Asparaginase is an important enzyme in Medicine & food industry. It catalyzes Asparagine to aspartate and Ammonia. The purpose of using asparaginase in foods is to reduce the levels of acrylamide that form in certain carbohydrate-rich foods during cooking.The rationale behind asparaginase is that it takes advantage of the fact that acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and some other suspected tumor cells are unable to synthesize the non-essential amino acid asparagine, whereas normal cells are able to make their own asparagine.
Introduction :
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria)
The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and in 1928 "rediscovered" by Alexander Fleming from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the second world war.
Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation
Single Cell Protein -slideshare ppt
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flowchart of single cell protein production
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The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Industrial Production of Amino Acid (L-Lysine)Mominul Islam
Three amino acids which are produced at large scale includes-
- L-lysine
- L-glutamic acid
- DL- methionine
We are now going to discuss about the production of L-Lysine
Introduction :
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria)
The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and in 1928 "rediscovered" by Alexander Fleming from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the second world war.
Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation
Single Cell Protein -slideshare ppt
tag
,
single cell protein slideshare
,
single cell protein
,
flowchart of single cell protein production
,
single cell protein pdf
,
single cell protein production ppt
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Industrial Production of Amino Acid (L-Lysine)Mominul Islam
Three amino acids which are produced at large scale includes-
- L-lysine
- L-glutamic acid
- DL- methionine
We are now going to discuss about the production of L-Lysine
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.23
ABSTRACT- Atorvastatin calcium is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. It has
oral bioavailability of ≤12 %. It also undergoes high first pass metabolism. It is highly soluble in acidic pH and absorbed
more in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. In order, to improve the absorption and its oral bioavailability,
niosomes of Atorvastatin calcium have been formulated and evaluated on different parameters. Four niosomes
formulations of Atorvastatin calcium were successfully developed by modified ether injection technique using nonionic
surfactant i.e. Span 20, Span 40, Tween 20, Tween 40 and cholesterol at different concentrations. Key-words- Atorvastatin calcium, Niosomes, Surfactants, Cholesterol, Modified ether injection method, in-vitro release,
Stability studies
Anticancer Activity of L-asparaginase Produced from Amycolatopsis japonicaAI Publications
The ability of L-asparaginase to inhibit the formation of cancer cells has aroused scientists' curiosity in biological realms. In cancer cells, L-asparaginase suppresses protein synthesis by hydrolyzing L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia. As a result, it's a crucial therapeutic enzyme in the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in combination with other drugs (ALL). This enzyme has recently been discovered to be useful in a number of scientific fields, including clinical research, pharmacology, and the food business. Purification, characterization, and assessment of the cytotoxic effect of Amycolatopsis japonica L-asparaginase were the goals of this study. Amycolatopsis japonica was isolated from the plant rhizosphere and L-asparaginase was recovered. With a molecular weight of 37.5 KDa, partially purified L-asparaginase from A. japonica had a total activity of 1968.98 U with 26.696 mg total protein and a specific activity of 73.75 U/mg, 6.42 purification fold, and 42.86 percent recovery yield. In the presence of EDTA, Mg2+, pH8, 45oC, and 0.13 mM L-asparagine, L-asparaginase from A. japonica demonstrated good activity and stability, with Km and Vmax values of 0.13 mM L-asparagine and 0.43U/ mL, respectively. The cytotoxicity of L- asparaginase from A.japonica against a colon cancer cell line was high; with an IC50 value of 36 L. Amycolatopsis japonica could be a source of L-asparaginase, which could be a new target for cancer cells.
Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when colonize the gastrointestinal tract. The various microbial strains are now found to provide therapeutic effects through the metabolites they produce, digestion of dietary fibers, inhibition of pathogen adhesion, provide missing enzyme, maintaining homeostasis and also controlling brain activities which may lead to autism if disturbed.
Bioassays are assays or biological techniques to measure strength, potency, concentration or efficacy of any substance by its effect on biological substance like tissues, cells, animals or enzymes etc
Here you will know , how to write a critical review & what sections are suppose to analyse why reading a paper. Here is a critical review of a paper titled ' Repeated dose multi-drug testing using a microfluidic chip-based
coculture of human liver and kidney proximal tubules equivalents' published recently in 2020 in reputed journal nature.
Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme that helps break down potentially harmful oxygen molecules in cells. This might prevent damage to tissues. It is being researched to see if it can help conditions where harmful oxygen molecules are believed to play a role in disease.
summary and comparison of two papers revealing strength of promotor sequences through bioinformatics and invitro assay.
PHI (promotor Homology index) is one way to quantify strength of promotors while RNA expression profiling by micro-array is another way to predict strength by fluorescent intensity measured through this assay.
HIC (Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography) is used to purify Abs (Antibodies) by conventional procedure. This presentation gives a brief about non-conventional mode of HIC process operation for optimization of conditions like ligand nature, mobile phase pH, column loading, product selectivity and more to avoid harsh nature of salts like Ammonium sulfate.
viral vaccine production basics and manufacturing basics involved in development in research. Cell lines and characteristics of cell substrates and mode of operation useful for increased cell density. Basics of vaccine types and their features.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. THERAPEUTIC L-ASPARAGINASE PRODUCTION
AND FORMULATION METHODOLOGY:
1. INTRODUCTION :
L-asparaginase (EC3.5.1.1) catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine
into aspartic acid and ammonia. L-asparaginase has been a clinically
satisfactory antitumor agent for the valuable treatment of acute
lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymph sarcoma.
The microorganisms are a better source of L-asparaginase because
they can be cultured easily . Erwinia caratovira, Corynebacterium
glutamicum, Bacillus sp, Psudomonas stutzeri, and E. coli are most
commonlyused microorganisms forthe productionof L-asparaginase.
2. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
L-asparaginase has been a clinically satisfactory antitumor agent for
the valuable treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymph
sarcoma. L-asparagine is an essential amino acid for the production of
protein in tumor cells whereas the growth of normal cell is independentof
its requirement.
L-asparaginase can be produced within the cells by an enzyme called
asparagine synthase are can be absorbed from the outside. Lymphatic
tumor cell required huge amount of asparagine to keep up their rapid
malignant growth. In the presence of L-asparaginase tumor cell get
deprivated and cannot survive. Asparagene is required for cell survival
and DNA synthesis; however, most of the cells are capable to
synthesizing asparaginase from glutamine . Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
cells lack adequate level of the asparagines synthase and cannot survive
2. in asparagine depletion. Asparginase is cycle specific for the G1 of cell
cycle
3. CULTIVATION METHOD
Solid State Fermentation :
(SSF) is suitable for the production of enzyme by using natural
substrate because they mimic the condition under which the microbe
grows natured. The solid state fermentation has several advantages over
submerged fermentation including superior productivity, low capital
investment, simple technique, low energy requirement less water output
and better product recovery.
Rice bran served as a most appropriate substrate compared to other
existing starchy materials, for solid stats cultivation of Serratia
marcescens SBOB for L-asparaginase production.
Submerged Fermentation :
Production of L- asparaginase highly influenced by fermentation
media composition and culture condition such as pH, temperature,
agitation rate inoculums size, incubation time.
4. PURIFICATION STEPS :
Removal Of Insoluble Material :
significanceofvariable
3. the fermentation processes involved are always followed by the removal
of insoluble materials, e.g., cells from the culture or cell debris from crude
broth, either by centrifugation or by filtration. Centrifugation is a standard
unit operation in some downstream recovery processes and is primarily
used to separate solids from liquids. It can remove particles from as small
as 0.5 μm to whole cells or organisms. Centrifugation is the process of
choice for the removal of cells and/or cells debris. Filtration is used to
remove small particles from solutions or to concentrate or separate
soluble compounds.
Product Enrichment And Concentration :
Precipitation- The use of ammonium sulfate as a precipitationagent forL-
ASN is well known; however, there is no standard protocolfor L-ASNase
precipitation. The use of organic solvents or short chain alcohol such as
methanol and ethanol, for precipitation is well known. Although the
selectivity obtained with precipitation is poor when compared with other
purificationtechniques,suchas chromatography.The main disadvantage,
when compared with other low resolution techniques, is the likelihood of
irreversible inactivation of the bioproductduring the precipitation process.
Recovery Of Biological Products:
Aqueous Two Phase System : ATPSs can be formed when two chemically
different polymers (e.g. poly-ethylene glycol -PEG) and dextran) or one
polymer and a specific salt (e.g., PEG and potassium phosphate) are
mixed together at certain concentrations in a solution. One phase is rich
in one polymer, and the second phase is rich in the other component
(polymeror salt) with water as a solvent in both phases.Manipulating and
optimizing the equilibrium compositions in each of the immiscible phases
can induce differential partitioning behavior in a mixture. Knowledge of a
higher affinity of certain compounds for one phase with respect to the
other can be exploited for using phase partitioning for the purification of
proteins. Although ATPS are easy to scale up, the very low solubility of
proteins is a problem,possiblyrelated to crowding effects insuchaqueous
systems.
High Resolution Purification :
4. After the first steps of purification, chromatographic steps are often used
to achieve maximum purification and/or to polish the target compound.
Selection of the procedure to use should be based on its capacity; the
general rule is to proceedfrom a high to a low capacity method (i.e., from
ion-exchange chromatography to affinity chromatography)
i. Ion Exchange Chromatography : Based on the attraction of
compounds with different surface charges, and a protein’s
surface charge dependent on its pI and the pH
ii. Gel Filtration Chromatography : based on the fractionation of
compounds according to their size
iii. Affinity chromatography : based on the interaction of two
compounds that bind to each other with high affinity, such as
enzyme-substrate, receptor-ligand, and antigen-antibody
interactions.
iv. Aqueous Two-phase Micellar Systems :Surface-active agents
are compounds that are typically composed of two chemically
distinct portions:a hydrophilic portion and a hydrophobic portion.
Due to their distinct chemical structures, when compounds of
surfactants are dissolved in water, aggregate structures known
as micelles form spontaneously.
In a micelle,the hydrophobic tails attract one another to minimize
their unfavorable contact with water, while the hydrophilic heads
remain on the outer surface of the micelle to maximize their
5. contact with water. At certain temperatures and concentrations
of nonionic surfactants, a homogeneous micellar aqueous
solution can be separated into two macroscopic phases, both
containing micelles, but with one having a higher concentration
of surfactant in reverse micelles. This phase separation is
induced by a "temperature increase" of the system separation is
induced bya "temperature increase" of the system up to reaching
what is called the cloud point temperature.
7. References
[Soni Yadav, Sitansu Kumar Verma, Jitendra Singh, Ajay Kumar]
Industrial Production and Clinical Application of L-
Asparaginase: A Chemotherapeutic Agent
[Louise L. Tundisi, Diego F. Coêlho, Beatriz Zanchetta, Patricia
Moriel, Adalberto Pessoa-Jr, Elias B. Tambourgi, Edgar Silveira
& Priscila G. Mazzola]
L-Asparaginase Purification
[Noura El-Ahmady El-Naggar , Hassan Moawad, Nancy M. El-
Shweihy, Sara M. El-Ewasy, IslamA. Elsehemy & NayeraA.
M.Abdelwahed ]
1 Microbe used Industrially Escherichia
coli , Erwinia chrysanthemi.
2 Reaction catalysed by Enzyme Hydrolysis
3 Application Pharmaceutical and Food
Industry
4 Use in medicine as antineoplastic action
5 Use in food industry Prevent Acrylamide formation
6 Factors affecting production type and concentration of carbon
and nitrogen sources, pH,
aeration, temperature,
fermentation time, and microbial
agent
7 best inductors for reaching high yields L-asparagina,L-glutamine and L-
proline and the most common
carbon source is glucose,
starch and maltose.
8 Type of product Intracellular
9 Chemical Modification conjugation with polyethylene
glycol (PEG), or PEGylation, has
been used to improve the
compound biostability and
bioavailability
10 long and short-term storage Freeze-drying
8. Process development for scale-up production of a
therapeutic L-asparaginase by Streptomyces brollosae
NEAE-115 from shake fasks to bioreactor
[Jorge Javier MusoCachumbaFelipe Antonio
FernandesAntunesGuilherme Fernando DiasPeresLarissa
PereiraBrumanoJúlio César DosSantosSilvio SilvérioDa Silva]
Current applications and different approaches for
microbial L-asparaginase production