This document summarizes research on optimizing liquid sugar production for bioethanol processing from arrowroot tuber using Aspergillus niger and amiloglucosidase. The researchers found that:
1) The highest glucose yield was 12% after 11 days of saccharification using 10-15% A. niger starter. Commercial amiloglucosidase achieved 28.5% glucose yield after 24 hours.
2) The highest fermentation yield was 6% alcohol with 65% production efficiency over 7 days at 27°C using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast.
3) Optimal conditions for A. niger saccharification were 10% starter concentration at 38°C for
Optimization of process parameters for vinegar production using banana fermen...eSAT Journals
Abstract Vinegar fermentation was essentially a two-step process comprising the anaerobic conversion of sugars to ethanol (C2H5OH) and the aerobic oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid (CH3CO2H). It was to be found that vinegar could be successfully produced from the juice extracted from banana using yeast and Acetobacter. Banana fruit pulp was a suitable raw material for ethanol production by fermentation and for vinegar production by this ethanol. The present study indicates that a relatively good yield of ethanol and acetic acid can be obtained after optimization of certain physical conditions for fermentation. For Banana Alcohol, the highest alcohol level was 7.77% at 10% sugar level, 8% yeast cell concentration for 48 hrs. at 280C. For Banana Vinegar, the maximum acidity was obtained 4.67 % at 7.77% of alcohol level, 15% of A. aceti cell concentration for 72 hrs. at 37 oC. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was adopted to optimize the process parameters like Alcohol content, A.aceti cell concentration and time for the vinegar fermentation using Acetobactor aceti (MTCC 2623) using statistical software , Design Expert (version 8.0.7.1., StatEase, Inc., Minneapolis, USA). The statistical analyses and the closeness of the experimental results and model predictions highlight the reliability of the regression model. Keywords: Fermentation, Vinegar, Ethanol, Acetobactor aceti, Response Surface Methodology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Synthesis of bioethanol from tamarind seeds using marine strain of Saccharomy...Asheesh Padiyar
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. In the present work acid pretreated tamarind kernel powder is used as a ligno-cellulosic biomass for bioethanol production using marine yeast. Greater osmosis tolerance, greater special chemical productivity and production of industrial enzymes are the unique characteristics of marine yeast over terrestrial strains. Hence, marine yeasts have great
potential to be applied in various industries. Therefore, the marine strain of saccharomyces cerevisiaewas isolated from marine water and was used for bioethanol production and the bioethanol yield was optimized using the full factorial design methodology. The amount of Bioethanol yield on day 2 was found to be 2.3g/l and the interaction effects were also studied using Minitab 17 software.
Microwave assisted extraction was used to obtain water soluble extracts from spent coffee residues that were then added to cookies to increase their antioxidant properties. Two sequential MAE extractions obtained 19% and 21% soluble material from the coffee residues. The extracts contained chlorogenic acids, particularly 3-, 4-, and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acids which made up 67-71% of the total chlorogenic acids extracted. Adding these extracts to cookies in amounts up to 3% increased the antioxidant activity of the cookies by up to 62% without negatively affecting taste, maintaining antioxidant properties for over 55 days of storage. Thus, MAE is an efficient technique for extracting bioactive compounds from coffee residues that can be used as functional food add
Heterogeneous Transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca Oil to BiodieselPremier Publishers
In the continuous desire to find suitable alternative, renewable and biodegradable source of oil for commercial diesel Luffa aegyptiaca oil was converted into biodiesel through transesterification reaction using heterogeneous hydrotalcite particles from MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay as catalyst and methanol as solvent at controlled reaction conditions. The characterization results of pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and biodiesel samples was obtained and compared: moisture content 0.0045 %-0.0034 %, ash content 0.00 %-0.02 %, saponification value 194.5 - 61.43, acid value 9.65-0.144, freezing point 5.00 - 30.00 min, pour point 5.00-3.00 min, density 0.969 g/mL-0.889 g/mL, while the flash point gave 349 k-345 k, specific gravity 0.865 g/mL-0.851 g/mL, and viscosity 34.95 Nsm-2- 5.82 Nsm-2 accordingly. The catalyst sample (MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay) after characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer, showed promising surface activity and selectivity on both the calcined and uncalcined catalyst. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions was obtained at 333 k, 6 hours reaction time and 6% catalyst concentration. The reaction conditions had direct effect on percentage yield of the biodiesel product with maximum yield of 79.61 % obtained for untreated oil but 81.27 % for treated oil at 333 k, 3 hours reaction time and 2 % catalyst concentration. FT-IR spectra analysis of biodiesel oil revealed decrease in frequency band of the hydroxyl group (O-H) between 1780 cm-1 and 1700 cm-1 and its subsequent absence at 1730 cm-1. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer composition for pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and Biodiesel oil showed that free fatty acid was converted to fatty acid methyl esters. Thus, transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca oil sample using MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay heterogeneous catalyst was a success.
Bioethanol production from fruits and vegetable wastesarchana janamatti
This document discusses bioethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes. It defines bioethanol as ethyl alcohol derived from fermented plant carbohydrates. Fruit and vegetable wastes are promising feedstocks as 30-50% of inputs are discarded as waste, creating environmental issues. Composition analysis shows wastes contain carbohydrates for fermentation. Case studies demonstrate production through various pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation methods using yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Parameters like temperature, incubation time and inoculum concentration impact yields. Studies optimize these to maximize ethanol yields. Fruit and vegetable wastes are concluded to be potential candidates for bioethanol production to meet blending targets and reduce oil imports.
Physicochemical Characteristics and Functional Properties of White Sweet Pota...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Sweet potato is an agricultural commodity that is a
source of high carbohydrates and can be cultivated in infertile
areas. Processing of sweet potatoes as food and industrial raw
materials is still limited. One way to process sweet potatoes is
to dry the sweet potato into starch so that it can increase the
sweet potato storage capacity as well as being beneficial and
practical in storage and transportation so that it can be
processed into various food products. The purpose of this
study was to study and evaluate the physicochemical
characteristics and functional properties of white sweet potato
starch varieties of AC. Various methods are used to analyze
these characteristics and properties, including the kjedahl
method, AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemistry),
SNI (Indonesian national standard) and several methods that
have been developed. The results showed that the values of
9.02% moisture content, 0.37% ash content, 0.62% crude
fiber, 0.13% fat content, 85.23% starch content, 35.99%
amylose content, 88.75% carbohydrate content, 77.14% white
degree freeze-thaw stability 95.18 % and clarity of starch
paste 44.97%. Characteristics obtained have met the
standards, but each variety has advantages and disadvantages
so that it can be adjusted to the use of food products that want
to use AC sweet potato varieties of white sweet potato.
1) Alcohol fermentation of raw corn starch was performed without cooking using an amylase from Chalara paradoxa, which had strong raw starch digesting activity compared to other known amylases.
2) Optimally, a raw corn starch-enzyme-yeast mixture fermented at pH 5.0 and 30°C for 5 days, producing ethanol yields of 63.5-86.8% of theoretical using baker's yeast and 81.1-92.1% using sake yeast.
3) The study demonstrated efficient alcohol fermentation is possible directly from raw corn starch granules without sterilization using the novel C. paradoxa amylase and Saccharomyces yeast
Optimization of process parameters for vinegar production using banana fermen...eSAT Journals
Abstract Vinegar fermentation was essentially a two-step process comprising the anaerobic conversion of sugars to ethanol (C2H5OH) and the aerobic oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid (CH3CO2H). It was to be found that vinegar could be successfully produced from the juice extracted from banana using yeast and Acetobacter. Banana fruit pulp was a suitable raw material for ethanol production by fermentation and for vinegar production by this ethanol. The present study indicates that a relatively good yield of ethanol and acetic acid can be obtained after optimization of certain physical conditions for fermentation. For Banana Alcohol, the highest alcohol level was 7.77% at 10% sugar level, 8% yeast cell concentration for 48 hrs. at 280C. For Banana Vinegar, the maximum acidity was obtained 4.67 % at 7.77% of alcohol level, 15% of A. aceti cell concentration for 72 hrs. at 37 oC. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was adopted to optimize the process parameters like Alcohol content, A.aceti cell concentration and time for the vinegar fermentation using Acetobactor aceti (MTCC 2623) using statistical software , Design Expert (version 8.0.7.1., StatEase, Inc., Minneapolis, USA). The statistical analyses and the closeness of the experimental results and model predictions highlight the reliability of the regression model. Keywords: Fermentation, Vinegar, Ethanol, Acetobactor aceti, Response Surface Methodology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Synthesis of bioethanol from tamarind seeds using marine strain of Saccharomy...Asheesh Padiyar
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. In the present work acid pretreated tamarind kernel powder is used as a ligno-cellulosic biomass for bioethanol production using marine yeast. Greater osmosis tolerance, greater special chemical productivity and production of industrial enzymes are the unique characteristics of marine yeast over terrestrial strains. Hence, marine yeasts have great
potential to be applied in various industries. Therefore, the marine strain of saccharomyces cerevisiaewas isolated from marine water and was used for bioethanol production and the bioethanol yield was optimized using the full factorial design methodology. The amount of Bioethanol yield on day 2 was found to be 2.3g/l and the interaction effects were also studied using Minitab 17 software.
Microwave assisted extraction was used to obtain water soluble extracts from spent coffee residues that were then added to cookies to increase their antioxidant properties. Two sequential MAE extractions obtained 19% and 21% soluble material from the coffee residues. The extracts contained chlorogenic acids, particularly 3-, 4-, and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acids which made up 67-71% of the total chlorogenic acids extracted. Adding these extracts to cookies in amounts up to 3% increased the antioxidant activity of the cookies by up to 62% without negatively affecting taste, maintaining antioxidant properties for over 55 days of storage. Thus, MAE is an efficient technique for extracting bioactive compounds from coffee residues that can be used as functional food add
Heterogeneous Transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca Oil to BiodieselPremier Publishers
In the continuous desire to find suitable alternative, renewable and biodegradable source of oil for commercial diesel Luffa aegyptiaca oil was converted into biodiesel through transesterification reaction using heterogeneous hydrotalcite particles from MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay as catalyst and methanol as solvent at controlled reaction conditions. The characterization results of pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and biodiesel samples was obtained and compared: moisture content 0.0045 %-0.0034 %, ash content 0.00 %-0.02 %, saponification value 194.5 - 61.43, acid value 9.65-0.144, freezing point 5.00 - 30.00 min, pour point 5.00-3.00 min, density 0.969 g/mL-0.889 g/mL, while the flash point gave 349 k-345 k, specific gravity 0.865 g/mL-0.851 g/mL, and viscosity 34.95 Nsm-2- 5.82 Nsm-2 accordingly. The catalyst sample (MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay) after characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer, showed promising surface activity and selectivity on both the calcined and uncalcined catalyst. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions was obtained at 333 k, 6 hours reaction time and 6% catalyst concentration. The reaction conditions had direct effect on percentage yield of the biodiesel product with maximum yield of 79.61 % obtained for untreated oil but 81.27 % for treated oil at 333 k, 3 hours reaction time and 2 % catalyst concentration. FT-IR spectra analysis of biodiesel oil revealed decrease in frequency band of the hydroxyl group (O-H) between 1780 cm-1 and 1700 cm-1 and its subsequent absence at 1730 cm-1. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer composition for pure Luffa aegyptiaca oil and Biodiesel oil showed that free fatty acid was converted to fatty acid methyl esters. Thus, transesterification of Luffa aegyptiaca oil sample using MgO/Al2O3/Kaolin clay heterogeneous catalyst was a success.
Bioethanol production from fruits and vegetable wastesarchana janamatti
This document discusses bioethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes. It defines bioethanol as ethyl alcohol derived from fermented plant carbohydrates. Fruit and vegetable wastes are promising feedstocks as 30-50% of inputs are discarded as waste, creating environmental issues. Composition analysis shows wastes contain carbohydrates for fermentation. Case studies demonstrate production through various pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation methods using yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Parameters like temperature, incubation time and inoculum concentration impact yields. Studies optimize these to maximize ethanol yields. Fruit and vegetable wastes are concluded to be potential candidates for bioethanol production to meet blending targets and reduce oil imports.
Physicochemical Characteristics and Functional Properties of White Sweet Pota...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Sweet potato is an agricultural commodity that is a
source of high carbohydrates and can be cultivated in infertile
areas. Processing of sweet potatoes as food and industrial raw
materials is still limited. One way to process sweet potatoes is
to dry the sweet potato into starch so that it can increase the
sweet potato storage capacity as well as being beneficial and
practical in storage and transportation so that it can be
processed into various food products. The purpose of this
study was to study and evaluate the physicochemical
characteristics and functional properties of white sweet potato
starch varieties of AC. Various methods are used to analyze
these characteristics and properties, including the kjedahl
method, AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemistry),
SNI (Indonesian national standard) and several methods that
have been developed. The results showed that the values of
9.02% moisture content, 0.37% ash content, 0.62% crude
fiber, 0.13% fat content, 85.23% starch content, 35.99%
amylose content, 88.75% carbohydrate content, 77.14% white
degree freeze-thaw stability 95.18 % and clarity of starch
paste 44.97%. Characteristics obtained have met the
standards, but each variety has advantages and disadvantages
so that it can be adjusted to the use of food products that want
to use AC sweet potato varieties of white sweet potato.
1) Alcohol fermentation of raw corn starch was performed without cooking using an amylase from Chalara paradoxa, which had strong raw starch digesting activity compared to other known amylases.
2) Optimally, a raw corn starch-enzyme-yeast mixture fermented at pH 5.0 and 30°C for 5 days, producing ethanol yields of 63.5-86.8% of theoretical using baker's yeast and 81.1-92.1% using sake yeast.
3) The study demonstrated efficient alcohol fermentation is possible directly from raw corn starch granules without sterilization using the novel C. paradoxa amylase and Saccharomyces yeast
Improved Sugar Yield for Bioethanol Production by Modelling Enzymatic Hydroly...theijes
Alternative lignocellulosic substrates to produce high value-added products such as biofuel have been attractive. A Box-Behnken design was used to evaluate the effects of three parameters namely L/S ratio (50_ 100 mL/g), cellulase concentration (10_ 60 U/g) and incubation time (4_ 44h), on the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of physically pretreated Peganum harmala leaves. The fitted mathematical model allowed us to plot response surfaces as well as isoresponse curves and to determine optimal saccharification conditions. Statistical results indicated that the hydrolysis time and the enzyme concentration were the main factors influencing the release of reducing sugars. The selected optimal saccharification conditions were: L/S ratio of 75.0 mL/g, enzyme concentration of 35.0 U/g, and reaction time of 44.0h. These conditions allowed 39.6% of enzymatic hydrolysis yield versus 37.8±2.9%, respectively for the predicted values. The saccharification efficiency using enzyme treated biomass under optimized conditions was about 20-fold higher than before optimization. Fermentation of optimized cellulosic hydrolysate containing 12.6% glucose was performed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded 4.75% ethanol production within 48h. These results showed a promising future of applying Peganum harmala leaves as potential lignocellulosic biomass for second generation bioethanol production.
Preparation of Bioethanol from Brown Seaweed Sargassum Sp.ijtsrd
In this study, brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was used to produce bioethanol by using enzymatic liquefaction and saccharification method. Bioethanol from brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was more commercial than using any other starch based raw materials because it can be easily collected on Chaung Tha beach in Myanmar without any impact on environment. In this regard, the productivity of bioethanol from brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was determined by separate hydrolysis and fermentation SHF with yeasts. Two types of yeasts were used. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for glucose fermentation in brown seaweed and selected nitrogen fixing yeast isolate N3,N18,N24 were used for mannitol fermentation which consist plenty in brown seaweed. The effects of enzymatic liquefaction, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation on this sample were studied. From the fermentation studies, brown seaweed Sargassum sp. gave the ethanol percent by weight of 2.56 using Saccharomyces cerevisiae only and 4.1 by using mixture of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and selected nitrogen fixing yeast isolate. The maximum yield of crude ethanol was 32.5 by fermentating yeast mixture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and nitrogen fixing yeast isolate. When it was fermented by just only Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yield of crude ethanol percent was 20.3 . Nway Mon Mon Oo | Tint Tint Kywe "Preparation of Bioethanol from Brown Seaweed (Sargassum Sp.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28011.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/28011/preparation-of-bioethanol-from-brown-seaweed-sargassum-sp/nway-mon-mon-oo
The oil palm industry in Malaysia provides a high economic return to the country. Currently empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the solid wastes which is produced daily but have limited use whereby it is usually left as plantation site to act as an organic fertilizer for the plants to ensure the sustainability of fresh fruit bunch (FFB). However, this waste material have the potential to be transformed into high value-added products such as bioethanol, acids and compost using advanced biotechnology technique. The major drawback in biomass technology is the difficulty of degrading the material in a short period of time. Therefore, a pretreatment step such as hot-compressed water treatment is required to break the lignocellulosic compound to easily accessible carbon sources for further use to produce bioethanol. This research proposes an environmental friendly technology which could convert waste biomass to valuable bio-based chemicals and fuels which could be transferred easily to rural areas and small medium industries for wealth creation and for their own use in their agricultural fields.
Ethanol can be produced through anaerobic fermentation of sugars and starches from various raw materials by yeast and bacteria. Saccharine materials like fruits, molasses, sugar beet and sugar cane directly provide fermentable sugars. Starchy materials like grains and tubers must be processed to break down starch into sugars through steps like milling, cooking, and conversion. The sugars are then fermented by organisms like Saccharomyces yeast to produce ethanol. The ethanol is recovered through distillation which separates ethanol (boiling point 78.5°C) from water (boiling point 100°C). Ethanol finds uses as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Byproducts are also generated including
Bioethanol production from pretreated bamboo by white rot fungi fermentationandyheomoiandyheomoi
This document summarizes a study on bioethanol production from pretreated bamboo. It discusses the effects of alkaline pretreatment on the chemical composition and saccharification rate of bamboo. Sodium hydroxide pretreatment was found to selectively remove hemicellulose and lignin, increasing the cellulose content. Bioethanol fermentation trials using pretreated bamboo achieved higher yields compared to untreated bamboo. The document also introduces the potential for producing phenol by hydrothermal degradation of bamboo lignin.
Biodiesel Production from waste Oil with Micro-Scale Biodiesel System Under L...IJERDJOURNAL
This document summarizes research on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil via transesterification. Two experimental methods (B1 and B2) were tested using different catalysts and conditions. Method B1 used KOH as a catalyst at 87°C for 120 minutes and yielded biodiesel that met quality standards. Method B2 used H2SO4 at 80°C for 240 minutes and produced biodiesel with viscosity and carbon residue levels above limits. The research demonstrated the feasibility of producing biodiesel from low-cost waste oil and established a small-scale laboratory production system.
Non-Isothermal Kinetic Analysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Pellets by Ther...Bemgba Nyakuma
Paper presented at the 18th Conference of Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction (PRES Conference)
PRES’15 conference, 22-27 Aug 2015, Kuching, Malaysia.
This study evaluated the fast pyrolysis of sugar cane straw in a fluidized bed reactor. The yields of bio-oil and char were analyzed under different temperature and equivalence ratio conditions. The maximum bio-oil yield of 35.5% was achieved at 470°C and an equivalence ratio of 0.14. The bio-oil produced had low oxygen content, very low water content, and a heating value of 22.95 MJ/kg. The char had a high fixed carbon and volatile matter content with a heating value of 13.54 MJ/kg. This process demonstrates the technical viability of converting sugar cane straw into biofuels via fast pyrolysis in a fluidized bed reactor.
In this project, we used various type of acid for Extraction of pectin. In Extraction of pectin, we check % of yielding of pectin by changing parameter like temperature,pH Of solution. By conducting no of experiments we concluded optimum parameters for achieving maximum yield of product.
This document describes research on producing biodiesel from the marine microalga Chlorella salina using immobilized whole cell yeast. Some key points:
- The yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was immobilized on sugarcane bagasse to produce lipase enzymes for biodiesel production.
- Oil was extracted from cultivated C. salina biomass and its molecular weight and fatty acid composition were analyzed.
- The immobilized yeast cells were used as whole cell biocatalysts in a solvent-free system to convert the microalgal oil to biodiesel via interesterification, optimizing various reaction parameters like biocatalyst loading, temperature, and water content
This document discusses bioethanol production and technology. It begins by introducing bioethanol and explaining its importance as an alternative energy source due to depletion of fossil fuels and environmental concerns. The main steps of bioethanol production are described as fermentation, distillation and dehydration. Common raw materials like sugar, starch and cellulose sources are identified. Microorganisms used in fermentation and different production technologies like sugar fermentation and dry/wet milling processes are outlined. Applications include fuel blending and uses. Advantages include renewability while disadvantages include lower efficiency than petroleum and land use impacts.
This document discusses ethanol fermentation and production. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast is commonly used to ferment sugars like glucose and fructose into ethanol and carbon dioxide through anaerobic fermentation. The production of ethanol involves preparing nutrient solutions and inoculum from raw materials like molasses or grains, performing fermentation in large tanks, and recovering ethanol through distillation. Ethanol fermentation is an important industrial process used worldwide to produce biofuel from various plant materials.
Biodiesel production from neem oil –an alternate approachIJERA Editor
In this study, neem oil which is one of the abundant non-edible oils in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and bangladesh is used for biodiesel production. The conventional 2-step transesterification production of biodiesel using sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts is carried out. The optimum process parameters like reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol-oil molar ratio were investigated with respect to maximum yield. A maximum yield of 88% biodiesel is obtained via this method. A novel technique to produce biodiesel via complete hydrolysis followed by acid esterification is developed. Optimum reaction conditions were found to be 100ml 0.5N sulphuric acid loading, reaction temperature of 40ºC and reaction time of 2 hours. This resulted in a maximum FFA of 82%. Then acid esterification was carried out at the following reaction conditions of 0.55:1 v/v methanol-oil-ratio, 0.5% v/v H2SO4 acid catalyst loading, 50˚C and 4 hours reaction time. A maximum biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained by this method. The viscosity of biodiesel produced by this method as well as the other physicochemical properties, were found to be in compliance with international standard.
1. Ethanol can be produced from various sources including sugary and starchy crops through fermentation. Common feedstocks include corn, sugarcane, wheat, and cellulosic biomass.
2. Ethanol is produced through fermentation of sugars by yeast. Starch from crops must first be converted to sugars before fermentation. New technologies allow production from non-edible cellulosic sources.
3. Ethanol has various uses including as a fuel additive or substitute for gasoline, as well as a solvent. While it can reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline, ethanol also has disadvantages including lower energy content than gasoline.
This presentation summarizes primary metabolites. Primary metabolites are microbial products produced during exponential growth that are essential for growth. They include intermediates and end products of anabolic and catabolic metabolism. Commonly produced primary metabolites include amino acids, ethanol, citric acid, and acetic acid. These are often manufactured via microbial fermentation. Primary metabolites have various industrial applications in food production, medicine, and other industries due to their roles in growth, energy production, and substrate utilization.
IRJET- Performance Analysis and Feasibility Study of Bio-Butanol as a Potenti...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance and feasibility of using biobutanol as a substitute for gasoline in spark ignition engines. Biobutanol can be produced through A-B-E fermentation processes from various feedstocks like corn stalks, sugar wastes, and food wastes. Testing of biobutanol in engines found that it has properties similar to gasoline, with higher energy content than ethanol. Biobutanol can be blended with gasoline up to 11.5% by volume and may reduce carbon emissions by 85% compared to gasoline. The document discusses biobutanol production methods, properties, engine testing results, and concludes that biobutanol shows promise as a gasoline substitute.
Optimizing the Conversion of Pretreated Sila Sorghum Stalks to Simple Sugars ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on optimizing the conversion of pretreated Sila sorghum stalks to simple sugars using immobilized enzymes. Key findings include:
- Sila sorghum stalks were dried, milled, pretreated with alkali, and subjected to hydrolysis using immobilized cellulase and cellobiase enzymes.
- Parameters like temperature, pH, and concentration of sodium alginate used to immobilize the enzymes were varied in the experiments.
- Under optimal conditions of 55°C, pH 6.0, and 2.0% sodium alginate concentration, a maximum glucose yield of 71.3% was achieved.
- Mathematical models were developed
Microbial Processing of Agricultural Wastes to produce Pectinase Enzyme(s) an...Meesha Singh
Microbial Processing of Agricultural Wastes to produce Pectinase Enzyme(s) and Evaluation of their Industrial Applications
This document summarizes a study on the production of pectinase enzymes from agricultural wastes using microbial processing. Pectinases are important industrial enzymes with applications in juice extraction and clarification. The study aims to optimize pectinase production from bacterial sources using agricultural waste, characterize the enzymes, and evaluate their applications. Key steps include screening bacteria, optimizing fermentation parameters, purifying and characterizing the enzymes, and testing applications in juice clarification and fruit peeling. A hierarchical model is also developed to analyze barriers to industrial pectinase production.
This document discusses bioethanol production technology and its prospects. It begins by defining bioethanol as ethanol derived from agricultural sources rather than petrochemical sources. The document then discusses the benefits of bioethanol such as reduced dependence on crude oil, being a renewable fuel, and reducing air pollution. It describes the raw materials and basic steps involved in bioethanol production. The document provides details on various pretreatment and hydrolysis methods as well as microorganisms used such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and discusses prospects for improving cellulosic ethanol production.
This document summarizes a study on the production of bioethanol from potato and carambola juice using molds and agaricus as sources of amylase enzymes. The amylase activity of molds and agaricus was investigated under varying conditions of starch concentration, pH, incubation time, and temperature. Maximum amylase activity of 173-178 U/g was obtained for molds using 1.5% starch solution at pH 5.0 and 60°C for 30 minutes. For agaricus, highest amylase production of 14-16 U/g occurred with 1.5% starch solution at pH 6.0 and 75°C for 30 minutes. Reducing sugars were produced by fermenting potato
Bioethanol from indonesia's arrowroot tuberSawarni H
The document discusses optimizing liquid sugar production from arrowroot tuber starch for bioethanol processing. It describes how arrowroot can be used as an alternative carbohydrate source for producing bioethanol as a gasoline substitute. The objectives are to determine optimal conditions for converting arrowroot starch to liquid sugar and increasing sugar yields. The document outlines the materials and methods used, including arrowroot flour preparation, hydrolysis with Aspergillus niger and amyloglucosidase enzymes, and fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast to produce bioethanol.
Improved Sugar Yield for Bioethanol Production by Modelling Enzymatic Hydroly...theijes
Alternative lignocellulosic substrates to produce high value-added products such as biofuel have been attractive. A Box-Behnken design was used to evaluate the effects of three parameters namely L/S ratio (50_ 100 mL/g), cellulase concentration (10_ 60 U/g) and incubation time (4_ 44h), on the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of physically pretreated Peganum harmala leaves. The fitted mathematical model allowed us to plot response surfaces as well as isoresponse curves and to determine optimal saccharification conditions. Statistical results indicated that the hydrolysis time and the enzyme concentration were the main factors influencing the release of reducing sugars. The selected optimal saccharification conditions were: L/S ratio of 75.0 mL/g, enzyme concentration of 35.0 U/g, and reaction time of 44.0h. These conditions allowed 39.6% of enzymatic hydrolysis yield versus 37.8±2.9%, respectively for the predicted values. The saccharification efficiency using enzyme treated biomass under optimized conditions was about 20-fold higher than before optimization. Fermentation of optimized cellulosic hydrolysate containing 12.6% glucose was performed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded 4.75% ethanol production within 48h. These results showed a promising future of applying Peganum harmala leaves as potential lignocellulosic biomass for second generation bioethanol production.
Preparation of Bioethanol from Brown Seaweed Sargassum Sp.ijtsrd
In this study, brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was used to produce bioethanol by using enzymatic liquefaction and saccharification method. Bioethanol from brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was more commercial than using any other starch based raw materials because it can be easily collected on Chaung Tha beach in Myanmar without any impact on environment. In this regard, the productivity of bioethanol from brown seaweed Sargassum sp. was determined by separate hydrolysis and fermentation SHF with yeasts. Two types of yeasts were used. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for glucose fermentation in brown seaweed and selected nitrogen fixing yeast isolate N3,N18,N24 were used for mannitol fermentation which consist plenty in brown seaweed. The effects of enzymatic liquefaction, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation on this sample were studied. From the fermentation studies, brown seaweed Sargassum sp. gave the ethanol percent by weight of 2.56 using Saccharomyces cerevisiae only and 4.1 by using mixture of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and selected nitrogen fixing yeast isolate. The maximum yield of crude ethanol was 32.5 by fermentating yeast mixture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and nitrogen fixing yeast isolate. When it was fermented by just only Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yield of crude ethanol percent was 20.3 . Nway Mon Mon Oo | Tint Tint Kywe "Preparation of Bioethanol from Brown Seaweed (Sargassum Sp.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28011.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/28011/preparation-of-bioethanol-from-brown-seaweed-sargassum-sp/nway-mon-mon-oo
The oil palm industry in Malaysia provides a high economic return to the country. Currently empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the solid wastes which is produced daily but have limited use whereby it is usually left as plantation site to act as an organic fertilizer for the plants to ensure the sustainability of fresh fruit bunch (FFB). However, this waste material have the potential to be transformed into high value-added products such as bioethanol, acids and compost using advanced biotechnology technique. The major drawback in biomass technology is the difficulty of degrading the material in a short period of time. Therefore, a pretreatment step such as hot-compressed water treatment is required to break the lignocellulosic compound to easily accessible carbon sources for further use to produce bioethanol. This research proposes an environmental friendly technology which could convert waste biomass to valuable bio-based chemicals and fuels which could be transferred easily to rural areas and small medium industries for wealth creation and for their own use in their agricultural fields.
Ethanol can be produced through anaerobic fermentation of sugars and starches from various raw materials by yeast and bacteria. Saccharine materials like fruits, molasses, sugar beet and sugar cane directly provide fermentable sugars. Starchy materials like grains and tubers must be processed to break down starch into sugars through steps like milling, cooking, and conversion. The sugars are then fermented by organisms like Saccharomyces yeast to produce ethanol. The ethanol is recovered through distillation which separates ethanol (boiling point 78.5°C) from water (boiling point 100°C). Ethanol finds uses as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Byproducts are also generated including
Bioethanol production from pretreated bamboo by white rot fungi fermentationandyheomoiandyheomoi
This document summarizes a study on bioethanol production from pretreated bamboo. It discusses the effects of alkaline pretreatment on the chemical composition and saccharification rate of bamboo. Sodium hydroxide pretreatment was found to selectively remove hemicellulose and lignin, increasing the cellulose content. Bioethanol fermentation trials using pretreated bamboo achieved higher yields compared to untreated bamboo. The document also introduces the potential for producing phenol by hydrothermal degradation of bamboo lignin.
Biodiesel Production from waste Oil with Micro-Scale Biodiesel System Under L...IJERDJOURNAL
This document summarizes research on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil via transesterification. Two experimental methods (B1 and B2) were tested using different catalysts and conditions. Method B1 used KOH as a catalyst at 87°C for 120 minutes and yielded biodiesel that met quality standards. Method B2 used H2SO4 at 80°C for 240 minutes and produced biodiesel with viscosity and carbon residue levels above limits. The research demonstrated the feasibility of producing biodiesel from low-cost waste oil and established a small-scale laboratory production system.
Non-Isothermal Kinetic Analysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Pellets by Ther...Bemgba Nyakuma
Paper presented at the 18th Conference of Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction (PRES Conference)
PRES’15 conference, 22-27 Aug 2015, Kuching, Malaysia.
This study evaluated the fast pyrolysis of sugar cane straw in a fluidized bed reactor. The yields of bio-oil and char were analyzed under different temperature and equivalence ratio conditions. The maximum bio-oil yield of 35.5% was achieved at 470°C and an equivalence ratio of 0.14. The bio-oil produced had low oxygen content, very low water content, and a heating value of 22.95 MJ/kg. The char had a high fixed carbon and volatile matter content with a heating value of 13.54 MJ/kg. This process demonstrates the technical viability of converting sugar cane straw into biofuels via fast pyrolysis in a fluidized bed reactor.
In this project, we used various type of acid for Extraction of pectin. In Extraction of pectin, we check % of yielding of pectin by changing parameter like temperature,pH Of solution. By conducting no of experiments we concluded optimum parameters for achieving maximum yield of product.
This document describes research on producing biodiesel from the marine microalga Chlorella salina using immobilized whole cell yeast. Some key points:
- The yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was immobilized on sugarcane bagasse to produce lipase enzymes for biodiesel production.
- Oil was extracted from cultivated C. salina biomass and its molecular weight and fatty acid composition were analyzed.
- The immobilized yeast cells were used as whole cell biocatalysts in a solvent-free system to convert the microalgal oil to biodiesel via interesterification, optimizing various reaction parameters like biocatalyst loading, temperature, and water content
This document discusses bioethanol production and technology. It begins by introducing bioethanol and explaining its importance as an alternative energy source due to depletion of fossil fuels and environmental concerns. The main steps of bioethanol production are described as fermentation, distillation and dehydration. Common raw materials like sugar, starch and cellulose sources are identified. Microorganisms used in fermentation and different production technologies like sugar fermentation and dry/wet milling processes are outlined. Applications include fuel blending and uses. Advantages include renewability while disadvantages include lower efficiency than petroleum and land use impacts.
This document discusses ethanol fermentation and production. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast is commonly used to ferment sugars like glucose and fructose into ethanol and carbon dioxide through anaerobic fermentation. The production of ethanol involves preparing nutrient solutions and inoculum from raw materials like molasses or grains, performing fermentation in large tanks, and recovering ethanol through distillation. Ethanol fermentation is an important industrial process used worldwide to produce biofuel from various plant materials.
Biodiesel production from neem oil –an alternate approachIJERA Editor
In this study, neem oil which is one of the abundant non-edible oils in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and bangladesh is used for biodiesel production. The conventional 2-step transesterification production of biodiesel using sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts is carried out. The optimum process parameters like reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol-oil molar ratio were investigated with respect to maximum yield. A maximum yield of 88% biodiesel is obtained via this method. A novel technique to produce biodiesel via complete hydrolysis followed by acid esterification is developed. Optimum reaction conditions were found to be 100ml 0.5N sulphuric acid loading, reaction temperature of 40ºC and reaction time of 2 hours. This resulted in a maximum FFA of 82%. Then acid esterification was carried out at the following reaction conditions of 0.55:1 v/v methanol-oil-ratio, 0.5% v/v H2SO4 acid catalyst loading, 50˚C and 4 hours reaction time. A maximum biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained by this method. The viscosity of biodiesel produced by this method as well as the other physicochemical properties, were found to be in compliance with international standard.
1. Ethanol can be produced from various sources including sugary and starchy crops through fermentation. Common feedstocks include corn, sugarcane, wheat, and cellulosic biomass.
2. Ethanol is produced through fermentation of sugars by yeast. Starch from crops must first be converted to sugars before fermentation. New technologies allow production from non-edible cellulosic sources.
3. Ethanol has various uses including as a fuel additive or substitute for gasoline, as well as a solvent. While it can reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline, ethanol also has disadvantages including lower energy content than gasoline.
This presentation summarizes primary metabolites. Primary metabolites are microbial products produced during exponential growth that are essential for growth. They include intermediates and end products of anabolic and catabolic metabolism. Commonly produced primary metabolites include amino acids, ethanol, citric acid, and acetic acid. These are often manufactured via microbial fermentation. Primary metabolites have various industrial applications in food production, medicine, and other industries due to their roles in growth, energy production, and substrate utilization.
IRJET- Performance Analysis and Feasibility Study of Bio-Butanol as a Potenti...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance and feasibility of using biobutanol as a substitute for gasoline in spark ignition engines. Biobutanol can be produced through A-B-E fermentation processes from various feedstocks like corn stalks, sugar wastes, and food wastes. Testing of biobutanol in engines found that it has properties similar to gasoline, with higher energy content than ethanol. Biobutanol can be blended with gasoline up to 11.5% by volume and may reduce carbon emissions by 85% compared to gasoline. The document discusses biobutanol production methods, properties, engine testing results, and concludes that biobutanol shows promise as a gasoline substitute.
Optimizing the Conversion of Pretreated Sila Sorghum Stalks to Simple Sugars ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on optimizing the conversion of pretreated Sila sorghum stalks to simple sugars using immobilized enzymes. Key findings include:
- Sila sorghum stalks were dried, milled, pretreated with alkali, and subjected to hydrolysis using immobilized cellulase and cellobiase enzymes.
- Parameters like temperature, pH, and concentration of sodium alginate used to immobilize the enzymes were varied in the experiments.
- Under optimal conditions of 55°C, pH 6.0, and 2.0% sodium alginate concentration, a maximum glucose yield of 71.3% was achieved.
- Mathematical models were developed
Microbial Processing of Agricultural Wastes to produce Pectinase Enzyme(s) an...Meesha Singh
Microbial Processing of Agricultural Wastes to produce Pectinase Enzyme(s) and Evaluation of their Industrial Applications
This document summarizes a study on the production of pectinase enzymes from agricultural wastes using microbial processing. Pectinases are important industrial enzymes with applications in juice extraction and clarification. The study aims to optimize pectinase production from bacterial sources using agricultural waste, characterize the enzymes, and evaluate their applications. Key steps include screening bacteria, optimizing fermentation parameters, purifying and characterizing the enzymes, and testing applications in juice clarification and fruit peeling. A hierarchical model is also developed to analyze barriers to industrial pectinase production.
This document discusses bioethanol production technology and its prospects. It begins by defining bioethanol as ethanol derived from agricultural sources rather than petrochemical sources. The document then discusses the benefits of bioethanol such as reduced dependence on crude oil, being a renewable fuel, and reducing air pollution. It describes the raw materials and basic steps involved in bioethanol production. The document provides details on various pretreatment and hydrolysis methods as well as microorganisms used such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and discusses prospects for improving cellulosic ethanol production.
This document summarizes a study on the production of bioethanol from potato and carambola juice using molds and agaricus as sources of amylase enzymes. The amylase activity of molds and agaricus was investigated under varying conditions of starch concentration, pH, incubation time, and temperature. Maximum amylase activity of 173-178 U/g was obtained for molds using 1.5% starch solution at pH 5.0 and 60°C for 30 minutes. For agaricus, highest amylase production of 14-16 U/g occurred with 1.5% starch solution at pH 6.0 and 75°C for 30 minutes. Reducing sugars were produced by fermenting potato
Bioethanol from indonesia's arrowroot tuberSawarni H
The document discusses optimizing liquid sugar production from arrowroot tuber starch for bioethanol processing. It describes how arrowroot can be used as an alternative carbohydrate source for producing bioethanol as a gasoline substitute. The objectives are to determine optimal conditions for converting arrowroot starch to liquid sugar and increasing sugar yields. The document outlines the materials and methods used, including arrowroot flour preparation, hydrolysis with Aspergillus niger and amyloglucosidase enzymes, and fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast to produce bioethanol.
This document discusses a study on ethanol production from cheese whey supplemented with sweet sorghum. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to ferment the substrates over 72 hours at 30°C and pH 5. Batch experiments tested cheese whey supplemented with 50-200g/L of sweet sorghum. Results found that ethanol production increased with higher sorghum concentrations but was highest at 50g/L, achieving the theoretical ethanol yield. It was concluded that below 50g/L of supplemental sorghum avoids substrate inhibition for batch fermentation of cheese whey.
Effect of extrusion variables on the hydrogen cyanide and haemagglutinin cont...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effect of extrusion variables on the hydrogen cyanide and haemagglutinin content of extruded blends of cassava products and African yam bean. High quality cassava flour and African yam bean flour were blended together at different ratios, as well as pregelatinized cassava chips and African yam bean flour. The blends were extruded at different screw speeds and moisture levels. Testing found that extrusion cooking significantly reduced both the hydrogen cyanide and haemagglutinin contents of the extrudates compared to the raw materials. Feed composition had the greatest effect on reducing hydrogen cyanide, while screw speed most influenced haemagglutinin reduction. All extrudate values
Waste management from fermentation industriesMaya Sharma
Fermentation industries produce various wastes that require management. Waste from cereal fermentation includes distillers grains, a nutritious feed byproduct. Sugarcane fermentation generates bagasse, used as fuel, compost, and in paper/board production. Bagasse can also be anaerobically digested to produce biogas. Fruit fermentation waste is pomace, used as animal feed and to extract compounds like polyphenols. Proper management of these wastes supports the sustainability of fermentation industries.
This document summarizes a study that investigated producing bioethanol from various agricultural wastes through fermentation. Five raw materials - sugarcane baggasse, sugarcane bark, corncob, cornstalk, and cornhusk - underwent acid hydrolysis pretreatment to remove lignin. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was then used to ferment the materials for 5 days. Results found the pH, sugar content, and specific gravity decreased over time during fermentation while ethanol yield increased, reaching a maximum at 72 hours. Sugarcane baggasse produced the highest ethanol yield of 6.72% and ethanol can effectively be produced from these agricultural wastes.
Production and Purification of Amylase from Bacillus subtilis Isolated from SoilDr. Amarjeet Singh
In spite of progress in biotechnology and
enzymology, the enzymes have been industrialized in recent
years for the mounting up the product development in
various arena. The ultimate goal of this study comprises the
production and purification the amylase enzyme from the
bacterial strain. A powerful amylase producer, Bacillus
subtilis ISOLATE-4 was isolated, screened and identified
from the soil sample. In order to produce extracellular
amylase, various physico-chemical parameters were
optimized. During optimization, the maximal production of
amylase by the isolate at 48 hrs of incubation in 100 rpm was
found to be 6.93U/ml, 5.94U/ml, 6.0U/ml at 45ºC, pH 6 with
1% substrate concentration respectively. Ammonium
sulphate fractionation was done for rapid precipitation of the
amylase at a concentration of 60% and exposed to dialysis
showed the 25% purification fold of an enzyme. The dialyzed
product was further subjected to DEAE-Cellulose column
chromatography resulted in an increase up to 75%
purification fold than crude enzyme. The amylase enzyme
might be suitable for the liquefaction of starch, detergent,
textile and several additional industrial applications.
This document discusses the production of bioethanol from wheat straw. It begins with an introduction to bioethanol and its properties. It then discusses that wheat straw is a promising lignocellulosic material for bioethanol production due to its global abundance. The production of wheat straw is outlined, noting that over 430 million tonnes are produced annually. The key steps to produce bioethanol from wheat straw are pretreatment to break down the lignocellulose structure, hydrolysis to release sugars, fermentation of the sugars to ethanol, and distillation to recover the ethanol. When these steps were tested on wheat straw, a bioethanol yield of up to 19% was achieved.
Immobilization of the enzyme invertase extracted from the yeast saccharomyces...Souad Baali Annaba
This document summarizes a study that immobilized the enzyme invertase extracted from yeast in calcium alginate beads. The immobilized and free enzyme were added to honey samples to study their effects. Total polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were measured and compared between honey alone and honey with added free or immobilized enzyme. The honey with free enzyme had the highest polyphenol content, while honey with immobilized enzyme had lower polyphenols than free enzyme but higher than honey alone. Flavonoid levels were similar for honey with free or immobilized enzyme and higher than honey alone. Antioxidant activity was lower in treated honeys compared to untreated honey. The size of calcium alginate beads
Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Watermelon Waste for Ethano...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
As the world oil reserves are draining day by day, new resources of carbon
and hydrogen must be investigated to supply our energy and industrial needs. An
extensive amount of biomass is accessible in many parts of the world and could be
utilized either directly or as crude material for the production of different fuels. The
motivation behind the present research is to find an appropriate strain for the fermentation
of watermelon waste to get ethanol. Saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
of watermelon waste were carried out simultaneously in the presence of A. niger and
S. cerevisiae (toddy origin and baker’s yeast). Toddy originated S. cerevisiae culture
is found to be more active than that of baker’s yeast. For the ethanol production, the
optimized conditions for different parameters like temperature, time, strain and pH
are finalized.
Production of itaconic acid from jatropha curcas seed cake by aspergillus ter...Mushafau Adebayo Oke
This document summarizes a study that investigated using Jatropha curcas seed cake as a substrate for producing itaconic acid through fermentation with Aspergillus terreus. Key findings:
1) Jatropha seed cake was hydrolyzed to produce fermentable sugars like glucose. Maximum itaconic acid production of 48.70 g/L was achieved under optimal conditions.
2) Highest itaconic acid yields were obtained at pH 4, with 38.70 g/L produced on day 10 of fermentation. Production declined after day 11 as nutrients were exhausted.
3) Maximum itaconic acid was produced using an inoculum size of 5 ml of spore suspension
Depleting nature of nonrenewable energy sources and continuous environmental tribulations make the mankind to think differently regarding alternative renewable energy sources. In this regard, present research investigation contributes biodiesel from canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD) using Lipase AY Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) and Novozyme 40013 (Candida antarctica) in the presence of methanol. Initially the neutral glycerides present in CODD were hydrolysed using lipase Amano AY 30 in the presence of water. The hydrolysed CODD was then esterified with methanol using non-specific immobilized enzyme NS 40013 for the production of biodiesel. The characteristics of final product were compared with diesel fuel and it showed good results. This bioprocess technology using biohydrolysis and bioesterification is a novel technology for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials like CODD.
Comparative soluble nutrient value of ogiri obtainedAlexander Decker
1. The study compared the soluble nutrient values of ogiri obtained from fermented dehulled and undehulled boiled melon seeds.
2. Proximate analysis showed decreases in fat and protein but increases in carbohydrates for both types of ogiri relative to raw seeds.
3. Soluble sugar levels fluctuated more for dehulled ogiri and were significantly higher for undehulled ogiri. Free amino acids steadily increased without fluctuations and were significantly higher for undehulled ogiri.
Comparative soluble nutrient value of ogiri obtainedAlexander Decker
1. The study compared the soluble nutrient levels in ogiri, a fermented food condiment, obtained from dehulled and undehulled boiled melon seeds.
2. Proximate analysis showed decreases in fat and protein but increases in carbohydrates for both types of ogiri relative to the raw seeds.
3. Significantly higher soluble sugar levels were found in ogiri from undehulled seeds, fluctuating but approximating starting levels by the end of fermentation. Free amino acids steadily increased without fluctuation in both ogiri types, with undehulled ogiri retaining more.
Crude glycerol is a major byproduct of biodiesel production, amounting to approximately 10% of the volume of biodiesel produced. The document summarizes various potential value-added uses for crude glycerol that have been investigated, including use as an animal feed ingredient, and as a feedstock for producing chemicals through biological or catalytic conversion processes. Key chemicals that have been produced from crude glycerol include 1,3-propanediol, citric acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, docosahexaenoic acid, lipids, and syngas. However, the presence of impurities in crude glycerol poses challenges, and further optimization of conversion processes is still needed for large-
Induced mutational studies on saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol product...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mango (Mangifera Indica.L) is the national
fruit of India. Peels and seeds are the by-products obtained
during processing of mango. The Mango seed possess disposal
problem if not handled properly therefore conversion of mango
seed kernel to starch is the solution of this problem. Starch is
used in food and pharmaceutical industry. These industries
depend on crops that are the primary source of food for the
human thus raising the food prices. Unlike the conventional
method of producing starch, this method totally uses raw waste.
The report showed the maximum yield of starch was 59.06
percent, the amylose content 16.3 percent and ash content
between 0.12 to 0.15 percent. The purity of the starch obtained
was 97.18 percent when compared to market starch which was
92.59 percent. Thus, it can be concluded that the starch obtained
from mango seed kernel can be used in food industry.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Production of α-amylase using new strain of Bacillus polymyxa isolated from s...IOSR Journals
In this study, a new amylase producer strain was isolated from sweet potato tuber. This strain was able to grow at 37 °C and produce α-amylase in high quantity compared to other standard strain cultures. In the first part, cultivation in shake flask in standard medium was carried out to give complete information about the growth and production kinetics of this strain. The results clearly demonstrate that the isolated strain is able to production α-amylase in submerged culture with concentration up to 2050 kat/L after 20 h cultivation. Furthermore, medium optimization was carried out by changing the starch concentration and cell cultivation in medium of mixed carbon source (composed of starch and glucose of ratio 15:5 g/g) to enhance the production process and to increase the growth rate. The volumetric and specific α-amylase production in this optimized medium were 4550 kat/L and 1060 kat/g, respectively. Further improvement in enzyme production process was achieved by scaling up the process from shake flask to 3-L stirred tank bioreactor under non-oxygen limiting condition. The maximal volumetric and specific α-amylase productions in bioreactor batch culture were 5210 kat/L and 1095kat/g, respectively, after only 14 h cultivation
This study examines the production of bioethanol from the red seaweed Eucheuma cottonii found in Bontang, Indonesia. The seaweed was harvested, dried, and converted to a gel. Acid hydrolysis using sulfuric acid was performed on the gel to produce sugars. Maximum sugar yield of 15.8 mg/mL was achieved with 5% sulfuric acid at 100°C for 2 hours. Two types of yeast (bread yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and tapai yeast) were tested for fermenting the hydrolyzed seaweed into bioethanol. Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced 4.6% alcohol content after 5-6 days, while tapai yeast was unsuitable
Material Balance for ISO 14000 Implementation in Fruit Industry Sawarni H
Ringkasan dokumen ini adalah:
1. Analisis keseimbangan bahan digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi aspek dan dampak lingkungan dari industri minuman sari buah kapasitas 18,5 ton per bulan.
2. Hasilnya menghasilkan limbah cair 66,451 ton dari produksi puree dan 162,036 ton dari produksi jus, serta penggunaan air 1000 ton.
3. Analisis ini digunakan untuk merancang program lingkungan seperti pencegahan polusi dan pengolahan limbah
Gap Analysis Rancangan SMKP UKM Pengolahan Ikan Sawarni H
Rangkuman dokumen:
1) Dokumen ini membahas perancangan implementasi sistem manajemen keamanan pangan untuk UKM pengolahan ikan di Sukabumi.
2) Sistem ini dirancang untuk mengendalikan risiko kontaminasi pangan melalui penerapan GMP, SSOP, dan HACCP.
3) Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan model sistem keamanan pangan dan menerapkannya pada beberapa UKM untuk meningkatkan keamanan produk
Dokumen tersebut membahas kajian awal lingkungan yang dilakukan untuk menetapkan aspek dan dampak lingkungan penting sebagai bagian dari perencanaan Sistem Manajemen Lingkungan ISO 14001 pada suatu industri minuman sari buah. Analisis menggunakan model keseimbangan bahan menghasilkan informasi tentang limbah cair dan padat yang dihasilkan oleh industri tersebut. Hasil kajian digunakan untuk menentukan dampak lingkungan signifikan yang kemudian
Produksi bioetanol dari pati umbi garut menggunakan Aspergillus niger dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memproduksi bioetanol dari umbi garut dengan proses fermentasi menggunakan kapang Aspergillus niger dan ragi Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hasilnya adalah produksi sirup glukosa dari umbi garut dengan kadar gula rata-rata 3%-12% dan produksi bioetanol dengan kadar alkohol rata-rata
Aplikasi antosianin rosela pada produk yoghurtSawarni H
Ekstrak antosianin dari kelopak rosela memberikan warna merah pada yoghurt. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelarut etanol 95% dan suhu ruang memberikan hasil ekstraksi antosianin terbaik dengan kadar rata-rata 424,81 mg/l. Stabilitas warna antosianin menurun selama penyimpanan yoghurt selama 8 hari.
Produksi bioetanol dari pati umbi garut menggunakan Aspergillus niger dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Penelitian ini bertujuan memproduksi bioetanol melalui proses hidrolisis pati umbi garut menggunakan Aspergillus niger untuk menghasilkan sirup glukosa kemudian difermentasi menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae untuk menghasilkan etanol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan starter 10% dan waktu hidrolisis 9 hari ma
1. 2nd. ISFAS 2012,4-6 September 2012, Puri Pujangga, UKM, Malaysia
OR21
Optimization of Liquid Sugar Production for Bioethanol Processing from Arrowrot
Using Aspergillus niger and Amiloglucosidase
SAWARNI HASIBUAN, ENDRIANUR RAHMAN ZAIN & ITA NOVITA
Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agribusiness and Food Technology,
Djuanda University, Jl. Tol Ciawi No. 01, PO Box Ciawi 35, Bogor 16720, West Java, Indonesia
Email address: sawarni02@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research is to analyze the optimum condition of liquid sugar production in bioethanol processing from
arrowrot tuber (Maranta arundinaceae Linn) using Aspergillus niger and amiloglucosidase. The bioethanol processing
from arrowrot tuber consist of saccharification of the sugars in arrowrot tuber essence, and continuous ethanol
fermentation of the saccharified liquid. The aim of this study was to compare saccarification process eficiency using
Aspergilus niger and commercial amiloglucosidase (AMG). The starter adding treatments were 10% (A1), 15% (A2),
and 20% (A3). The hydrolysis was conducted for 11 days in the temperature of 38 oC. The highest glucose result was
achieved after saccharification in A1B3 and A2B3 (12%), and 28,5% in commercial AMG. The highest fermentation
result was contained 6% of alcohol with 65% production efficiency was achieved.
Keywords: bioethanol; liquid sugar; arrowrot tuber; liquification; saccharification
INTRODUCTION various sources of raw material for bioethanol. The
advantage of arrowroot compared to other sources of
Indonesia’s high dependence on crude oil for fuel has starch is because its usage as a source of food is not as
quite a significant impact on the Indonesian economy high as cassava, corn, sweet potatoes, sago, etc.; so its
and people, especially after crude oil prices exceeded competition as a source of food is relatively low.
US$ 100/barrel. With a consumption rate exceeding The general objective of the study is to support
production rate, Indonesia has become a net importer of diversification of raw materials and alternative fuels,
150 million barrels/year (ESDM 2012). In respond to particularly bioethanol in Indonesia. Whereas the
the condition, the government of the Republic of specific objectives to be achieved are (1) to determine
Indonesia issued Presidential Istruction No. 10, 2005 the optimum time of conversion of starch sugar into
regarding the saving of energy use; and Presidential syrup from arrowroot tuber starch, (2) to gain an
Instruction No 1, 2006 as well as Presidential optimum condition for the addition of A. niger starter
Instruction No. 5, 2006 on renewable energy. concentration and Amyloglucosidase in the production
Actually, biofeuls are nothing new to our lives; of glucose syrup from arrowroot tuber, and (3) to
only its technology has developed. One example of the determine the efficiency of bioethanol production from
use of biofuel in acient times was the burning of arrowroot tuber with the addition of S. cerevisae.
jatropha seeds for lighting. Nowadays, the application
of biofuels have changed into more modern and more MATERIALS AND METHODS
popular forms named bioethanol dan biodiesel; both
called biofuels. Biofuel business opportuities in the The materials used in this study were arrowroot flour, A.
world are also highly prospective. Based on Clean Edge níger culture, commercial Amyloglucosidase (AMG), S.
report as quoted by Ron Pernick and Clint Wilder cereviseae yeast, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), distilled
(2007), the world biofuel market in 2006 reached US$ water, 70% alcohol, and other chemical materials for
20,5 billion (for ethanol dan biodiesel). analysis.
The arrowroot tuber plant is one alternative source The study was conducted in two stages, i.e. the
of carbohydrate. As a raw material for biofuels, the preliminary research and primary research. The purpose
arrowroot can be processed into bioethanol as a of the preliminary research was to determine the
substitute for premium gas. The arrowroot is one source hydrolysis time of arrowroot flour with the addition of
of starch that can be decomposed into sugar and then A. niger starter and commercial AMG. While the
fermented into bioethanol. In its decomposition, starch objective of the primary research was to obtain the best
needs the help of α-amylase and glycoamylase enzymes. treatment of saccharification with the addition of
After it becomes sugar, then it is fermented into ethanol Aspergillus niger starter and commercial AMG for the
using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. production of bioethanol from arrowroot flour.
This study contributes to overcome national
energy issues, particularly in conducting exploration of
86
2. THE HYDROLYSIS OF ARROWROOT FLOUR TABLE 1 Results of the chemical composition of
Arrowroot flour was dissolved, then heated and stirred arrowroot flour used in the study
until gelatinization occurred. Then it was put into an
Composition Average (%)
autoclave and sterilized at a temperature of 121oC for 15
minutes. After sterilization, the erlenmeyer was cooled Water content 13.95
at room temperature. The next process was Ash content 1.00
saccharification, i.e. the decomposition of starch into Protein content 0.93
glucose. The starter A. niger was put into a substrate Fat content 1.79
with concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%. At the same Fiber content 4.56
time, a similar process was also carried out using Carbohydrate content 73.53
commercial AMG cultures with concentrations of 5%,
7.5%, and 10%. The average carbohydrate content of arrowroot
flour used in the study was 73.53 g/100 g arrowroot
THE FERMENTATION OF ARROWROOT LIQUID SUGAR flour. The amount of carbohydrate in arrowroot starch
Fermentation was done by putting Saccharomyces depends on the production process and the cultivar used.
cerevisiae yeast - which is able to decompose sugar into The total carbohydrate of every 100 g can reach 85,2
ethanol - into the substrate, in which an anaerobic g/100 g arrowroot flour. The carbohydrate content of
fermentation took place. In order to obtain an optimal arrowroot is lower than cassava flour which reaches
fermentation, the temperature was maintained between 88,2 gram, but higher than rice which is only 78,9
25oC-30oC while the pH was between 4,5-5,5. The grams and wheat which is 77,3 grams. Although it is
separation of ethanol and water was done through very widely used, many people are not familiar with the
distillation at a temperature of 78oC, which is the arrowroot plant; unlike cassava, sweet potatoes or taro,
boiling point of ethanol. The ethanol vapor was passed which are very popular.
through a pipe/hose flown with water, so that it was
PRELIMINARY RESEARCH
condensed into liquid ethanol. The analysis conducted
on the bioethanol products included total sugar level The enzyme used in this study comes from the A. niger
analysis, alcohol level analysis, and fermentation fungus, in addition to the commercial AMG. According
efficiency. to Tatang (2007), the Aspergilus sp fungus would
produce the α-amylase and glucoamylase enzymes
THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN which would play roles to decompose starch into
The experimental design used in this study was the glucose or simple sugar.
nested design with two treatments (the kind of starter The total sugar content analysis was conducted
and length of fermentation) and two replications. using a hand refractometer. From the results of the
The mathematical model of the nested design used analysis, with amounts of substrates of 10% (A1), 15%
was: (A2), and 20% (A3) and hydrolysis time of 6 days (B1),
9 days (B2), and 11 days (B3), the average sugar
Yijk = μ + Ai + Bj(i) + Єijk content obtained was between 3% to 12%, as presented
Where :
Yijk : Observation variable as a result of treatments of in Figure 1.
the i-th stage of factor A with the j-th stage of
factor B at the k-th repetition
μ : General mean
Ai : Effects of treatment of the i-th stage of factor A
(addition of starter i = 1, 2, 3)
Bj(i) :Effects of treatment of the j-th stage (length of
fermentation = 1, 2, 3) of factor B nested at the i-
th stage of factor A.
Єijk :Experimental error.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PRELIMINARY RESEARCH
The arrowroot tuber as raw material used in the study
was obtained from Pekalongan, Central Java. Results of
analysis on the arrowroot starch (AOAC 1984) used is
presented in Table 1.
FIGURE 1. Average total sugar content of arrowroot
glucose syrup with A. niger starters.
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3. The results of analysis of variance showed that the the production of bioethanol from sweet potato glucose
amount of starter used gave a significant effect on the syrup conducted by Haryani (2008), with a
total sugar content produced (P<0,05). Treatment A2B3 fermentation time of 72 hours and an agitation of 125
(a substrate of 15% for 11 days) produced the highest rpm; the highest level of ethanol was obtained at a
total sugar, i.e. 12%. Haryani’s study (2008), using the concentration of total initial sugar of 24%, i.e.
α-amylase enzyme (0,8 ml/kg of starch) and AMG amounting to 11,80±0,71%, and the efficiency of
enzyme (10,8 ml/ kg of starch) on a substrate of sweet fermentation of sugar into ethanol reached 96,41%.
potato starch resulted in a total initial sugar of 24% at an The level of ethanol produced was presumably
agitation of 150 rpm. The low total sugar produced in affected by the ratio between carbon and nitrogen that
this study was probably due to the low amount of α- occurred in the fermentation. Factors that affect
amylase and glucoamylase enzymes produced by the A. fermentation are temperature, pH, oxygen, nutrients and
niger fungus starter. media of fermentation. Besides glucose, the medium of
The use of commercial AMG in the production of fermentation was added with other substances that
arrowroot tuber starch syrup was much more effective function as sources of macronutrients dan
compared to the use of the A. niger starter. It can be micronutrients as well as growth factors. Ammonium is
seen in Figure 2 that the sugar content resulting from the the form which is most easily used by yeast (Harrison &
use of commercial AMG could reach 28,5% and Graham 1970).
required a shorter fermentation time, i.e. 24 hours. Bell, Higgins & Attfield (2001) stated that the best
Based on Figure 2, the use of AMG at a concentration sugar level for the process of fermentation is 16-25%,
of 1% was able to produce optimum levels of sugar for which will produce ethanol as much as 6-12%. A
fermentation, i.e. at a range of 18,3 to 24,5%. The concentration of sugar above 25% will slow down the
higher the concentration of starch was used, the higher fermentation, whereas that above 70% will stop the
the level of sugar was produced. Maximum sugar level process of fermentation due to osmotic pressure (Osho
was produced from the use of an arrowroot starch 2005).
solution with a concentration of 30%. The fermentation of ethanol occures anaerobically
using certain yeasts which can convert glucose into
ethanol through the Embden Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway.
One molecule of glucose will form two molecules of
ethanol and carbondioxyide. Based on its weight,
theoretically one gram of glucose will produce 0,51
grams of ethanol.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on results of the study, the optimum time to
produce liquid sugar from arrowroot tuber starch using
Aspergillus niger was 11 days, resulting in a total sugar
content of 12%. The use of commercial AMG in the
production process of liquid sugar from arrowroot tuber
starch was much more effective compared to the use of
the Aspergillus niger starter. Sugar contents resulting
from the use of commercial AMG could reach 28.5%
and required a shorter fermentation time, i.e. 24 hours.
Optimum conditions for the use of Aspergillus
FIGURE 2. Average total sugar content of arrowroot niger in the production of liquid sugar from arrowroot
glucose syrup with AMG starter. tuber were at a starter concentration of 10%, a
fermentation temperature of 38oC, and fermentation
FERMENTATION
time of 9 days; while the use of commercial AMG
The sugar syrup produced from the previous stage was required a starter concentration of 10%, and conversion
used as the primary substrate in the fermentation was completed in 24 hours.
process. The simple glucose model structure facilitates The results of analysis of alcohol level with a
the fermentation process by S. cerevisiae. During fermentation time of 7 days, a temperature of 270C and
fermentation, the cells use sugar for growth and produce an addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced an
ethanol. Ratledge (1991), stated that S. cerevisiae could average alcohol level of 6%. The highest efficiency of
produce ethanol from glucose in anaerobic conditions. fermentation of sugar into alcohol reached 65%.
The highest efficiency of fermentation of sugar
into alcohol reached 65%. Currely et al.’s study (2002) REFERENCES
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