It is defined as a test to evaluate the relative potential of a chemical by comparing its effect on a living organism with that of a standard preparation .
It is performed to determine the strength of the chemical from the degree of response included in the test organism and to estimate the concentration of the chemical that is toxic to those organisms a toxicity test is performed to measure the degree of response produced by a specific level of stimulus that is to test chemical concentration
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
Release of large numbers of insectary reared natural enemies with the goal of “augmenting” natural enemy populations or “inundating” pest populations with natural enemies.
the topic which contains the basic aspects regarding biological control of pest and also mass production aspects of some biological entomopathogenic agents.and different types of biological agents in management of pest
This presentation about legal measures of insect pest management in Nepal. This presentation try to elaborate the mandate of Nepal Government for controlling insect pest .
Release of large numbers of insectary reared natural enemies with the goal of “augmenting” natural enemy populations or “inundating” pest populations with natural enemies.
the topic which contains the basic aspects regarding biological control of pest and also mass production aspects of some biological entomopathogenic agents.and different types of biological agents in management of pest
This presentation about legal measures of insect pest management in Nepal. This presentation try to elaborate the mandate of Nepal Government for controlling insect pest .
introduction toxicology, general information on some basic toxins used in day to day life and also unknown toxins we are always in contact with but little do we know about them
Toxicology is the branch of science that deals with nature, effects, and detection of poison. The degree to which a substance can harm an organism is called toxicity. The types of toxicity depending upon the time of exposure of the toxicant have been described.
what is toxicology? what is the difference between poison and toxin? what is toxicity? what are different routes of toxicity? what is meant by dose-response curve?
general principles of poisoning ang introduction to clinical toxicology it is useful for the doctor of pharmacy students and pharmacology students master of pharmacy students and bachelor of pharmacy students
Toxicology deals with the study of the harmful effects of chemicals on living beings. This branch of science has been equally recognised in medical as well as scientific field
Teratogenesis is made up of greek word Terata- monster & genesis- formation.
Teratogenesis is an abnormal development which form an abnormal organism.
It is also called as congenital malformation .
Bergey’s manual of bacteriology is the standard reference book which deals with the classification and identification of bacteria.
The classification of bacteria given in the first edition of the manual published in 1923 and was mainly based on phenotypic characterization.
But as now important information board added as the result of researchers at biochemical and Molecular level the composition and arrangement of higher taxonomic group that is order families, have changed substntially successive edition
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
Polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy
The first issue that an egg and a sperm of any organism type face in successfully producing an embryo is the possibility of polyspermy. Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal.
If multiple sperm fertilize an egg, the embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles. This causes competition for extra chromosomes and results in the disruption of the creation of the cleavage furrow, thus causing the zygote to die. As an important model organism in the study of fertilization and embryonic development, polyspermy in sea urchins has been studied in detail. The sea urchin’s methods of polyspermy prevention have been broken down into two main pathways. These two primary pathways are known as the fast block and the slow block to polyspermy
After the sperm’s receptors come into contact with the egg’s jelly layer and the acrosomal enzymes are released and break down the jelly layer, the sperm head comes into contact with the vitelline and plasma membranes of the egg. When the two plasma membranes contact one another, signals in the egg are initiated.
First, Na+ channels in the egg open, allowing Na+ to flood into the egg. This causes a depolarization of the egg from it’s normal resting potential of -70 mV.
While depolarization is occurring, the remainder of the jelly layer is dissolving. With the dissolution of the jelly layer and the depolarization of the plasma membrane, the first block to preventing fertilization by multiple sperm is put into place.
These two simple changes are part of the first block to polyspermy, known as the fast block. Within 1/10th of a second of contact, the fast block t
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Hazardous waste are the harmful waste that is potentially harmful to human and our Environment .
Hazardous waste are listed under two categories
1. Characteristic waste
2. Listed waste
These material are known to exhibit one or more of the following four hazardous traits1. flammable2. reactive3. corrosive 4. toxic
These are the materials specifically listed by regulating authority as a hazardous waste which are from non specific specific source or discarded chemical product
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. z
Bioassay
It is defined as a test to evaluate the relative potential of a
chemical by comparing its effect on a living organism with that of
a standard preparation .
It is performed to determine the strength of the chemical from
the degree of response included in the test organism and to
estimate the concentration of the chemical that is toxic to those
organisms a toxicity test is performed to measure the degree of
response produced by a specific level of stimulus that is to test
chemical concentration
3. z
Acute toxicity
The toxicity that causes injury or that from a single or multiple
exposure over a short period of time usually 24 hours.
It acute exposure organist can come in contact with the
chemical delivered in single event or in multiple event for
generally hours or days.
Acute exposure of chemical toxic and also produce harmful
effects immediate to chronic exposure
4. z
Chronic toxicity
In chronic exposure to organisms oftoxicconcentration
continuously over a long period of time that is week month or
year chronic toxicity test important tools for understanding in
evaluating the potential hazards to chemical to organise
bioessays mainly done for the two purple detection of polytene
and to determine the event of damage and ill effect
5. z
Procedure of bioassay
1. Selection of experimental animal
2. safe dose
3. mode of Administration
4. Duration
5. dissection
6. observation
7. conclusion
6. z
Selection of experimental animal
The animal upon which experiment has to be
done is selected it should be easy to handle
or not too large or too big less body weight
should be there generally the animal selected
is B rattus norvegicus Albino rat
7. z
Safe dose
The toxicity of a chemical to an
organism is usually expressed ld50
lc50 that is Lethal dose in Terrestrial
animal and Lethal concentration for
aquatic animals
8. z
LD50
It is the amount of poison for Unit Weight of the organ use which
is required to kill 50% of the test population. It is generally
measured in MG or per kg of body weight therefore ld50 is the
dose required to kill 50% of the animal population
9. z
LC 50
It is the concentration of a chemical that could produce a
mortality in 50% of population of their step of the test species it
is calculated in parts per million
10. z
Mode of Administration
It is the stuff that the top of the
Cantor chemical is introduced into
the experimental animal by several
means that is oral inhalation
injection ingestion
11. z
Duration/ Time Period
It is the time period for the action of public and that is expressed
by LT 50 Lethal time ld50 is the time required for 50% mortality
of test organism
12. z
Dissection
The animal is dissected to see
effect of public and on the interior
body of the organs
13. z
Observation Animal is observed for the estimation of
toxicity of chemical upon various vital organ
of the body.
The conclusion that is made after
observation either the chemical is toxicant
or not
Conclusions
14. z
Application
Bioassay are frequently used in the pharmaceutical industries to
evaluate the potential of drug and medicine
Different organisms have been used to study the toxic effects of
the chemical exampleRats,rabbit and monkey .
Bioassay test are used to estimate acute, subacute, chronic and
subchronic toxicity of Chemical on animals .
To test toxicity or bioassay of aquatic animal is done by exposing
the toxicant for a definite period in the water
15. z
Dose response relationship
Chemical that produce its response or its ill effect when its
concentration in tissues cells or organ attain some critical
minimum level.
Rate of absorption it is the rate at which the toxic and is
absorbed by the organism inside his body
16. z
Rate of expression it is the rate at which the toxic and is
removed from organised body through urine and excreta.
detoxification the detoxification organ in mammal is liver which
contain cytochrome P450 oxidases, UDP glucuronosyltransferases
which help indetoxification and harmful substance in the
harmless chemical in body .
hence the amount and rate at which the detoxification is done by
liver also an important factor of dose response relationship
17. z
Distribution it means whether the toxicants is distributed in the
whole body or concentration in a particular body parts cell tissue
organ.
tolerance it is the power of the organ is to with stand the effect
of toxic and for definite time period every organelles has
different body tolerance for different toxicant .
concentration of dose It is the amount of those given to the
organelles that is quantity of the toxic and duration and time
period did the period for which the toxic and is given that is
acute or chronic