Primary data is the process of gathering data through surveys, interviews, or experiments. Method refers to a data collection mode or method while, “tool” is the instrument used to carry out the method Experimentation is used to study the changes of variable to another variable. Independent, is what you change. Dependent is what you observe and measure and Controlled, factors that keep the same. Interviewing is a two-way systematic conversation between an investigator and informant. It involves not only talking but studying the non-verbal responses of the respondents. Projective techniques are normally used during individual or small group interviews. Generally, these techniques can be divided into three major categories: Visual projective, Verbal projective, and Expressive techniques. Sociometry is finding, describing, and assessing social status, structure, and development by measuring the level of acceptance or rejection among a group of individuals. Questionnaire Method is a set of standardized questions, often called items, which follow a fixed scheme

2. • The process by which the
researcher collects the
information needed to
answer the research
problem

4. • It is the process of gathering
data through surveys, interviews,
or experiments.

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6. • Observation method is a method under which data
from the field is collected with the help of
observation by the observer

8. • The experimentation method involves manipulating
one variable to determine if changes in one variable
cause changes in another variable.
A variable is a measurable characteristic that varies
There are 3 kinds of variables:
– Independent Variable
– Dependent variable
– Controlled Variables or Controlled Environment

9. • The experimentation method involves manipulating
one variable to determine if changes in one variable
cause changes in another variable.
The dependent variable is the variable a researcher
is interested in and is affected by the independent
variable. The changes to the dependent variable
are what the researcher is trying to measure.

10. • The experimentation method involves manipulating
one variable to determine if changes in one variable
cause changes in another variable.
The independent variable is a variable that affects
the dependent variable. This is usually the variable
that a researcher will control to see if it makes the
dependent variable change.

11. • The experimentation method involves manipulating
one variable to determine if changes in one variable
cause changes in another variable.
The control variable in scientific experimentation is
an experimental element which is constant and
unchanged throughout the course of the
investigation.

12. • Simulation is defined as a set of techniques for
manipulating a model of some real-world process for
the purpose of finding numerical solutions that are
useful in the real process that is being modeled.

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• This method of collecting data involves presentation
or oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal
responses.
• This is Oral Verbal communication. Where
interviewer asks questions( which are aimed to get
information required for study ) to respondent

14. • It is a data collection method in which data is
collected from the same sample respondents at
some interval either by mail or by personal
interview.

15. • Mail survey is sending questionnaires to the
target respondents, requesting them to
complete the survey and return them by
mail.

16. • Projective techniques are indirect methods where
the respondents are presented with ambitious
stimuli for interpretation. In this way,
respondents could express their internal
characteristics.
• The main assumption for these techniques is to
allow respondents to project their subjective or
true opinions, beliefs, thoughts, ideas, and
attribute onto other people or even objects

17. • -Sociometry is a qualitative method for measuring social
relationships. It was developed by psychotherapist Jacob L.
Moreno and Helen Hall Jennings in their studies of the
relationship between social structures and psychological
well-being and used during Remedial Teaching.
• Sociometry is defined as a method for finding, describing,
and assessing social status, structure, and development by
measuring the level of acceptance or rejection among a
group of individuals.

18. • Questionnaire is as an instrument for research,
which consists of a list of questions, along with the
choice of answers, printed or typed in a sequence
on a form used for acquiring specific information
from the respondents. In general, questionnaires
are delivered to the persons concerned either by
post or mail, requesting them to answer the
questions and return it.

19. • - Registration method refers to continuous, permanent,
compulsory recording of the occurrence of vital events
together with certain identifying or descriptive
characteristics concerning them, as provided through the
civil code, laws, or regulations of each country.

21. • Items to be observed
are grouped into
suitable categories and
are listed in the
schedule in order to be
observed by the
observer.
• It is not complete list of
items that require
information from the
respondents, but only
contains broad topics to
be covered.

22. • Contains a complete
lists of questions on
which the information
is retrieved from the
respondents.
• Used to record individual
attitudes, aspirations, and
other aspects of
psychology and behavior.

23. • Simplest tool that
consist of a list of items
made in connection
with an object or a
specific task.
• A list of items of
information to be
retrieved from documents
and other materials.

24. • For organization’s
survey, such as
businesses, educational
institutions, social
organizations, etc.

25. • Used for
interviewing
• ‘Schedule’ when it is
used for the
interview
• Used for mailings
• ‘Questionnaire’ when
sent to respondents for
completion and return

27. 1. Identifying the research data
2. Prepare ‘dummy’ tables
3. Determine the level of the respondents
4. Decide methods of data collection
5. Design instrument/tool

28. * An instrument is useful to gather different types
of information; factual information (gender, age
race, marital status, education, religion, income,
and occupation), psychological information
(attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and expectations), and
behavioral information like social participation
etc.*
6. Assessment of the design instrument
7. Pre-testing
8. Specification of procedure
9. Planning format

29. • The experimentation method involves manipulating
one variable to determine if changes in one variable
cause changes in another variable.
* An instrument is useful to gather different types
of information; factual information (gender, age
race, marital status, education, religion, income,
and occupation), psychological information
(attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and expectations), and
behavioral information like social participation
etc.*

30. • Pilot Study is a full-fledge miniature
study of a problem, pre-test is a trial
test of a specific aspect of the study
such as method of data collection
or instrument.

31. • To test whether the instrument will get the responses
needed to realize the objectives of the study
• To examine whether the words are clear and in
accordance with the understanding of the respondents
• To examine other qualitative aspects of the instrument
such as the question structure and the sequence of
question develop appropriate procedure to deal with the
instrument in the field.
Pre-testing has several beneficial functions.