for biotechnology students

1. What if there was a single
size for shoes and
clothes?
Isn’t this unacceptable?

2. Then why do we accept
this when it comes to
our health?

3. Personalized Medicine
• Personalized medicine is an emerging practice of medicine that uses
an individual’s genetic profile to guide decisions made in regard to
the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease.
• Knowledge of a patient’s genetic profile can help doctors select the
proper medication or therapy and administer it using the proper
dose or regimen.

4. • It allows the possibility of picking the right drug at the right dose for the right
person instead of the “one size fits all” approach to drug therapy.
• ultimately it will be hard to see how any kind of medicine will not be affected by
this as we learn more and more about the individual, and as many of us find our
complete genomes being sequenced and placed into our medical records to
empower that kind of personalized approach
• It is the biggest revolution in medicine in a very long time.
Personalized
Medicine

5. Development of personalized
medicine
• Since the discovery of DNA’s overall structure in 1953, the world’s scientific community has
rapidly gained a detailed knowledge of the genetic information encoded by the DNA of a cell
or organism so that today we are beginning to “personalize” this information.
• In the 1980s and 1990s, biotechnology techniques produced novel therapeutics and a
wealth of information about the mechanisms of various diseases such as cancer at the
genetic and molecular level, yet the aetiologies of other complex diseases such as obesity
and heart disease remained poorly understood.
• Researchers utilizing exciting and groundbreaking “omic” technologies and working
closely with clinicians have begun to make serious progress not only toward a molecular-
level understanding of the aetiology of complex diseases but to clearly identify that there
are actually many genetically different diseases called by the single name of cancer,
diabetes, depression, etc.

7. Traditional medicine vs personalized
medicine

10. Process ; how it’s done :
• The ability to provide precision medicine to patients in routine clinical settings
depends on the availability of molecular profiling tests, e.g. Individual germline
DNA sequencing.
• While precision medicine currently individualizes treatment mainly on the basis of
genomic tests (clinical Exome), several promising technology modalities are being
developed, from techniques combining spectrometry and computational power to
real-time imaging of drug effects in the body.
• On the treatment side, PM can involve the use of customized medical products such
drug cocktails produced by pharmacy compounding or customized devices It can
also prevent harmful drug interactions, increase overall efficiency when prescribing
medications, and reduce costs associated with healthcare.

11. AI in personal medicine
• Artificial intelligence is a providing paradigm shift toward precision medicine
Machine learning algorithms are used for genomic sequence and to analyse and
draw inferences from the vast amounts of data patients and healthcare institutions
recorded in every moment.
• AI techniques are used in precision cardiovascular medicine to understand
genotypes and phenotypes in existing diseases, improve the quality of patient
care, enable cost-effectiveness, and reduce readmission and mortality rates.

12. • A 2021 paper reported that machine learning was able to predict the outcomes of
Phase III clinical trials (for treatment of prostate cancer) with 76% accuracy.
• 2020 paper showed that training machine learning models in a population-specific
fashion (i.e. Training models specifically for Black cancer patients) can yield
significantly superior performance than population-agnostic models
AI in personal medicine

13. Advantages of personalized medicine
• Precision medicine helps health care providers better understand the many
things—including environment, lifestyle, and heredity—that play a role in a
patient’s health, disease, or condition.
• This information lets them more accurately predict which treatments will be most
effective and safe, or possibly how to prevent the illness from starting in the first
place.

14. • Shift the emphasis in medicine from reaction to prevention
• predict susceptibility to disease
• improve disease detection
• pre-empt disease progression
• customize disease-prevention strategies
• prescribe more effective drugs
• avoid prescribing drugs with predictable negative side effects
• reduce the time, cost, and failure rate of pharmaceutical clinical trials
Advantages of personalized medicine

15. Disadvantages of personalized
Medicine
• High technology demand
• High initial cost of production and development
• Data biases that may occur along the way
• Time for treatment increases in some cases
• Patient privacy and confidentiality

16. Application and recent developments in
PM
•The detailed account of genetic information from the individual allows for appropriate
dosages, For instance, warfarin is the FDA approved oral anticoagulant commonly
prescribed to patients with blood clots. Due to warfarin’s significant inter individual
variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, its rate of adverse events is among
the highest of all commonly prescribed drugs.
•However, with the discovery of polymorphic variants in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes,
two genes that encode the individual anticoagulant response, physicians can use patients’
gene profile to prescribe optimum doses of warfarin to prevent side effects such as major
bleeding and to allow sooner and better therapeutic efficacy

17. Microarrays:
•The biochips known as DNA microarrays and oligonucleotide microarrays are a surface
collection of hundreds to thousands of immobilized nucleic acid sequences or
oligonucleotides in a grid created with specialized equipment that can be simultaneously
examined to conduct expression analysis .
•Biochips may contain representatives of a particular set of gene sequences (i.e.,
sequences coding for all human cytochrome P450 isozymes) or may contain sequences
representing all genes of an organism. They can produce massive amounts of genetic
information .
•Roche CYP 450 is a FDA-approved diagnostic tool able to determine a patient’s
genotype with respect to two genes that govern drug metabolism. This information
obtained may be useful by a physician to select the appropriate drug and/or dosage for a
given patient in the areas of cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, depression,
and others (according to the company).
Application and recent developments in
PM

18. oncogenomics
• Oncogenomics is a sub-field of genomics that characterizes cancer-associated
genes. It focuses on genomic, epigenomic and transcript alterations in cancer.
• The genome of a cancer cell can also be used to stratify cancer cells identifying
one type of cancer from another or identifying a subtype of cancer within that type,
such as HER2+ breast cancer.
• Understanding the cancer genome is a step toward personalized oncology.
Numerous projects are underway around the world. Two such projects include the
US NIH Cancer Genome Atlas Project (U.S. NIH 2012) and the Sanger Institute
Cancer Genome Project (Sanger Institute 2012).
B
Application and recent developments in
PM

19. Thankyou
Group 1 :
Chakshu
Deepansh
Aryavarman
Pranav