This study investigated the antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antibacterial properties of three marine algae - Cladophora rupestris, Chaetomorpha antennina, and Ulva linza. Phytochemical analysis and in vitro assays showed that extracts from these algae exhibited antioxidant effects, inhibited alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase activity, and had antibacterial activity against several pathogens. Compounds isolated from the algae through GC-MS analysis, such as butyric acid, were found to have anticancer effects through histone deacetylase inhibition. The study demonstrates the medicinal potential of these marine algae.

1. NAME – ABHINAB DAS
REGD NO – 11MSM0052
GUIDE- DR. K.SUTHINDHIRAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SBST, VIT UNIVERSITY

2. Marine Algae are a very large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organism ranging from
unicellular to multicellular.
USES
 Agar
 Fertilizer
 Nutrition
MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE
 Antioxidant properties
 Anticancer activities
 Antibacterial activities.
 Anti-diabetic property
ALGAE
MICROALGAE MACROALGAE
RED ALGAE GREEN ALGAE BROWN
ALGAE

3. AIM
The aim of our study is to investigate the antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticancer activity of
marine algae.
OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this dissertation: Sample collection, Extraction, Phytochemical analysis,
Antioxidant activity, Antibacterial activity, MIC, Recovery, α- amylase activity, α-
glucosidase activity, HDAC activity & GC-MS analysis.

4. Sample collection
Extraction
Phytochemical analysis (Hanaa et al., 2009)
Antioxidant activity (DPPH method) (M.A Jayasri et al., 2009)
Antibacterial by well diffusion method
MIC test
Recovery
α- amylase activity (M.A Jayasri et al., 2009)
α- glucosidase activity (M.A Jayasri et al., 2009)
HDAC inhibitory activity (By KIT method)
GC-MS analysis

5. Cladophora rupestris
Chaetomorpha antennina
Ulva linza

6. METHANOL ETHANOL E.ACETATE METHANOL ETHANOL E.ACETATE METHANOL
ALKALOIDS MAYERS TEST + + + + + + +
WAGNERS TEST + + + + + + +
CARBOHYDRAT
E
MOLISHES TEST + + + + + + +
FELINGS TEST + + + + + + +
AMINO ACID &
PROTEIN
NINHYDRIN TEST + + + + + + +
BIURET TEST - - - - - - -
PHENOLIC
COMPOUND
FERRIC CHLORIDE
TEST
+ + + + + + +
LEAD ACETATE TEST + + + + + + +
SAPONINS FOAM TEST - - - - - - -
GLYCOSIDES SULPHURIC ACID
TEST
- - - - - - -
TANNINS FERRIC CHLORIDE
TEST
+ + + + + + +
OILS & FATS SPOT TEST - - - - - - -
SAPONIFICATION
TEST
- - - - - - -
FLAVONOIDS ALKALINE REAGENT
TEST
+ + + + + + +
LEAD ACETATE TEST + + + + + + +
Cladophora rupestris Chaetomorpha antennina Ulva linza

7. 0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5
PercentageofDPPH
Scavenging
Concentration (mg/ml)
Positive control
Methanol
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate 0
20
40
60
80
1 2 3 4 5
PercentageofDPPH
Scavenging
Concentration (mg/ml)
Positive control
Methanol
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
0
20
40
60
80
1 2 3 4 5
PercentageofDPPH
Scavenging
Concentration (mg/ml)
Positive
control

8. SL.NO SAMPLE NO EXTRACT INHIBITION % IC50 (mg/ml)
1 Cladophora rupestris Methanol 78 1.20
Ethanol 64 2.75
Ethyl acetate 72 2.25
2 Chaetomorpha antennina Methanol 70 2.30
Ethanol 61 2.55
Ethyl acetate 65 2.35
3 Ulva linza Methanol 72 2.20

9. S.aureus
E.coli
V.parahaemolyticus
V.harveyii
S.aureus
V.alginolyticus

10. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
250 500 750 1000
Opticaldensityat520nm
Concentration (µg/ml)
E.coli
S.aureus
P.auregenosa
V.harveyii
V.parahaemolyti
cus
V.alginolyticus
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
250 500 750 1000
OpticalDensityat520nm
Concentration (µg/ml)
E.coli
S.aureus
P.auregenosa
V.harveyii
V.parahaemolyticus
V.alginolyticus
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
250 500 750 1000
OpticalDensityat520nm
Concentration (µg/ml)
E.coli
S.aureus
P.auregenosa
V.harveyii
V.parahaemolyticus
V.alginolyticus
PATHOGENIC MIC 50 (µg/ml)
BACTERIA Methanol Ethanol E.acetate
•E. coli 375 625 325
•S. aureus 425 537 287
•P. auregenosa 437 544 294
•V.harveyii 745 732 475
•V.parahaemolyticus 718 600 473
•V.alginolyticus 763 638 316

11. 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
250 500 750 1000
OpticalDensityat520nm
Concentration (µg/ml)
E.coli
S.aureus
P.auregenosa
V.harveyii
V.parahaemolytic
us
V.alginolyticus
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
250 500 750 1000
OpticalDensityat520nm
Concentration (µg/ml)
E.coli
S.aureus
P.auregenosa
V.harveyii
V.parahaemolyticu
s
V.alginolyticus
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
250 500 750 1000
OpticalDensityat520nm
Concentration (µg/ml)
E.coli
S.aureus
P.auregenosa
V.harveyii
V.parahaemolyti
cus
V.alginolyticus
PATHOGENIC MIC 50 (µg/ml)
BACTERIA Methanol Ethanol E.acetate
•E. coli 396 618 378
•S. aureus 437 546 312
•P. auregenosa 456 498 301
•V.harveyii 712 719 468
•V.parahaemolyticus 738 595 437
•V.alginolyticus 801 618 339

12. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
250 500 750 1000
OpticalDensityat520nm
Concentration (µg/ml)
E.coli
S.aureus
P.auregenosa
V.harveyii
V.parahaemolyti
cus
V.alginolyticus
PATHOGENIC MIC 50 (µg/ml)
BACTERIA Methanol
• E. coli 378
• S. aureus 433
• P. auregenosa 448
• V.harveyii 747
• V.parahaemolyticus 727
• V.alginolyticus 771

13. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
250 500 750 1000
Opticaldensityat520nm
Concentration (µg/ml)
E.coli
S.aureus
P.auregenosa
V.harveyii
V.parahaemolyticus
V.alginolyticus 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
250 500 750 1000
OpticalDensityat520nm
Concentration (µg/ml)
E.coli
S.aureus
P.auregenosa
V.harveyii
V.parahaemolytic
us
V.alginolyticus
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
250 500 750 1000
Opticaldensityat520nm
Concentration (µg/ml)
E.coli
S.aureus
P.auregenosa
V.harveyii
V.parahaemolyticus
V.alginolyticus

14. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
250 500 750 1000
Opticaldensityat520nm
Concentration (µg/ml)
E.coli
S.aureus
P.auregenosa
V.harveyii
V.parahaemolyticus
V.alginolyticus 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
250 500 750 1000
OpticalDensityat520nm
Concentration (µg/ml)
E.coli
S.aureus
P.auregenosa
V.harveyii
V.parahaemolyticus
V.alginolyticus
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
250 500 750 1000
OpticalDensityat520nm
Concentration (µg/ml)
E.coli
S.aureus
P.auregenosa
V.harveyii
V.parahaemolyticus
V.alginolyticus

15. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
250 500 750 1000
OpticalDensityat520nm
Concentration (µg/ml)
E.coli
S.aureus
P.auregenosa
V.harveyii
V.parahaemolyticus
V.alginolyticus

16. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
250 500 750 1000
α-Amylaseinhibition
percentage
Concentration (µg/ml)
Methanol
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
0
20
40
60
80
250 500 750 1000
α-Amylaseinhibition
percentage
Concentration (µg/ml)
Methanol
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
0
50
100
250 500 750 1000
α-Amylase
inhibition
percentage
Concentration (µg/ml)
Methanol
SL.
NO
SAMPLE EXTRACT INHIBITION
%
IC50
(µg/ml)
1 C.rupestris Methanol 72 475
Ethanol 65 520
E. acetate 69 491
2 C.antennina Methanol 67 575
Ethanol 59 700
E. acetate 65 650
3 Ulva linza Methanol 71 600

17. 0
20
40
60
80
250 500 750 1000
α-Glucosidaseinhibition
percentage
Concentration (µg/ml)
Methanol
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
0
20
40
60
80
250 500 750 1000
α-Glucosidaseinhibition
percentage
Concentration (µg/ml)
Methanol
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
250 500 750 1000
α-Glucosidaseinhibition
percentage
Concentration (µg/ml)
U.linza
SL.
NO
SAMPLE EXTRACT INHIBITION
%
IC50
(µg/ml)
1 C.rupestris Methanol 64 478
Ethanol 59 512
E. acetate 62 445
2 C.antennina Methanol 60 650
Ethanol 57 725
E. acetate 61 643
3 Ulva linza Methanol 64 750

18. Sl. No Inhibitor Samples HDAC activity (OD/h/ml) HDAC Inhibition %
1 Cladophora rupestris 161 22.3
2 Chaetomorpha antennina 182.5 12.9
3 Ulva linza 172 17.1
4 Trichostatin A 130 58.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Inhibitionat450nm
Inhibitor samples
Inhibition %
HDAC activity of marine seaweeds
HDAC inhibition % of marine seaweeds Change of colouration during HDAC activity

19. SL.N
O
RETENTI
ON TIME
COMPO
UND
NAME
MOL.W
EIGHT
FORMU
LA
1 6.16 Chloroac
etic acid
290 C16H31O2
2 9.84 Dichloroa
cetic acid
352 C18H34O2
3 14.30 Butyric
acid
140 C15H28O2
4 18.74 Trimecai
ne
248 C15H24O
N2
5 2.41 Benzami
de
263 C14H21O2
N3
6 27.14 Cyclohex
anol
124 C15H24O
N2

20. SL.
NO
RETEN
TION
TIME
COMPOUND
NAME
MOL.WEI
GHT
FORM
ULA
1 3.57 Diphenic
anhydride
224 C14H8O3
2 3.67 Eicosyne 278 C20H3O8
3 16.22 Menthol 156 C10H20O
4 17.02 Benzocinnoline 180 C12H8N2
5 17.47 Butyric acid 140 C15H28O2
6 19.62 Anthracenedio
ne
208 C14H8O2
7 28.70 Phenanthrenedi
one
206 C14H10O
2
8 30.01 Trichosenyl
formate
366 C24H46O
2

21. SL.NO RETENTION
TIME
COMPOUND NAME M
OL
.W
EI
GH
T
FORMULA
1 5.58 8-Heptadecene 238 C17H34
2 7.55 Isoneptadecanol 256 C17H34O
3 14.96 5-Eicosene 280 C20H40
4 15.32 Acetic acid 318 C18H35O2
5 15.51 1-Decanetheiol 174 C10H22S
6 17.02 Ethanol 312 C20H40O2
7 17.46 1-Oleylalcohol 268 C18HH36O
8 17.93 Butyric acid 140 C15H28O2
9 21.91 1,16-Hexadecanediol 258 C16H34O2
10 22.75 1,14-Docosanediol 342 C22H46O2
11 26.41 1-Pentadecane-
2,Methyl
224 C16H32
12 27.20 Menthol 156 C10H20O
13 29.27 Cyclohexanol 142 C9H18O
14 31.23 Trimecaine 24
8
C14H21O2N3

22. Cladophora rupestris, Chaetomorpha antennina & Ulva linza had showed
good inhibitory results in antioxidant and antidiabetic inhibition assays.
Therefore it can be used in dietry supplements and in therapeutic use for
the treatment of diabetes. Though Butyric acid has good antioxidant
property, It also inhibits colonic tumor cells. The most important property
of Butyric acid is that, it can act as a HDAC inhibitor, inhibiting the
function of Histone Deacetylase enzymes. Due to present of Butyric acid in
these three marine seaweeds we can say that marine seaweeds have anti-
cancer properties. Therefore it can be used as antidiabetic properties and in
therapeautic use for the treatment of cancer.

23.  Hanna VA, Abou-Elela, Gehan M. Hanan Abd-Elnaby, Hassan A.H. Ibrahim and M.A. Okbah., 2009.
Marine natural products and their potential applications as anti-infective agents. World Appl. Sci. J., 7(7):
pp. 872-880.
 Duarte, M.E.R., J.P. Cauduro, G.D. Noseda, M.D. Noseda, A.G. Goncalves, C.A. Pujol, E.B. Damonte
andA.S. Cerezo, 2004. The structure of the agaran sulfate from Acanthophoraspicifera (Rhodomelaceae,
Ceramiales) and its antiviral activity. Relation between structure and antiviral activity in agarans,
Carbohydrate Res., 339: 335-347.
 Fujiwara- Arasaki T., Mino N., Kuroda M. The value of protein in human nutrition of edible marine algae
in Japan. Hydrobiol. 1984; 116/117: 513–516
 Gupta, M. P., N. E. Gomez, A. I. Santana, P. N. Solis and G. Palacios, 1991. Antimicrobial activity of
various algae of the Panamian Atlantic coast.Review in Medical Panama, 16: 64-8.
 Hasenah Ali, P.J. Houghton and Amala Soumyanath., 2006. α-amylase inhibitory activity of some
Malaysian plants used to treat diabetes; with particular reference to Phyllanthus amarus. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology., 107: 449-455.
 Lahaye M. Marine algae as a source of dietary fibers: Determination of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber
contents in some 'sea vegetable'. Journal of Science Food Agric. 1991; 54: 587 -594.
 MA Jayasri, Lazar Mathew, A Radha. 2009. A report on the Antioxidant Activity of leaves and rhizomes of
Costus pictus D. Don. International Journal of Integrated Biology, Vol 5: No 1, 20-26.
 MA Jayasri, Lazar Mathew, A Radha. 2009. α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of Costus
pictus D.DON in the management of Diabetes. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology, 3(1), 91-94.

24. THANK YOU