This document discusses crop protection and pests. It begins by defining different types of pests and outlining principles of crop protection like exclusion and maintaining pest populations below economic threshold levels. It then examines factors that affect pest development like the pest, host, and environment. The document also categorizes pests as invertebrates like insects, mites and mollusks, or vertebrates like birds and rodents. It briefly outlines the phylum Arthropoda and class Insecta. In closing, it discusses insect morphology, development, and the importance of entomology to agriculture.

1. CROP PROTECTION
REVIEW
2016

2. Crop Protection

3. PESTS

9. KINDS OF PEST?
- Key pest
- Occasional pest
- Potential pest
- Migrant pest

10. PRINCIPLES OF CROP PROTECTION:
Exclusion

11. The ultimate goal of applied
crop protection:
is to hold pest populations
below their economic
threshold.

12. ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVELS (ETL)

13. ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS (EIL)

14. In application of these principles
there are four interacting forces namely:
pest
environment
- victim/host-
human

15. FACTORS AFFECTING PEST
DEVELOPMENT
•Pests
• Presence of pest
• Capacity to cause damage
• Adaptability
• Survival Efficiency
• Reproductive Fitness

16. FACTORS AFFECTING PEST
DEVELOPMENT
•Host
• Resistant
• Susceptible/Susceptibility
• Immune
• Growth Stage and Form
• Population Density
• General Health

17. FACTORS AFFECTING PEST
DEVELOPMENT
•Environment
• Temperature
• Rainfall
• Relative humidity

18. CROP PROTECTION
A. PEST
1 INVERTEBRATE PEST
ARTHROPODA
INSECTA
MOLLUSCA
2 VERTEBRATE PEST
BIRDS
RODENTS
B. DISEASES
C. WEEDS

19. arthros – joint
poda /podos - foot
Arthropoda - jointed foot or jointed legs.
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
(harmful insects)

20. CLASS INSECTA

21. spider
mites ticks
scorpion

22. CHILOPODA DIPLOPODA
CRUSTACEA

23. Distinguishing Features of Phylum
Arthropoda
❑ Segmented body
❑ Bilaterally symmetrical
❑ Possessing paired jointed appendages

24. ❑ Possessing a hard chitinous exoskeleton
that is made up of chitin, calcium salt,
sclerotin and resilin.
❖ Exoskeleton
❖ Sclerotization/tanning
❖ Molting/ ecdysis
❖ exuviae/ moult
❖ teneral condition

25. Possessing a ventral nervous system

26. Open dorsal circulatory system (blood
vessels)

27. Respiratory system- located at the
lateral area/pleuron

28. Brief History of Entomology:
1521Pigafetta - described leaf insect in Palawan
(first written record)
1569 Earliest account of locust swarm in Panay
Island
1849 Introduction of Martinez (a starling bird)
Aetheopsar cristatellus from South China
to control Locusts
1902 Bureau of Agriculture was organized
(control locusts)

29. 1910 Dept of Entomology was established
1912Charles Baker –publication of 400 papers on Phil
Insects
1013 Schultz introduced beekeeping (apiculture)
1921-22 Woodworth published Host Index to Phil Insects
1922Uichanco the First Filipino with PhD in Entomology
1926Ocfemia research study on bunchy top virus in
abaca by aphids
1932 Clemente mutation study on Phil Wild
Drosophila

30. 1934Fajardo and Bello: mites, Cendana first
filipino trained on biocon insect
1941Viado first insecticide toxicologists
1946 Introduction of organic Pesticide in the Phils
1946Baltazar first filipino with college degree major in
Entomology
1961Rimando: Acarologists
1976 National Crop protection Center was established

31. • Insects evolved during the Silurian Period, 408
to 438 mya (long before the dinosaurs appeared)
• The biggest insect that ever lived was the
ancient dragonfly called Meganeura
• This predatory flying insect lived about 250
million years ago and had a wingspan of about 2
feet.

32. The reasons for insect success:
1. Presence of exoskeleton
2.Presence of wings
3. Small size
4. High rate of reproduction
5. Varied developmental stages
6. Ability to adapt varied environment
7. Highly varied habits and behaviors
8. High genetic plasticity

33. Importance of Insects to Man and
Agriculture
A. HARMFUL EFFECTS
1. ECONOMIC PESTS
⮚ ENTOMOLOGY
(ENTOM meaning INSECT
and LOGY meaning STUDY)

34. 1. ECONOMIC PESTS
1.a. REDUCE QUALITY OF STORED
PRODUCTS
Weevil Sitophilus granarious
Sweet Potato weevil
Cylas formicarius
Flour Moth
Anagasta kuehniella
Asian long-horned beetle
Anoplophora glabripennis

35. 1.b. TRANSMITS PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS
mosquito
greenleafhopper
brownplanthopper

36. aphids
scale insects
whiteflies

37. 1.c. DESTROYS CROPS

38. 2. SOURCES OF ANNOYANCE OR INJURY
Aedes spp., Anopheles
spp., Culex spp
Blatta sp. Periplaneta sp

40. 3. VECTORS OF DISEASES TO HUMAN AND
LIVESTOCK
Characteristic "bulls-eye"-
like rash caused by Lyme
disease.
Ixodes scapularis, the primary
vector of Lyme disease in eastern
North America.
Borrelia bacteria,
the causative
agent of Lyme
disease.
Magnified 400
times.

41. 4. Entomophobia/insectophobia
- fear of insects

42. 2. Beneficial effects of Insect
1. Maintains environmental
integrity or balance of nature

43. 2. FOOD (ENTOMOPHAGY)

45. 3. POLLINATORS

46. 4. PRODUCERS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
Silk filaments unraveled from
silkworm cocoons (Bombyx
mori)

47. 5. SOURCE OF MEDICINE
PROPOLIS
RESINS
Apis millifera
Royal jelly

49. honey

50. 6. AGENTS IN RECYCLING ORGANIC
MATTER
Formosan subterranean termite
Cryptotermes cavifrons Banks

52. 7. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS OF
INSECT PEST (predator, parasite,
parasitoids)
Trichogramma spp.
Wasp
Large brown mantid,
Archimantis latistyla
underneath a carrot
flower
Aleiodes indiscretus
parasitizing a gypsy
moth caterpillar

53. A wound cleaned by maggots
(Musca domestica Linn)
8. Medical entomology

54. 9. FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY
Blue blowfly Calliphora spp
Beetles Dermestes
maculatus DeGeer

55. 10. Indicators of pollution

56. 11. Improves soil fertility (dung beetle)

57. 12.Aesthetic value of insects

58. 13. Materials for scientific studies
Insect protein as food
additives
Mosquito research

59. DEVELOPMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
1521- Magellan’s discover a leaf insect in Palawan and was first
recorded by Pigafetta, the chronic writer of Magellan.
1569 - Swarm of locusts affected agricultural crops
1593- Introduction of sericulture (rearing of silkworm, Bombyx mori) and
the cultivation of mulberry trees for feeding purposes.
1616 - A series of decrees was promulgated by Philip III to control locusts.
The National Treasury was directed to apportioned an amount for
locust control.
1826 - the starling bird, Martinez (Aetheopsa cristatellus) was introduced
(named after Gov. Martinez) and this marked the first attempt of
biological control.
1912 -Quarantine Law was enacted by Philippine Legislature.
1918-L.B Uinchanco- first Filipino -M.S in Entomology, UPCA.
.

60. 1962 -Philippine Entomological Society was founded. Dr.Silverio
Cendana became the first president.
1966 -first catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera was published;
authored by Dr.Claire Baltazar.
-Culicidology ( study of mosquitoes) in monographic form came
out as a book authored by Mercedes Delfinado (later connected
with Smithsonian Institution).
1968- Founding of the Philippine Entomologists, the first Journal of
Entomology in the Philippines by the Association .of Philippine
Entomologist (L.C Rimando 1st ed)
1971 -Ruben Basio published another book on mosquitoes
1971 -establishment of the National Crop Protection Center under
Dr. Fernando Sanchez .1st director

61. OTHER IMPORTANT WORKERS
Dr. Venus Calilung - Philippine aphidologist
Dr. Leonila Raros - 2nd Philippine acarologist
Dr. Candida Adalla – worked on host plant resistance
(HPR)
Dr. Victor Gapud - worked on Philippine
Hemiptera/Odonata
Dr. Eliseo Cadapan - worked on biological control
Dr. Edwin Magallona & Dr. Belen Morallo-Rejesus –
insect toxicologists
Dr. Bernardo Gabriel & Dr. Leodegario Padua – insect
pathologists
Dr. Cecilia Reyes - worked on Philippine
Thysanoptera
Dr. Alberto Barrion – worked on Philippine spiders

62. GENERAL BODY PARTS OF INSECTS

63. General Body Parts of Insects

64. appendages
–setae
-hairs

65. -spines
-scales

66. A look at the outside of insects
exoskeleton:
o Sclerotin
o Calcium salt
o Resilin
o Sclerites
o Conjunctivae
o Exuviae
o Molting/ecdysis

67. The exoskeleton is comprised of sclerites:
(hardened plates)
Tergites: Dorsal plates
Sternites: Ventral plates
Pleuron: Lateral area, often membranous

68. INSECT'S HEAD (EPICRANIUM)

70. Compound eye
• Facet
• Ommatidium
• Ocelli

72. The development of insect mouthparts from the primitive chewing
mouthparts of a grasshopper in the centre (A), to the lapping type
(B) and the siphoning type (C). and to piercing sucking type (D);
legend: a, antennae; c, compound eye; lb, labium; lr, labrum; md,
mandibles; mx, maxillae.
mouthparts

74. There are only three basic orientations of the insect head:
(1) Hypognathous - mouthparts directed
ventrally/downward - chewing mouthparts
(2) Prognathous - mouthparts directed forwards - predatory
insects
(3) Opistognathous - mouthparts directed rearwards -
piercing-sucking mouthparts

75. ant
katydids
butterfly
•Types of Mouthparts:
1. mandibulate (chewing)
2. Haustellate (piercing-sucking, sponging, and
siphoning)

76. SEGMENTS OF INSECTS
ANTENNAE
Segments:
❖ Scape
❖ Pedicel
❖ Clavolla/flagellum
NOTE:
•Johnston's organ in pedicel (second segment) of antenna is a
collection of sensory cells that detect movement of the flagellum

77. Aristate: pouchlike
with lateral bristle
(housefly/mosquito) bipectinate :
double comblike
Types of insects antenna

80. Lamellate: platelike
(beetle)
Moniliform: beadlike
termites

83. TYPES OF INSECTS LEGS
Ungues-- a pair of claws
Arolium -- adhesive pad between the claws
Pulvilli—a pair of adhesive pads

85. Corbiculate legs
(hind leg- pollen basket,
heavy wax pincher,
pollen comb)

87. Raptorial: hunting
(mantids)
Saltatorial – jumping
grasshoppers

88. Skating legs: water
strider

89. Functions of insect’s legs:
❖play an important defensive role
❖equipped with sensory structures
❖used to produce sound for intraspecific
communication
❖used to maintain hygiene
❖used to hold onto objects
❖play a role in camouflage, mimicry, and
courtship.

90. TYPES OF INSECT WINGS
Coleoptera means sheath
winged; Beetles -hardened
casings -elytra
Diptera means two winged; flies and
mosquito, having a single pair of
forewings. The hind pair are reduced
to halteres a knoblike organ for
balance

91. Hemiptera means half winged;
true bugs; referring to the
forewings which are hardened
near the base, but membranous
at the end (hemelytra)
Scutellum (triangular portion of
thorax
Dermaptera- skin winged;
earwigs, refers to the
thickened forewings that
cover and protect the hind
wings.

92. HEMIPTERA
suborder HOMOPTERA
means uniform/same winged
texture
The term is now only used as
a popular plant feeding
hemipterans
Auchenorrhyncha-
cicada, leaf and
plant hoppers
Sternorrhyncha- aphids,
plantlice,whiteflies and
scale insects

93. Alate/de-alate

94. Odonata means toothed
wing; dragonfly
Orthoptera- straight wing;
grasshopper, refers to the
parallel-sided structure of the
front wings (tegmina)

95. Lepidoptera
means scale
wings;
butterfly/moth are
covered with a
colorful mosaic of
minute scales
Neuroptera means nerve
wings, lacewing (ant lion)

97. Wing Modifications:
Halteres (Halter) : Knob-like reduced hind wings of
Diptera
Elytra (Elytron): Hardened, protective forewings of
Coleoptera
Hemelytra: Half-hardened, half-membranous forewings of
Hemiptera (Heteroptera)
Fringed wings: Modified wing structure of the Thysanoptera
(Thrips)
Scales and hairs: Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, some Diptera
Tegmina: front wings that are completely leathery or
parchment-like in texture Orthoptera, Blattodea, and
Mantodea

98. Insect Abdomen
EXTERNAL PARTS OF INSECTS
aedeagus

99. INTERNAL PARTS OF INSECTS
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

100. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

103. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Ostium
Aorta
Heart chamber

104. NERVOUS SYSTEM

105. REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN -MALE

106. REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN - FEMALE

107. MORPHOGENESIS
METAMORPHOSIS

108. I. Subclass Apterygota = wingless
1. Ametabolous orders – change little
in forms as they develop, just keep
getting bigger
❖ Thysanura - silverfish
❖ Collembola - springtails
Insects Metamorphosis

109. II. Subclass Pterygota = winged
a. hemimetabolous orders – incomplete
metamorphosis
Immatures are aquatic, naiads (dragonfly)
Developmental stages- Egg- Naiad- Adult

110. 3. paurometabolous – gradual metamorphosis,
orthopterans

111. 4. Holometabolous insects have immature forms (larvae)
that are very different from adults.
• Larvae are "feeding machines", adapted mostly for
consuming food and growing in size.
• Developmental stages: Egg- Larva-Pupa-Adult

112. Eggs

113. Appearance Larval Type
Common
Name
Description Examples
Eruciform Caterpillar
Body cylindrical with short thoracic
legs and 2-10 pairs of fleshy
abdominal prolegs
Moths and
butterflies
Campodeiform Crawler
Elongated, flattened body with
prominent antennae and/or
cerci. Thoracic legs adapted for
running
Lady beetle,
lacewing
Scarabaeiform White grub
Body robust and "C"-shaped with
no abdominal prolegs and short
thoracic legs
June beetle,
dung beetle
Elateriform Wireworm
Body long, smooth, and cylindrical
with hard exoskeleton and very
short thoracic legs
Click beetle,
Flour beetle
Vermiform Maggot
Body fleshy, worm-like. No head
capsule or walking legs
House fly, flesh
fly
Most larvae can be grouped into one of five categories
based on physical appearance:

114. Appearance Pupal Type
Common
Name
Description Examples
Obtect Chrysalis
Developing appendages (antennae,
wings, legs, etc.) held tightly against
the body by a shell-like
casing. Often found enclosed within
a silken cocoon.
Butterflies
and moths
Exarate None
All developing appendages free and
visible externally
Beetles,
Lacewings
Coarctate Puparium
Body encased within the hard
exoskeleton of the next-to-last larval
instar
Flies
Pupae can be grouped into one of three categories based on physical appearance: