More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to Beekeeping theory course - bee biology - 2015 11 16
Similar to Beekeeping theory course - bee biology - 2015 11 16 (20)
More from BeeTogetherLux
More from BeeTogetherLux (15)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Beekeeping theory course - bee biology - 2015 11 16
- 1. Biologie der Honigbiene Biology of the Honey Bees apis mellifera
- 2. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 2 Systematic Classification • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Arthropoda • Class: Insecta • Order: Hymenoptera • Family: Apiidae • Genus: Apis • Species: Apis mellifera theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 3 Bee in amber age ca. 50 millionen years theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 4
- 3. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 5 External structur head thorax abdomen fornt leg hind leg middle leg front wing hind wingcompound eye antenna mandible spiracles tergum sternum sting ocellus tongue
- 4. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 6 Build and organisation • Insects have an exoskeleton, an external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body • Exoskeletons contain chitin; the addition of calcium carbonate makes them harder and stronger. Intersegmental membrane gives flexibility. • The segments of the body are organized into three distinctive but interconnected units: • head • thorax • abdomen theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 8 Head, antenna and mouth antenna Ocelli compound eye mandible mandible maxilla maxilla glossa labial palpus worker queen drone labrum fossa external anatomy of the head theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 9 Mouth and tongue mandible proboscis
- 5. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 7 The main organs of a bee
- 6. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 10 Worker bee mouth theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 11 Thorax • Main task: lokomotion • appendage three pair of legs • appendage two pair of wings • inside powerful muscle to fly theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 12 Wing Frontwing Hind Wing hooks (hamuli) fold
- 7. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 13 wing front wing hind wing hooks fold wing vein theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 14 Leg front leg (A, B and C) C: details of antenna cleaner middle leg (D and E) hind leg (F, H and G) theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 15 Hind leg
- 8. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 16 Pollen collecting theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 17 Abdomen • biggest part of the body • contain organs for digestition and sexual organs theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 18 Bee sting
- 9. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 19 Bee sting lancet witch barbs lancet with poison sac and bulb theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 20 Alimentary canal An - anus Vent - ventriculus(midgut) Prvent - Proventriculus Rect - rectum rp - rectal pad Int - intestine Mal - malpighian tubules Cr - crop Oe - oesophagus Ephy - epipharynx Mth - mouth Cb - cibarium Phy - pharynx theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 21 Tracheal systemspiracles spiraclestrachea
- 10. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 22 Hemolymph and Heart brain honey stomach aorta oesophagus heart midgut ganglia neural node nerv cord upper diaphragm lower diaphragm suboesophageal ganglion convoluted loop ventral nerv cord pericardial chamber theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 23 Nervous system • sense organs – eyes – odour- and tasteorgans – hearing- and equilibribum sense • glands – exokrine glands – endokrine glands theoretical cours biology of the honey bees 2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 24 Compound eye Ommatidium lens cornea crystalline cone axon rhabdom hair
- 11. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 25 Ommatidium • Abbreviations: Axn - axon bMb - basement membrane CgCl - corneagenous cell Cn - crystalline cone Ln - lens PgCl - pigment cell RetCl - retinal cell 9RetCl - ninth retinal cell Rhb - rhabdom theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 26 Mosaic Picture How bees see beehuman theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 27 Olfactory - and odour organ • Olfactory- and the odour organs are located on the antennae drone worker bee
- 12. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 28 Glands wax glands worker bees nasanov gland worker bees salivary gland hypopharyngeal gland mandibular gland postcerebral glands tergal glands queen venom gland queen Dafour gland queen and worker bees Koschevnikov gland quee and worker bee worker queen drone gland Hypopharygeal gland existing bee milk rudimentary not existing Postcerebral gland big Wax, solve sugar and crystallized honey big ? rudimentary, small ? Salivary gland big big big Madibular gland existing Solvent of wax, pollen und propolis very big production of Pheromon I and II volatile small Wax gland existing not existing not existing Nasanov gland existing not existing not existing Dafour gland existing existing not existing Koschevnikow gland existing ? existing Pheromon used in swarms not existing Tergal gland not existing existing not existing Comparison of the glands theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 30 Honey bee colony • The life of a honey bee colony is perennial. There are three castes of honey bees: long-living queens( up to 5 years), which produce eggs, short-lived workers (in summer 35 days; in winter up to 200 days), which are all non-reproducing females and drones, males whose main duty is to find and mate with a queen. The queen lays eggs singly in cells of the comb. Larvae hatch from eggs in three to four days. They are then fed by worker bees and develop through several stages in the cells. Cells are capped by worker bees when the larva pupates. Queens and drones are larger than workers and so require larger cells to develop. A colony may typically consist of tens of thousands of individuals. • Social community with intensive division of labour and intensive communication.
- 13. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 31Königin Drohn Arbeiterin Castes of honey bees Queen Drones Worker bee theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 32 From the egg to the adult theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 33 Eggs and larves larvae egg
- 14. Biologie der Honigbiene 34 queen worker drone larve puppae eeg 3 3 3 5 6 7 8 12 14 emerge after… „3-5-8 and the queen is ready- made!“ theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 35 Worker bee emerging from cell from wikipedia theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 36 Worker bee Period Work activity Days 1-3 Cleaning cells and incubation Day 3-6 Feeding older larvae Day 6-10 Feeding younger larvae Day 8-16 Receiving nectar and pollen from field bees Day 12-18 Beewax making and cell building Day 14 onwards Entrance guards; nectar, pollen, water and propolis foraging; robbing other hives
- 15. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 37 Work activity regulated by glands days after emergage duties glands activity bee in the hive 1. to 3. day clean combs: cleans broodcells, which have been released recently 3. to 12. day feeding the larvea or new queens larvae hyphopharynx gland produce royal jelly 12. to 20. day 1. produce honey 2. produce wax 3. protect the hive: entrance guard hypopharynx gland produce enzyme to produce honey wax glands achieve maximum size poison gland is filled with poison flying bee 20. to death bee collects: nectar, pollen, water and propolis theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 38 Queen • Characteristic Larger than a worker bee (2cm), long abdomen with well developed ovaries. No pollen basket. Lancet of the sting with less barbs. • Lifecycle 5 to 6 days after the emerge the queen gets sexually mature. At the age of 6 to 10 days she flies to special places where lots of drone wait to mate her. This is called nuptial flights. At the end of these nuptial flights (max. 3) her spermatheca is filled with about 5 mio. sperms. These sperms are enough for the rest of her life. • Oviposition 3 to 5 days after she was mated, the queen will lay eggs. Queens typically lay 200,000 eggs in a year. The queen bee is able to control the sex of the eggs she lays. The queen lays a fertilized (female) or unfertilized (male) egg according to the width of the cell. Drones are raised in cells that are significantly larger than the cells used for workers. The queen fertilizes the egg by selectively releasing sperm from her spermatheca as the egg passes through her oviduct. The young virgin queen has a limited time to mate. If she is unable to fly for several days because of bad weather and remains unmated, she will become a "drone layer." Drone-laying queens usually signal the death of the colony, because the workers have no fertilized (female) larvae from which to raise worker bees or a replacement queen. Development of a new queen from egg to ovipostion last minimum 25 days. theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 39 Queen She is continuously surrounded by worker bees who meet her every need, giving her food and disposing of her waste.
- 16. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 40 Drones Drones are the male bees within a colony. Drones can be distinguished from workers and queens by their large size, rectangular abdomens, large conspicuous eyes, and noisy flight. All drones lack a sting, and have more eye facets than a worker. Lifecicle betwen march and july emerge 1000 to 2100 drones per colony. • Drones result from unfertilized eggs. They emerge 24 days after the egg is laid. Drones are capable of extracting honey four days after emergence, but prefer to be fed by workers. Unlike workers (sterile females), drones can fly well, don't gather food for the colony, don't clean, don't secrete wax, and do not care for young. The role of the drones is largely to fertilize new queens. A group of drones follows each virgin queen on her early flights. Several males will mate with each virgin queen while flying, dying immediately after mating since his reproductive organs and the end of his abdomen break off, temporarily plugging the end of the queen's reproductive tract and abdomen • Assuming all goes well, drones typically live for about 50 days. If there is a fertile female in residence, the workers may withhold food from the drones or gnaw off the drones' wings and legs. By fall, all of the males and male larvae are evicted from each colony. theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 41 Determination theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 42 Reproduction • nuptial flight and mating
- 17. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 43 Nutrition of the honey bees • pollen protein 5,9%-36% lipide 1%-19% vitamine/enzyme mineral nutrients karotinoide flavonoide • nectar/honeydew carpohydrate water • water theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 44 Food requirements • food source bloom with nectar and/or pollen; honeydew • provisions carbohydrate as honey pollen as stored pollen • water economy Bienenbrot in Wabenzellen theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 45 Lifecycle
- 18. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 46 Reasons of swarming swarm development of the Hypopharygeal gland and wax glands colony development bee race unkown factors ??? age of the queen space in hive weather honey yield internal factors external factors 47 Queen cell quenn cup larvae is emerged, she will get a lot of royal jelly from the hypopharygeal gland. nine days after egg laying the queen cell is capped. After 16 days the new queen emerges. With the serrated mandibula she sliced the queen cell. theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 48 Seasonal cycles of activities in honey bee colony winter (November – Dezember) • In cold climates, honey bees stop flying when the temperature drops below about 10 °C (50 °F) and crowd into the central area of the hive to form a "winter cluster". The worker bees huddle around the queen bee at the center of the cluster, shivering to keep the center between 27 °C (81 °F) at the start of winter (during the broodless period) and 34 °C (93 °F) once the queen resumes laying. The worker bees rotate through the cluster from the outside to the inside so that no bee gets too cold. The outside edges of the cluster stay at about 8–9 °C (46–48 °F). The colder the weather is outside, the more compact the cluster becomes. During winter, they consume their stored honey to produce body heat. The amount of honey consumed during the winter is a function of winter length and severity, but ranges in temperate climates from 15 to 25 kg
- 19. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 49 Seasonal cycles of activities in honey bee colony spring (Februray-April) • During early spring, the lengthening days and new sources of pollen and nectar stimulate brood rearing. The bees also gather water to regulate temperature and to liquefy thick or granulated honey in the preparation of brood food. The colony needs now the most honey! Drones will be absent or scarce at this time of the year. • Later in the spring, the population of the colony expands rapidly and the proportion of young bees increases. As the population increases, the field-worker force also increases. Field bees may collect nectar and pollen in greater amounts than are needed to maintain brood rearing, and surpluses of honey or pollen may accumulate). theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 50 Seasonal cycles of activities in honey bee colony summer (May-Juli) • As the days lengthen and the temperature continues to increase, the cluster expands further and drones are produced. With an increase in brood rearing and the accompanymg increase in adult bees, the nest area of the colony becomes crowded. More bees are evident at the entrance of the nest. A telltale sign of overcrowding is to see the bees crawl out and hang in a cluster around the en trance on a warm afternoon. • Combined with crowded conditions, the queen also increases drone egg laying in preparing for the natural division of the colony by swarming. In addition to rearing workers and drones, the bees also prepare to rear a new queen. A few larvae that would normally develop into worker bees are fed a special gland food called royal jelly, their cells are reconstructed to accommodate the larger queen, and her rate of development is speeded up. theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 51 Seasonal cycles of activities in honey bee colony autumn(August-Oktober) • In the fall a reduction in the amounts of nectar and pollen coming into the hive causes reduced brood rearing and diminishing population. Depending on the age and egg- laying condition of the queen, the proportion of old bees in the colony decreases. The young bees survive the winter, while the old ones gradually die. Propolis collected from the buds of trees is used to seal all cracks in the hive and reduce the size of the entrance to keep out cold air. • When nectar in the field becomes scarce, the workers drag the drones out of the hive and do not let them return, causing them to starve to death. Eliminating drones reduces the consumption of winter honey stores. When the temperature drops to 57° F, the bees begin to form a tight cluster. Within this cluster the brood (consisting of eggs, larvae, and pupae) is kept warm-about 93° F – with heat generated by the bees. The egg laying of the queen bee tapers off and may stop completely during October or November, even if pollen is stored in the combs. During cold winters, the colony is put to its severest test of endurance. Under subtropical, tropical, and mild winter conditions, egg laying and brood rearing usually never stop.
- 20. Biologie der Honigbiene theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 52 Waggle dance • distance information • compass information • give them a taste of the nectar theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 53 Social communiction • trophylaxis • harvesting workers presenting their „goods“ • if there are interested workers in the hive, they inform those (waggle dance) and so they can recruit many workers theoretical cours biology of the honey bees_2015 02 24 Andreas Reichart 54 Literature • https://agdev.anr.udel.edu/maarec/ • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee • http://www.bbka.org.uk/ • http://honeybee.drawwing.org/ • http://cyberbee.net/index.php/ • https://www.polarization.com/bees/bees.html • The anatomy of the honey bee; R.E. Snodgrass, 1910 • Der Schweizer Bienenvater, 2003