This is my first slide show presentation in IT1 subject and it is entitled BUTTERFLY. I hope for those people who wants to able to view i wish you will like it.
This is my first slide show presentation in IT1 subject and it is entitled BUTTERFLY. I hope for those people who wants to able to view i wish you will like it.
Ppt is made vailable for public for scientifc use.
Population ecology concept and its characteristics explained by using practical examples in a simple language. data is significant for competitive examinations
presentation contain different type of interactions, competition-intra and inter-specific, mechanism of competition-Exploitation and Interference, Mathematical models of Competition i.e. Hutchinson Ratio, Exponential Growth, Logistic Model, Lotka-Volterra Competition Model, Tilman's Resource Model, Results of Competition i.e. Range restriction, Competitive Displacement, Competitive Exclusion , Competitive Displacement Hypothesis, Ecological Niche, Evolution of new species, Factors Affecting Competition, Case studies
you can find answers to what are insects, evolution, why are they dominant creatures on earth, population size, where they are found, life cycle, how insects see, etc.,
Ppt is made vailable for public for scientifc use.
Population ecology concept and its characteristics explained by using practical examples in a simple language. data is significant for competitive examinations
presentation contain different type of interactions, competition-intra and inter-specific, mechanism of competition-Exploitation and Interference, Mathematical models of Competition i.e. Hutchinson Ratio, Exponential Growth, Logistic Model, Lotka-Volterra Competition Model, Tilman's Resource Model, Results of Competition i.e. Range restriction, Competitive Displacement, Competitive Exclusion , Competitive Displacement Hypothesis, Ecological Niche, Evolution of new species, Factors Affecting Competition, Case studies
you can find answers to what are insects, evolution, why are they dominant creatures on earth, population size, where they are found, life cycle, how insects see, etc.,
Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. Insects are the most diverse group of animals; they include more than a million described species and represent more than half of all known living organisms.
Nearly all insects hatch from eggs. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and development involves a series of molts. The immature stages often differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat, and can include a passive pupal stage in those groups that undergo four-stage metamorphosis. Insects that undergo three-stage metamorphosis lack a pupal stage and adults develop through a series of nymphal stages.[6] The higher level relationship of the insects is unclear. Fossilized insects of enormous size have been found from the Paleozoic Era, including giant dragonflies with wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in). The most diverse insect groups appear to have coevolved with flowering plants.
Adult insects typically move about by walking, flying, or sometimes swimming. As it allows for rapid yet stable movement, many insects adopt a tripedal gait in which they walk with their legs touching the ground in alternating triangles, composed of the front and rear on one side with the middle on the other side. Insects are the only invertebrates to have evolved flight, and all flying insects derive from one common ancestor. Many insects spend at least part of their lives under water, with larval adaptations that include gills, and some adult insects are aquatic and have adaptations for swimming. Some species, such as water striders, are capable of walking on the surface of water. Insects are mostly solitary, but some, such as certain bees, ants and termites, are social and live in large, well-organized colonies. Some insects, such as earwigs, show maternal care, guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Male moths can sense the pheromones of female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds: crickets stridulate, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males. Lampyrid beetles communicate with light.
Importance of study of immature stages of insects in agricultureSanju Thorat
The type of life cycle will vary with the insect-pest. However, most pests have certain weak points during their life cycle when they are the most vulnerable to manage. Some insect are predators, either as larvae or in both larval and adult stages. The decomposition of organic waste, such as dung and manures are an important ecosystem process which is largely provided by insects. Insect as food for animals and human being. The knowledge regarding immature stages of insect-pests and understand site of oviposition, site of pupation and larval behaviour can allow for timely and effective management, thus we can reduction in the qualitative and quantitative losses of yield and increase the profit.
Ecobiology of the Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: ...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
In the environs of Lankamalai region (14°45' - 14°72' N and 79°07' - 78°80' E), the common pierrot
Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) lays eggs singly on Zizyphus jujuba. The butterfly available thought the year
with high frequency during September to November (post monsoon season). Enumeration of eggs, larvae and
pupae on the host plants in the field and flight observation of adults on wings attest this seasonality. The life
cycle from egg to adult emergence was relatively short spanning over 21-25 days. Success development of
adults, larvae and pupae was 90-100 % during the said period. Short life cycle and high success development
of life stages suggest the production of 12-13 broods in the year. The larvae pass through four instars and the
nutritional indices across the instars mostly the ground flora with sugar concentrations ranging between
28-52% either with sucrose of glucose dominance. Nutritional indices Consumption index (CI) and Growth rate
(GR) increase as the larvae aged, while approximate digestibility (AD) decreases, efficiency of conversion of
digested food (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) are inversely related as age increased.
LIFE CYCLE AND LARVAL PERFORMANCE OF THE JOKER BYBLIA ILITHYIA (LEPIDOPTERA: ...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
The Joker butterfly, Byblia ilithyia was multivoltine, and breeds almost throughout the year with high frequency during the periods from September to December. The life cycle from egg to adult emergence was relatively short spanning over 22 - 27 days. Successful development of adults, larvae and pupae are from 80 – 100% during the said period. Short life cycle and high success development of life stages suggest the production of 12 -13 broods in the season. The different stages from egg to adult emergence of Byblia ilithyia on Tragia plukentii was discussed in detail. Nutritional indices consumption index (CI) and approximate digestibility (AD) increase as the larvae aged, while growth rate (GR) increases, efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) are inversely related as age increased.
Insect diversity of Sri Lankamalleswara Reserve forest in the Eastern Ghats ...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
Insect diversity at Sri Lankamalleswara reserve forest (14°45' - 14°72' N & 79°07' - 78°80' E), Kadapa in
the Eastern Ghats of Southern Andhra Pradesh was studied during the period from June 2013 to
September 2014. Nearly 75 species of butterflies, 12 moth species from Lepidoptera; 4 ant species, one
wasp, 6 bee species from Hymenoptera; 7 cricket species of Orthoptera; 5 bug species from Hemiptera;
3 mosquito species, 4 housefly species, 2 species of flies from Diptera; 8 species of dragon flies, 2
species of damselflies from Odonata; 3 beetles from Coleopteran; one species each from Thysanura; and
Mantodea and 2 species from Phasmatodea; one species each from class Arachnida and Diploda were
identified. The seasonality, relative abundance and diversity of some insect groups was also recorded.
Majority of the insects are very much required for pollination. Some insects produce useful substances
such as honey, wax, lacquer and silk.
CLIMATE EFFECTS AND HABITAT DESTRUCTION ON BUTTERFLY DIVERSITY IN THE EASTERN...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
Butterfly populations in Southern Andhra
pradesh are declining and in some cases they
are moving to higher elevations due to climate
changes, loss of habitat, resource availability
and habitat diversity etc. Using structural equation
modeling, we investigated direct and indirect
effects of climate variables, host plant
richness, and habitat diversity on butterfly species
richness, across the Southern Andhra
Pradesh around 350 km radius. These factors
were all important determinants of butterfly
population. Nearly 78 species were observed
under the study. Climate variables had strong
effects on habitat generalists, where as host
plant richness and habitat diversity contributed
relatively more for habitat specialists.
Considering the total effects, the abundance
of Butterfly diversity under climate was studied.
ECOBIOLOGY OF THE COMMON BANDED AWL HASORA CHROMUS(CRAMER)(LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPA...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
The Common Banded Awl, Hasora chromus is univalent and seasonal and endangered in Southern Andhra Pradesh. It was on wing from April to Nov and breeds almost with high frequency during the periods of monsoon and post monsoon seasons. The development from egg to adult was 18 – 24 days. There was no dormant stage in the life history. Success development of egg, larvae and pupae was 50 - 90 %, 50 – 80 % and 50 - 80 % during the said period. Short life cycle and high success development of life stages suggest the production of 8 - 9 broods in the season. Nutritional indices growth rate (GR), consumption index (CI) and approximate digestibility(AD) decreased as the larvae aged, while those of efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) were increased.
Ecobiology of the Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: ...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
In the environs of Lankamalai region (14°45' - 14°72' N and 79°07' - 78°80' E), the common pierrot
Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) lays eggs singly on Zizyphus jujuba. The butterfly available thought the year
with high frequency during September to November (post monsoon season). Enumeration of eggs, larvae and
pupae on the host plants in the field and flight observation of adults on wings attest this seasonality. The life
cycle from egg to adult emergence was relatively short spanning over 21-25 days. Success development of
adults, larvae and pupae was 90-100 % during the said period. Short life cycle and high success development
of life stages suggest the production of 12-13 broods in the year. The larvae pass through four instars and the
nutritional indices across the instars mostly the ground flora with sugar concentrations ranging between
28-52% either with sucrose of glucose dominance. Nutritional indices Consumption index (CI) and Growth rate
(GR) increase as the larvae aged, while approximate digestibility (AD) decreases, efficiency of conversion of
digested food (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) are inversely related as age increased.
LIFE CYCLE AND LARVAL PERFORMANCE OF THE JOKER BYBLIA ILITHYIA (LEPIDOPTERA: ...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
The Joker butterfly, Byblia ilithyia was multivoltine, and breeds almost throughout the year with high frequency during the periods from September to December. The life cycle from egg to adult emergence was relatively short spanning over 22 - 27 days. Successful development of adults, larvae and pupae are from 80 – 100% during the said period. Short life cycle and high success development of life stages suggest the production of 12 -13 broods in the season. The different stages from egg to adult emergence of Byblia ilithyia on Tragia plukentii was discussed in detail. Nutritional indices consumption index (CI) and approximate digestibility (AD) increase as the larvae aged, while growth rate (GR) increases, efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) are inversely related as age increased.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biodiversity and conservation of butterflies, Insects
1. BIODIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLIES - CONSERVATION
STRATEGIES IN THE EASTERN GHATS OF ANDHRA
PRADESH
Dr. S. P. Venkata Ramana MSc., Ph.D.FSESc.
Asst. Professor (Sr.)
Department of Zoology
School of life sciences
Principal Investigator (DST, CSIR& UGC)
Publicinformation officer
YOGI VEMANAUNIVERSITY–Kadapa, A.P
Email: akshay@yogivemanauniversity.ac.in
3. Why protect biodiversity ?
MORAL
• right to exist, stewardship (heritage),
• unnecessary waste immoral
ECONOMIC
• valuable resources now and in the future
ECOLOGICAL
• maintain local to global ecosystem health
LEGAL
• have to by law
4. DEFINITION:
‘Biological diversity’ or biodiversity is that part of nature which
includes the differences in genes among the individuals of a species,
the variety and richness of all the plant and animal species at
different scales in space, locally, in a region, in the country and the
world and various types of ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic,
within a defined area.
The word BIODIVERSITY
originates from the Greek word BIOS = LIFE
and Latin word DIVERSITAS = VARIATION or DIFFERENCE.
The whole word BIO DIVERSITY generally therefore means: VARIETY OF
LIFE.
5. Plants begin
invading
land
Evolution and expansion of
life
First fossil
record of
animals
Plants invade
the land
Age of reptiles
Age of
mammals
Insects and amphibians
invade the land
Modern humans
(Homo sapiens)
appear about
2 seconds
before midnight
Recorded human
history begins
1/4 second
before midnight
Origin of life
(3.6–3.8 billion
years ago)
noon
midnight
7. Introduction (INDIA)
10 - Bio geographic zones
One of the world’s 12 - mega
diversity countries that together
support two-thirds of the world’s
biological resources
Two biodiversity hotspots- Eastern
Ghats and Western Ghats
Scientific study of Butterflies and
Moths - Lepidopterology
8. Introduction
Distributed throughout the world except in the very cold and arid
regions
‘Flagships’, ‘Honorary birds’ and valuable pollinators
Most important food chain components of the birds, reptiles ,
spiders and predatory insects
Good indicators of environmental quality
9. Most important pollinators
Good indicators of the ecological quality of a habitat
Important components of the food chain, particularly
as larvae
Instrumental in the conservation of tropical forests
Development of rural economy through eco-tourism
and butterfly farming
IMPORTANCE OF BUTTERFLIES
10. Butterflies and moths belongs to the order
Lepidoptera.
Lepidos in Greek for "scales" ptera - "wing"
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
(Sub Order): Rhopalocera
Family Papilionidae
Biology of Butterfly
11. Why butterflies and moths are important ?
There are many reasons why butterflies and moths are
important, both in their own right but also as quality of
life indicators.
The following are the main reasons for conserving
butterflies and moths in the India and around the world.
12. Ecology, Biogeography, Phylo-genetics and Conservation of Indian
butterflies
One of the long-term goals of our lab is to study
the ecology and patterns of diversification, endemism and evolution of Indian butterflies.
Migration, seasonal population dynamics, biogeography, phylogeography, community
structure and mimicry
We have started a modern research collection of Indian butterflies, with associated geo-
referenced data and DNA library (DNA isolation), which we are using for our taxonomic,
phylogenetic, phylogeographic, conservation genetics and conservation prioritization work on
Indian butterflies.
13. Through active forest management planned for butterflies
and moths, Forestry Commission MOF aims to conserve
populations of all Indian Lepidoptera species on the
Forestry Commission India.
The priorities are to:
1. Prevent further extinctions
2. Stabilise colonies and numbers
3. Increase populations and range of the Priority Species that require
targeted woodland management
17. MOTH
Active at night
(nocturnal)
Dull colors
Wings rest at their sides
Feathered or pointed
antennae
Thick body
BUTTERFLY
Active during the day
(diurnal)
Bright colors
Wings rest together and
upright
Straight and clubbed
antennae
Thin body
Difference between butterfly and moth
18. LIFESPAN & HIBERNATION
Lifespan
Butterfly Short-lived insects
Small Blues may live only for two or 3 days
Swallowtails, Nymphalids or Brush-footed live for as
long as 15-30 days
Hibernation
At every stage in their life cycle, butterflies can go
into a resting period or diapause, which is similar to
hibernation in extreme climatic zones
Pupal stage especially during winter
19. Colors produced by pigments
Color present in the wing scales or in the
underlying epidermal tissue
1.By the insects ‘own metabolism’
2. By sequestering from a plant source
and rarely by microbial endosymbionts
Melanin, the most common pigment
imparts the blackish–brown colors
Butterfly Colouration
21. Mudpuddling
Newly hatched males often gather in large numbers to mud puddle and
take in salts.
Later these salts an essential requirement in the production of healthy
eggs.
Get concentrated as nutrients in compact capsules that from part of
the spermatophores which are passed on to the female during mating.
22. Migrations is long journey, local flights around the breeding area, which
are associated with feeding, mating and egg laying
Monarch butterfly is the longest migrant, It covers a distance of nearly
3200 km between its breading areas in Canada and northern United
States, California and Mexico
Butterfly Migration
23. All stages except the adult are attacked by natural enemies like
parasites and diseases (wasps, bees, ants)
Vertebrates - Birds, lizards, bats, insectivorous and monkeys are
important predators
Invertebrate predators - Spiders, preying mantids, and scorpions
Natural Enemies of Butterflies
28. Butterfly and Flower Association - Butterfly pollination (Psycophily), feed
fluids, flower nectar, using a long, thin, retractile proboscis
Mutualistic
Butterflies and Ants – Association between butterflies and ants is mutually
beneficial. Butterflies give sweet fluid to the ants and the ants in turn protet
them natural enemies (Lycaenidae) Alcon blue butterfly (Maculinea alcon)
Arboreal ant (Oecophylla smaragdina)
ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP OF BUTTERFLY
29. Important role in pollination after honeybees by pollinating a
major portion of economically important crop, 3/4 part of
staple crop in world, and more than 75% of flowering plants
etc.
Silk industry is also dependent on these Lepidoptera
POLLINATION
30. As valuable environmental indicators
Stable habitat or climatic changes, the diversity and responses of
wildlife.
Indicate signals from the natural disasters, Great tsunami, Cyclone,
Earthquake
Play a complementary role to birds as an indicator, because they use
the landscape at a far finer scale.
INDICATORS
31. The 90% of the world’s species have scientific names.
An estimation 17,500 species of butterflies (Papilionoidea) out
of about 180,000 species of Lepidoptera.
India is home to around 1,501 Butterflies
Tamil Nadu - 319 species
(Ackery et al. 1995)
STATUS OF BUTTERFLY
32. INTRINSIC VALUE
Butterflies and moths are intrinsically valuable and are worthy of
conservation in their own right.
Butterflies and moths are part of Life on Earth and an important
component of its rich biodiversity.
They have been around for at least 50 million years and probably
first evolved some 150 million years ago.
Butterflies and moths are a highly diverse group comprising over
250,000 species and make up around one quarter of all named
species.
Butterflies are flagship species for conservation in general, and in
particular for invertebrates.
33. Aesthetic value
Butterflies and moths are part of our natural heritage and have been studied for
over 300 years.
Butterflies and moths are beautiful. Many are iconic and popular.
People like butterflies.
There are many references to butterflies and moths in literature, from the Bible
through Shakespeare to modern day literature, and from poetry to musical lyrics.
Butterflies are used by advertisers and illustrators the world over as way of
indicating that something is environmentally friendly.
Butterflies are often portrayed as the essence of nature or as representing
freedom, beauty or peace.
37. Andhra pradesh- About 319 species of butterflies have been
recorded
Papilionidae - 19 species
Pieridae - 32 species
Nymphalidae - 94 species
Lycaenidae - 97 species
Hesperiidae - 77 species
List of butterflies in ANDHRA PRADESH
39. THREATS
Human exploitation of forestry, agriculture and other resources.
Pastures and grasslands
Agricultural practices, Urbanization, Over grazing
Change in climate, Global warming, Air pollution
Ditching and draining of wet forests, Swamps and bogs in the
forest landscape
40. Threats
Forest plantation practices such as cutting of broad leaved forests and
plantations of conifers
Monoculture of tea, Coffee and other commercial crops, Over collection
Cutting of bushes and trees along edges of fields and grasslands
Non- forest activities - mining , road laying, industrial activities ,
clearing large forest areas for construction of dams .
47. An integrative approach to the maintenance of biodiversity that uses
appropriate principles and experiences from basic biological fields such as
genetics and ecology; from natural resource management fields such as
wildlife management; and from social sciences such as anthropology,
sociology, philosophy, and economics.
(S .P. Venkata Ramana et al., 2012)
Conservation Strategy
50. Magical movement, provide flowering plants for nectar, food, lay eggs
Restore or improve natural butterfly habitats, or to create new ones
by designing and creating butterfly gardens
Created in window boxes, small flower beds, entire backyards, vacant
lots, parks, and even indoor greenhouses
Butterfly Garden
51. Planning a Butterfly Garden the construction of a butterfly garden
takes a few moments to assess your resources
A Butterfly Survey The first step in planning a butterfly garden is to
conduct a butterfly survey for your area
Site Selection Sunny, and relatively undisturbed, water supply, more
natural the area the greater the number and diversity of butterflies
attracted.
Choosing Your Plants - larval food plants (host plant) and adult nectar
plants.
BUTTERFLY GARDEN (PARK)
52. Finishing Touches:
1. Damp spots or shallow puddles (for drinking)
2. Large field stones (for basking)
3. Pieces of fruit (citrus, bananas, peaches, and apples work well) or
a butterfly feeder (for supplemental nectaring)
4. Butterfly hibernation boxes (for overwintering).
And don't forget avoid the use of pesticides in and around your
butterfly garden!
Butterfly Garden (Park)
53.
54. Park is specifically intended for the Captive Breeding
Butterfly park are open to the public
Double-entry door is usually used to ensure that no butterflies
escape
Butterfly Park
56. Andhra Pradesh government has proposed to set up a butterfly park
in Visakhapatnam and Kadapa.
The forest minister of the state has announced that “a special scheme
has been drawn for establishing a butterfly park in 10 hectare area in
Upper Anaicut Reserve Forest near Visakhapatnam.”
Butterfly park in ANDHRAPRADESH
57. Butterfly Watching
When to watch?
How to attract butterflies?
Watching with binoculars – An
8x40 or 7x35 binocular would
be ideal.
Where to watch?
58. METHODOLOGY
Study sites chosen : Lakamalai, Tirumala, Belum, Thalakona Hill region vegetations.
Butterfly diversity was measured by scoring the species and their no.
along with the transects each one of which can be traversed in one hour.
This monitoring was conducted twice in a month in all the study sites
Identification of Butterflies: Captured butterflies were identified by consulting
standard publications & confirmed with Zoological Survey of India (Sambath).
Breeding season, ovipositing and nectar host plants are recorded in the
study sites.
Butterfly eggs were collected and incubated in the laboratory and natural
conditions in the Butterfly Park and studied further for the larvae, pupae and
emerged adults, along with the climatic conditions.
Number of broods recorded along with population index.
Food indices (CI, GR, AD, ECI, ECD) are recorded by using the formulae
given by Waldbauer (1968)
More number of butterfly eggs collected for rearing in the Butterfly Park.
66. butterfly species AVAILABLE in the eastern Ghats of
ANDHRA PRADESH
Papilionidae - 19 species
Papilio demoleusPapilio polymnestor Papilio helenus
Papilio crino Papilio polytesPapilio paris
80. Butterfly Photographing
Capturing butterfly images can be a fascinating experience and is
certainly the second best way to appreciate beauty of these winged jewels.
Camera- 35mm SLR.
Lenses- 50mm to 200mm.
84. Area catechu Crotalaria laburnifolia Mimosa pudica
Barleria prionitis Ricinus communis Capparis spinosa
Ovipositing Plants identified in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh
85.
86. Facts about butterfly
Largest Butterfly in the World - Queen Alexandra’s
Birdwing (Ornithoptera alexandrae)
largest moths in the world-Atlas moths (Attacus atlas)
Largest butterfly in India- Southern Birdwing (Troides
minos)
Smallest butterfly of India - Grass Jewel (Chilades
trochylus)
The smallest butterfly in the world- Western Pygmy Blue
(Brephidium exilis)
Smallest moth in India - Nepticulid moths (Ectodemia
castaneae)
87. Poisonous Butterflies
Monarch Butterflies (Danaus plexippus) Beautiful
But Poisonous
Monarch in harm from predators
Monarchs eat a plant milkweed, its contains
toxins that are not poisonous.
The Goliath Birdwing (Ornithoptera goliath) is the
second-largest butterfly in the world found in
tropical forests in Indonesia Family Papilionidae
91. Recommendations
Design conservation action with help of local people’s participation
Popularise Butterfly Eco-tourism
Introducing Butterfly Farming
Establish wildlife sanctuaries exclusively for endangered butterflies
Promote conservation education among local communities
Strict enforcement of laws, and protection Strong government support & political
will Promote research, adapt management
Promote butterfly watching
Band collection of rare and endangered species
95. S.No. Name of the Butterfly
speices
New larval host-plant
1.
2.
Precis almana linn.
Precis hierta linn.
Asystasia gangetica
Ruellia toberosa
Dipteracanthus prostrates
3. Hypolimnas bolina
bolina linn.
Sida veronicaefolia
Triumfelta pentandra
Asystasia gangetica
4. Tirumala limniaceae
crom.
Wattakaka volubilis and
Pentatropis capensis
New larval host plants identified in the study areas for some
butterfly species
97. Butterfly Species studied and reared in the Butterfly Park & Laboratory
To improve the existing low populations and to restock the species (particularly endangered and endemic) in areas of
their total disappearance, a complete knowledge of the life cycles with energetics are very much required. During the
period from Mar. 2010 to sep 2014 several butterfly species life cycles and energetics are worked out, they are
Nymphalidae -Byblia ilithia, Junonia hierta, Neptis soma
Hesperiidae -Hasora chromus, Suastus gremius
Lycaenidae -Tarucus nara, Catopsilia rosimon
Zizeera karsandra, Chilades pandava,
Lampides boeticus, Deudorix isocrates,
Chilades lajus, Echrysops cnejus .
Papilionidae - Graphium nomius, G. sarpedon,
Princeps demoleus
Pieridae - Colotis etrida
(Bold names represents endangered butterfly species)
108. Life cycle stages of Papilo demolus
Life cycle stages of Castalius rosimon
109. Life cycle stages of Graphium nomius
Life cycle stages of Graphium sarpedon
A: Adult B: Larva C: Pupa
A: Adult B: Larva C: Pupa
110. Life cycle stages of Common Banded Awl, Hasora chromus
A B C
A B C
Life cycle stages of the rounded pierrot ,Tarucus nara
A: Adult B: Larva C: Pupa
111. Life cycle stages of Byblia ilithyia
A B
Life cycle stages of Castalius rosimon
A: Adult B: Larva C: Pupa
A: Adult B: Larva C: Pupa
144. P. Harinath Reddy
Research scholar,
UGC - PF
K. Suryanarayana
Research scholar,
DST - Inspire JRF
V. Prasanna Kumar
Research scholar,
CSIR-SRF
Dr. S.P. Venkata Ramana, M.Sc., PhD.,
Asst. Professor in Zoology,
Principal investigator (DST CSIR & UGC)
Public information officer
Yogi Vemana University
KADAPA-516003
AP-INDIA
Butterfly Biology Research Team
145.
146. Conclusion
Butterfly houses and zoos , good of education, promotion of nature
awareness, environmental sustainability,
Both in situ and ex situ conservation
Study on species specific details covering biology, host plant preferences,
ecological requirements etc.,
147.
148. Greatly acknowledge to DST,CSIR,UGC New Delhi for
financial support through a major research projects and also
sincere thanks to Andhra Pradesh forest Department for
giving permission to periodical survey in the forest field
areas.
Acknowledgement
149. Conserving biodiversity for people
For today and tomorrow…
“Save Butterflies and Save Nature”
Long live the passion for butterflies in our
hearts…Dr. S. P. V. R
“Conserving butterflies will improve our whole environment for wildlife
and enrich the lives of people now and in the future.”
Thank you…