroponics uses a nutrient solution in water instead of soil. The student project aims to study plant growth using hydroponics and relate it to biology topics like nutrient cycles, photosynthesis, cell processes, genetics, and evolution. The students designed nutrient solutions, collected data on plant growth, and analyzed results to determine if hydroponics is a viable solution for plant cultivation.
ELEMENTS TO BE OBSERVED IN PLANTING TREES, FRUIT-BEARING TREES.pdfChristyJoiFalcasanto
ย
Proper planting requires systematic steps including soil preparation, seedling selection, and tool and location selection. Planting methods include direct and indirect, with direct planting sowing seeds directly in the soil and indirect first growing seedlings for transplanting. Key steps in planting include choosing the best location and season, fertilizing the soil, and regular care of soil and plants. Seed germination begins with water absorption and triggers root growth for water, requiring moisture, warmth, oxygen and sometimes sunlight. Seedlings are thinned, pricked, and hardened before transplanting through decreasing water and increasing sun exposure to strengthen them.
The document discusses challenges for future gardening including limited space for travel and unknown soils on other planets. It examines using hydroponics to grow crops with high yields over long periods. An experiment is described that uses hydroponics to grow Zea mays (corn) under different light and nutrient solutions to determine best growth conditions. Groups received full or potassium-deficient nutrients and natural or plant light. The group with full nutrients and plant light grew tallest, rejecting the hypothesis.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted by Sandra Cash and Hannah Peterson to compare plant growth using hydroponics versus soil. They hypothesized that plants would grow better with hydroponics as it allows for more control of nutrient levels. They grew purple daisies for two months, with half in soil and half in a hydroponics kit. The results were inconclusive, as half of both the hydroponics and soil plants died. The surviving hydroponics plants grew slower than the soil plants. More research is needed to make a clear conclusion.
There are some areas of the world in which the agricultural crops require assistance and cooling, especially
during hot days, in order
to prevent them from being subjected to unnecessary stress. In other areas, the color of fruit can be improved by cooling the trees
during the correct time period.
It is possible to extend the shelf life of some types of fruit by cooling them while they are still on the trees. And by using correct and
supervised cooling, we can increase the flower fruit set during periods of very hot weather. In other regions, we can aid and improve
the yield of fruit crops by cooling during the autumn and winter months, and then adding cold units to the same trees or cooling the
same crops at the end of the winter months in order to cause early blossoming.
In addition to employing cooling in open fields, an additionalโperhaps primaryโuse of cooling is in various
types of greenhouses.
The principle of a greenhouse
is that the farmer can control its internal climate and thereby provide the plants with optimal growth
conditions. Therefore, a system that will have a cooling
effect on the internal temperature on hot days is almost indispensable for
every greenhouse.
Another use of a cooling system inside a greenhouse
is, perhaps surprisingly, in cold countries where the greenhouse is especially
built with few ventilation
openings to conserve internal heat. As a result of this design, on the few days that are very hot, there is
insufficient air flow to cool the interior. An efficient cooling system can solve the problem. Further, in these same cold countries, the
crops are usually
already inside the greenhouse by the first days of spring, but the heating system still needs to be operated
in order
to ensure the correct conditions. The windows must not be opened, and inside the building,
the relative humidity drops beneath the
desired levels. At this time, operating a suitable cooling system improves these crops.
What is possible to do to improve agricultural crops is also possible to do with livestock, including all types of poultry, cows, and pigs.
A suitable system can cool their micro-environment and improve production.
The different methods of cooling based on sprinkler-spraying products are as follows
The document discusses nocturnal plants that bloom at night and their adaptations for blooming in low light or darkness. It describes how plant volatiles can affect caterpillar behavior and allow them to sense their environment. Nocturnal plants still require proper growing conditions like sunlight during the day to build energy for blooms at night. An experiment showed that a plant receiving sunlight grew healthily while one in darkness became limp and unhealthy without the ability to photosynthesize.
Post-Harvest Handling of Seed Collections
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
This document provides guidance on proper post-harvest handling of seed collections to maximize seed viability. It addresses issues like separating immature and mature seeds, assessing seed dryness, and handling based on ambient conditions. The key recommendations are to dry seeds as soon as possible if moisture levels are above 50% equilibrium relative humidity, using methods like spreading in shade or using desiccants. Very immature seeds that are not desiccation tolerant require slow drying under natural conditions to allow further ripening. Proper post-harvest handling is important to avoid losses in viability during collecting trips and ensure high quality seeds arrive at seed banks.
This document provides instructions for home germination testing of seeds using common household items. Seeds are placed on moistened paper towels in plastic bags and kept in conditions suitable for the type of seed, like warm or cool temperatures. The number of seeds that sprout are counted and used to calculate the germination percentage, informing gardeners if seeds are viable for planting or need to be replaced. Special considerations are given for seeds that may have hard coats requiring scarification. Regular testing helps assess seed vigor over time for storing and planning future gardens.
Home Germination Testing
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
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BรI TแบฌP Bแป TRแปข TIแบพNG ANH LแปP 9 Cแบข NฤM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NฤM HแปC 2024-2025 - ...
ย
Biology Internal Assessment for IB
1. Running head: BIOLOGY 1
Internal Assessment
Student Name
Institution
Date
How do different levels of light affect the rate of seed germination in radishes?
2. BIOLOGY !2
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine how different levels of light affect the rate of seed
germination in radishes (Raphanus sativus). Light is a necessary condition in the germinating
plant that is necessary for occurrence of photosynthesis. Deeply buried seedlings die if not
exposed to light. The available food supply is exploited and more is needed to support growth.
Availability of the element is not a requisite but plays an important role in some plant species.
Some seeds require light while others need darkness. However, some are not affected by any of
the conditions. The above aspects are necessary for the imbibition of water, increase in metabolic
activity and swelling of cells. It leads to germination. Six seeds were mixed in soil and water in a
petri dish. The apparatus were organized in three groups exposed to different lighting conditions.
One labeled arrangement was exposed to maximum, partial and zero sunlight. Same measures of
the variables were used across all the setups. The observations after three days showed that the
seeds in darkness germinated as well as those kept in much sunlight. It falsified the alternative
and justified the null hypotheses.
3. BIOLOGY !3
Table of Contents
Abstract 2.......................................................................................................
Table of Contents 3............................................................................................
Personal Statement 4..........................................................................................
Design 4..........................................................................................................
Aim 4..........................................................................................................
Research question 4.........................................................................................
Introduction 4................................................................................................
Hypotheses 6.................................................................................................
Variables 6....................................................................................................
Method 8.........................................................................................................
Apparatus and materials 8.................................................................................
Safety requirements 9......................................................................................
Procedure 9...................................................................................................
Data Collection and Processing 12...........................................................................
Qualitative 12................................................................................................
Quantitative data 12........................................................................................
Conclusion 14...................................................................................................
Discussion 14....................................................................................................
Evaluation 15.................................................................................................
Improvements 15............................................................................................
4. BIOLOGY !4
Personal Statement
A study on the effect of light on germination of the radish seeds is important to my
prospects of growing the plant in my garden and farm. In return, my interest in gardening drove
me to investigate how different levels of light affect the rate of seed germination in radishes.
Design
Aim
The aim of this study is to determine how different levels of light affect the rate of seed
germination in radishes.
Research question
How do different levels of light affect the rate of seed germination in radishes?
Introduction
Germination is the process by which a seed embryo begins growing. The process begins
when the embryonic root bursts through the seed coat. Most plants begin developing through the
natural procedure. Some seeds germinate immediately whereas others have to stay for a
dormancy period. However, all varieties only resume growth when a set of conditions are
available to permit the process.
References 16...................................................................................................
5. BIOLOGY !5
The waiting time in some plantsโ seeds is meant to fulfill some prerequisites. For
instance, temperature and mechanical processes affect the duration taken by certain plant species
to germinate. Other aspects in play include the incomplete seed development, an impervious seed
oat, presence of regulators of growth and a need for pre-chilling.
Generally, all varieties of seeds require favorable environmental conditions for successful
germination. The most critical provisions are the optimal temperature, moisture, air and
appropriate light levels. However, the specific amount of the above variables differs for each
plant type. Optimal temperatures neutralize the effect of chemicals that inhibit growth in the
embryo. Appropriate warmth levels permit the metabolic processes that support growth. It may
vary among species and the environmental conditions.
Water is an essential component that causes the expansion of the embryo as well as the
softening of the encasing coat. Furthermore, more moisture is required in the vigorous
metabolism of the plant during germination. Besides, it is important for removal of inhibitors of
the process.
Light is a necessary condition in the germinating plant for the occurrence of
photosynthesis. Deeply buried seedlings die if not exposed to light. The available food supply is
exploited and more is needed to support growth. Availability of the element is not a requisite but
plays an important role in some plant species. Some seeds require light while others need
darkness. However, some are not affected by any of the conditions. The above aspects are
necessary for the imbibition of water, increase in metabolic activity and swelling of cells. It leads
6. BIOLOGY !6
to germination. Phytochrome is a photoreceptor pigment in light-sensitive seedsโ coats. It
communicates with the seed to trigger or stop germinating in response to the environment.
Radish (Raphanus spp.) is a cool season vegetable plant that grows easily when the
conditions are favorable. Although native to China, it can grow in the hardiness zones in some
parts of the US. The crop thrives well when planted outdoors with maximum exposure to
sunlight of six to eight hours per day. Radish seeds germinate properly under temperature
conditions of 55 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit. It takes 3-4 days under the ideal circumstances for the
seeds to fully germinate. However, it may never sprout or take longer if itโs planted deeper or in
cool soils. A minimum of 6 hours exposure to light is necessary for the performance of the crop.
Hypotheses
Null hypothesis (H0): The different levels of light do not affect the rate of germination. No
notable differences in growth of radish seedlings in varied lighting conditions.
Alternative hypothesis (H1): The germination of seeds exposed to 1005 of light is at a higher rate
than the ones in limited exposure. Radish seeds will need sunlight top germinate since the crop
requires light to grow. Some seeds will germinate in the lit samples as well as the dark ones. In
the experiment, most of the seeds exposed to direct sunlight will germinate compared to the ones
in darkness or under shade.
Variables
The independent variable
7. BIOLOGY !7
Hours of exposure to direct sunlight- the determinant factor is the level of light. Seeds of radish
will be exposed to different hours of direct sunlight. For instance, the sets will be 7 hours, 3
hours and zero hours.
Dependent variable
The rate of germination in the experiment will be measured by the number of radish seedlings
that will germinate under different sunlight conditions.
Controlled variables
Variable How Reason
Temperature The samples were kept in a
room that as maintained at
25ยฐC.
The procedure was essential
to remove the environmental
factor that would cause
differential warmth in the soil.
Water volume The volume of water used to
moist the soil was determined
by the measuring cylinder
instead of a beaker
Having the same level of
moisture in all set-ups was
important to rule out its
moderating effect
Mass of soil used The quantity of soil in which
the seeds were planted was
determined by the weighing
machine.
The mass of the soil upon
which the seeds are planted is
regulated to avoid differences
in depth of exposure.
8. BIOLOGY !8
Method
Apparatus and materials
โข 12 petri dishes
โข 72 radish seeds
โข 12 sandwich bags
Humidity The same room was used for
the experiment all the time
The step was necessary to
manage the variation in
humidity that can affect the
rate of germination
Plant species One variety of Radish plant
seeds were used, Raphanus
sativus
To keep the seed
characteristics similar so that
no variety will have
extraneous rates over others
Setup used The same setup was used
throughout the experiment for
all variables
To reduce the variation in
results due to inaccuracies and
invalidities of the process
9. BIOLOGY !9
โข 60 ml of distilled water
โข 24 filters
โข 1x Marker pen
โข 1x Measuring cylinder
โข 1x Beaker
โข Lump of soil
โข 1x Thermometer calibrated in degrees Celsius
Safety requirements
The hand gloves and a lab coat were used to protect one from being dusted or dirtied with soil
and mud.
Procedure
โข Collect all the materials and apparatus stipulated above
โข Divide 12 petri dishes into groups of four. Label them according to the following
categories;
I. 4 Labeled 7 hour exposure
II. 4 Labeled 3 hour exposure
III. 4 Labelled darkness/ zero exposure
โข Place one filter on the bottom of each petri dish
10. BIOLOGY !10
โข Spread uniformly six seeds of the Radish plant on the filter in each petri dish
โข Using the measuring cylinder, measure 5ml of distilled water and pour on the seeds
โข Using the weighing machine, weigh 10g of soil from the lump and spread on top of the
Radish seeds
โข Place a covering filter on top of each petri dish
โข Cover the apparatus with a lid
โข Keep a complete set of the petri dish into a sandwich and put in a bag
โข Label three boxes with; 7 hour exposure, three hour exposure and darkness
โข Place all the categories of petri dishes into differently labeled boxes
โข Place the boxes in a darkened room.
โข Every day take the 7-hour labeled petri dishes to a field under direct sunlight direct
sunlight from 7 am to 2.pm, the 3-hour labeled ones from 7am to 10am. Keep the dishes
labeled dark or zero hours in the dark room drawer for the 4 days of the experiment.
โข Remove the exposed petri dishes keeping them in their respective boxes after the time
expires.
โข Check the petri dishes from the second to the fourth day to see if the seeds have
germinated.
Control: the radish seeds kept in the total darkness
11. BIOLOGY !11
Replication of the experiment: The four radish seed petri dishes exposed to longer duration of
sunlight, lesser time and in dark without light.
Figure 1-7: The petri dishes set up
! !
Planted set up after the 3rd day
! !
Petri kept in darkness 7 hour exposure setup 3-Hour exposure set-up
12. BIOLOGY !12
! ! !
Data Collection and Processing
Qualitative
The seeds began germinating from the second to the third day. The entire apparatus was observed
and seedlings emerged from the petri dishes. However, the ones exposed to the sunlight
germinated the first.
Quantitative data
The raw data of the number of seedlings that germinated in each category of sunlight exposure
are shown in the following table. Figure 8
Duration of exposure to
light
Number of seeds that
germinated
Average rate of
germination
Percentage rate of
germination
No light/ darkness 21 5.3 88%
3-hour direct sunlight 19 4.8 80%
7-hour direct sunlight 22 5.5 92%
13. BIOLOGY !13
Figure 9: Below is the chart showing the average rate of germination at different levels of
sunlight exposure.
!
Seed germination rate
4.6
4.8
5.1
5.3
5.5
No sunlight/darkness 3-Hour Exposure 7-Hour Exposure
Seed germination rate
14. BIOLOGY !14
The observed rates indicated that the rate of germination of the radish seeds for the petri dishes
exposed to longer sunlight hours was the same as that kept entirely in darkness. However, the
time taken for the seedlings to sprout was shorter for the ones placed in light.
Conclusion
The study findings falsified the alternative hypothesis. It confirmed that there is no
difference in the rate of germination of seeds kept in the light for a long duration and the ones in
darkness. Varying levels of sunlight does not affect the process. The percentage rate of growth
was 92%, 80% and 88% for seeds exposed to sunlight for 7 hours, 3 hours and zero hours
respectively. Out of the 24 seeds exposed to light for the maximum duration, 22 of them
germinated. On the other hand, 21 seeds out of 24 placed in sunlight for 3 hours sprout up.
Finally, the ones kept in darkness had 88% germination rate.
Discussion
The results observed in the experiment surprised the foundation of our understanding.
Although light is essential for the growth of the radish plant, it is not necessary for the
germination. Both the seeds kept in maximum sunlight as well as those placed in total darkness
germinated at the same rates. On the other hand, the difference was significant for the seeds that
were exposed to shorter hours of sunlight. Generally, the variations in the three apparatus were
minimal.
The experiment indicates that the seeds did not need the sunlight for sprouting. Radish
seeds can germinate well in darkened gardens inside the house. Such findings are important to
15. BIOLOGY !15
the farmers of the crop. Gardeners can also realize that the crop can be planted deep in the soil. It
will perform well because it does not need the sun to begin the growth process.
A significant observation on the effect of light was on the strength of the seedlingsโ
stems. The seeds exposed to the sunlight had straight stems whereas the ones in darkness were
feeble with coiling shoots. It indicates the importance of sunlight at the growing stage after
germination.
Evaluation
The study findings agree with the existing works of Rillero (2010) that light has no effect
on germination of radish seeds (Ravanus sativus). Kolodziejel (2015) supported the facts holding
from his experiment that the species germinates in light as well as dark conditions. Bewley
(2012) justifies the phenomena stating that the plant variety is insensitive to the effect of lighting
during germination (Bewley, 2012).
Although the results of the study mirror the findings of existing literature, some aspects
that could have affected the observed outcomes are analyzed. A variable like outside temperature
was not controlled when the samples were exposed to the sunlight. It could have contributed to
the death of the seeds. Secondly, the salinity of the soil was not determined and its consequences
were ignored. Thirdly, the mass of the seeds was not measured.
Improvements
To improve the findings next time, the experiment will be carried out in a room and the source of
light will be a glowing lamp. It has minimal heat in the light it emits. Therefore, it will eliminate
the chances of death of seeds due to the heating effect of the sunlight. Secondly, the salinity of
16. BIOLOGY !16
the soil will be determined so that a neutral lump is used. Thirdly, the mass of the seeds used will
be obtained to ensure that a standard measure applies for all seedlings. Further studies will also
seek to determine the impact of differences in the weight of the radish seed in intervening
germination.
References
Bewley, J. (2012). Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination. New York: Springer.