modern and 0ld method

1. APICULTURE
By Ahmed Mushtaq
Presented to
Miss Khizra Maqsood

2. Apiculture or bee-keeping is the technique of
rearing honey bees
For honey and wax from their comb or
beehives.
Selection of sites for quality honey and
protection of bees and combs from pests and
diseases are part of apiculture.

3. Apiculture is thought to have been practiced
as early as 13,000 BC. •
The medicinal importance of honey is
mentioned in QUARAN
Use of honey has also been mentioned in
religious scriptures like Vedas, Puranas,
Ramayana and Mahabharata. Tomb of
Pabasa(Dynasty 26th)Egypt 3

4. KINGDOM : ANIMALIA
CLASS : INSECTA
ORDER : HYMENOPTERA
FAMILY : APIDAE
GENUS : APIS

5. 1. Apis dorsata:
rock bee .giant bee and produces about 38
to 40 kg of honey per colony.
2 Apis indica:Indian bee.
The annual yield of honey is 2 to 5 kg per
colony.
3 Apis florea: little bee. It produces about 1
kg of honey per colony per year.
4 Apis mellifera: Italian bee. high amount of
honey produced, it is often reared by
beekeepers.

6. •1 queen
•50,000 very busy workers performing
various tasks
•300 drones
•9000 hungry larvae needing food.
•20,000 older larvae and pupae in
sealed wax cells, needing to be kept warm.
•6000 eggs from which new larvae will
hatch.

7. The main role of the honey bee queen, is to
lay thousands of eggs.
In order to be able to lay lots of eggs, she will
go off on multiple nuptial flights to mate
with different drones
If the honey bee queen lays too few eggs, her
workers will replace her with a new
queen. This is called 'supersedure’.
When the existing colony is large and it's time
to split it and establish a new colony, the
queen achieves this by swarming. When the
time is right, a new queen is produced in a
colony, so there are now 2 queens.
queens may lay up to 1,500 eggs per
day
250,000 eggs per year and possibly
possibly more than a million in her
in her lifetime.

8. The roles of workers vary depending
on their stage of life. Once the worker
bee emerges, she immediately gets to
work, removing waste from cells, and
adding a disinfecting material ready for
the new eggs.
After around 3 days, she becomes a brood
nurse, meaning that it is her job to feed
the larvae with pollen and honey.
After about 16 days, she will begin
secreting wax from her abdomen for
building hexagonal-shaped
honeycombs.
After about 20 days, she will perform
guard duties, defending the entrance of
the hive or nest from predators. Soon
after, she will begin foraging for nectar
and pollen to bring back to the hive.
Additional duties of worker bees include: fanning
the hive to regulate the temperature,
removing dead bees and larvae from the hive,
and carrying water to the hive.

9. Drones (males) perform the function
of mating with queens.
Males (drones) differ from females in that they
are slightly larger, and have bigger eyes.
Drones have no stinger, pollen baskets, or wax
glands
Drones become sexually mature about a week
after emerging and die instantly upon mating
Drones eat three times as much food as
workers
When cold weather begins in the fall and
pollen/nectar resources become scarce,
drones usually are forced out into the
cold and left to starve.

10. Methods of Bee-Keeping
1.Indigenous methods
2.Modern methods

11. Indigenous methods
Immovable structures
Small structures are made in protected places. During
construction of dwelling houses, small permanent
chambers are made in the outer wall of the house for
bees to build combs. Sometimes mud chambers are
constructed.
i. Orchid Hive
made of locally available materials stones available on
field; clay; chopped wheat straw
platform of stones plastered with mud and measuring
70 cm × 70 cm × 50 cm
An entrance hole of about 1.5 cm diameter is provided
in one of the lengths, for the easy movement of bees.
The top cover is made from sarkanda grass tied with
string and supported with strips of wood. It is
fashioned as a slopping roof to drain off water.

12. Indigenous methods
Movable structures
Bee chambers are made up of hollow
bags, empty wooden boxes, earthen
pots, etc. which can be moved from
place to place, and put in a suitable
location for the bees.

13. Drawbacks
1. Honey extraction is impure because at the time of
squeezing the brood cells, pollens and larvae is also
extracted
2. The colony become weak due to killing of eggs and larvae
at the time extraction
3. Formation of new Hive due to escaped bees require
extyra energy which affect the yield
4. Bees may not the Hivate the same hive its only the
matter of chance
5. no Selection of best bees

14. Common appliances for modern method
1. Typical movable hive
2. Queen excluder
3. Honey extractor
4. Uncapping knife
5. Other equipments

15. Typical movable hive
It is an artificial movable hive which made by
wooden box based on bee spacetheory.
The size and number of frames are variable
from hive to hive accordingto the need.
A small space is enough to permit the entrance
and exit of workers and drones but queen once
placed in hive never comes outside the hive.

16. Parts of Hive
6 Parts
i. Stand
ii. Bottom
board
iii. Brood
Chamber
iv. Supper
v. Inner Cover
vi. Top Cover
1. Stand-
It is the basal part of the hive on
which the whole hive is
constructed.The stands are
adjusted to make slope for the
hive. This slope helps the
rainwater to fall down quickly.
2. Bottom board
It is present above the stand and
forms the proper base forthe
hive having two gates in the
front position. One gate is for
entrance andthe other is for exit
purpose.

17. Parts of Hive
6 Parts
i. Stand
ii. Bottom board
iii. Brood
Chamber
iv. Supper
v. Inner Cover
vi. Top Cover
Brood Chamber
The bottom board carries the brood
chamber which is themost important
part of the bee hive. It is of large size
made up of 5 to 10frames. Each
frame contains a wax sheet bearing
hexagonal frames
hexagonal mark, the bees start
making wall and ultimately the
cells.These wad sheets are known as
comb foundation which attracts the
beesand provides the base for the
comb preparation on both the
sidesAlong with the marginof every

18. Parts of Hive
6 Parts
i. Stand
ii. Bottom board
iii. Brood
Chamber
iv. Supper
v. Inner Cover
vi. Top Cover
Super
It is without cover and the base. Super
is provided with many
framescontaining comb foundation to
provide additional space for expansion
ofthe hive.
Inner cover
It is a wooden piece used for the
covering of the super. Manyholes are
present for providing proper ventilation.
Top cover- Its purpose is to protect the
colony from rains. A plain andsloping
zinc sheet is fitted in the top cover.

19. Honey extractor
Honey extractor
It is used for extraction of honey from the frames
without damaging the comb. It consists of a metal drum
with several pockets around a rotating wheel. The
frames are hanged from the pockets and the pockets are
made to rotate round a central axis.
The centrifugal force created by rotation separates honey
from the comb which is collected in the drum. The
honey is taken out from the drum through a hole at the
bottom.- The combs and frames are again placed in the
hive.

20. Bee gloves:
Leather gloves are used to prevent bees from stinging
during handling of the comb and bees.
Bee veil:
A bee veil is required to cover neck, face and head of the
keeper during handling. Usually it is made of linen.
Smoker:
A smoker must be used while capturing bees in a hive.
Smoke from paper, wood and coconut cover makes the bees
inactive. There is fire box in a smoker in which smoke-
producing materials and fire are put. A bellow system is
fitted to blow the smoke.
Hive tool:
It is a long, narrow and flat piece of steel with a slightly
bent head to scrap away dirty materials deposited by bees
or some other factors.

21. 1. A strong colony can be developed by providing
sugar, syrup, pollensubstances to honey bees
2. Swarming of bees is checked by modern hive.
3. The same hive is used again and again so less
energy is wasted in makingthe hive on part of
bees and worker bees can pay more attention on
thehoney formation.
4. Hive can be transferred to other place under any
adverse climatic conditionsfor the protection of
the bees.
5. Comb can be protected from the enemies.
6. Pure honey can be obtained in large quantities.

22. 1. Honey
Honey is a nutritious food, rich in energy and vitamins. Our body
readily absorb sugar, minerals, vitamins and other materials from
honey.
•It is used as a carrier in ayurvedic and unani medicines.
•It acts as a laxative, antiseptic and sedative.
•It prevents cold, cough and fever.
•It is also used as a blood purifier.
•It is also used in religious ceremonies.
•It goes in the making of alcoholic drinks and beauty lotions.
•Another important use is in scientific research for making
bacterial cultures.
•It is also utilised for making poison baits for certain insect pests.

23. Wax
Generally bees consume about 10-20 kg of honey to
produce one kg of bee wax. Beeswax is secreted by the
wax glands located on the underside of the last four
abdominal segments of the worker bee.
•Making of traditional candles.
•Making pharmaceutical preparations like
ointments.
•It is also used in the manufacture of cosmetics
like face creams.
•Carbon papers are also mad with the help of bee
wax.
•In laboratories it is used in microtomy work to
prepare blood tissues.
•Preparation of varnishes and paints
•Water proofing and waxing of threads; and
•Formation of comb foundation

24. 1. https://www.buzzaboutbees.net/honeybees.html
2. https://canr.udel.edu/maarec/honey-bee-biology/the-colony-and-its-
organization/#:~:text=A%20honey%20bee%20colony%20typically,related%20to%20its%20adult%20age.
3. https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/farm_enterprises/fe_api_typesofhoneybee.html
4. https://www.notesonzoology.com/bees/apiculture-of-bees-meaning-and-methods-zoology/6553
5. https://www.studyandscore.com/studymaterial-detail/apiculture-production-of-honey-and-beehive-
products#:~:text=In%20the%20indigenous%20method%2C%20the,large%2Dscale%20production%20of%20honey.
6. https://egov.uok.edu.in/elearning/tutorials/1011020512BR15103CR15Apiculture%20Lac%20culture%20and%20%20sericult
ureapiculture%20lac%20culture%20and%20%20sericulture%20upload.pdf
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ePic3dtykk&ab_channel=NationalGeographic
8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAKkjD3nEv0&ab_channel=DeepLook
9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7U2_Y4blt-M&ab_channel=Don%27tMemorise
10. https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Apiculture+animation%5C
11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee
12. http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0cdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-
about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-10&cl=CL2.9&d=HASH083af43596dbe513371221.8.10&gt=1
13. https://www.davuniversity.org/images/files/study-
material/course%20code%20ZOO225%20Course%20name%20APICULTUREn%20Department%20Zoology.pdf