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Honey Bee Ppt.pptx
- 1. Honey bee: Ateacher of humanity 80% of insect crop pollination is accomplished by bees
- 3. • Chewing andlapping type of mouth part: • Antenna: Geniculate type(Elbow like) • Type of wings: Membranous • (Hymenoptera, Hymen+ membrane, ptera= wings) • Types of legs: Pollen collecting (Pollen basket and pollen comb) • Sting= modified ovipositor (Ovi= ova= eggs, positor= depositor) • Metamorphosis= Complete metamorphosis • Egg- Young ones(Larva- grub)- Pupa- Adult • Bee is a social insect
- 5. Different species ofbees: 1. The rock bee 2. The little bee 3. The Indian bee 4. The European bee/ Italian bee- Prof. Atwal 5. The Dammer bee/ Stingless bee 6. The Himalayan bee
- 6. Species of honeybee • Rock bee: (Apis dorsata)
- 7. • 1. Size:Largest species of the honey bees • 2. No. of comb- It builds single comb (Size of the comb- 6 ft long and 3 ft deep) • 3. Honey collection capacity: 37 kg/ year/ colony • 4. It is undomesticated (wild) species • 5. Behaviour- ferocious and irritable, typical type of hive (comb), habit of deserting the hives often. • 6. Place- Generally construct hive on the branches of trees, along sides of steep rocks and wall/ other parts of building.
- 8. • Little bee:(Apis florea)
- 9. • 1. Size- •2. No of comb/s: • 3. Honey collection capacity: 0.5 kg/ year/ colony • 4. Undomesticated species • 5. Behaviour: calm, frequently change their places • 6. Place: branches of bushes, hedges, caves, empty cases etc.
- 10. • Indian bee:(Apis indica/ A. cerana indica)
- 11. • 1. Size: •2. No. of comb/s- constructs many parallel combs • 3. 5 kg/year/ colony • Domesticated • They are more prone to swarming and absconding • Builds combs on trees and cavities in darkness.
- 12. • European/ Italianbee: (Apis mellifera)
- 13. • Size- • No.of comb/s • Honey collection capacity: 45- 180 Kg/ year/ col. • Domesticated • Behaviour- Swarm less, • Good honey gathering capacity, suitable for Indian climatic conditions • Places- cavities
- 14. • Stingless bee/Dammer bee (Trigona iridipennis):
- 15. • Size- itis different from the four species of bees in appearance and habits. • It is tiny with vestigial sting • The comb is made up of a dark material known as cerumen (it is a mixture of wax and earth / resin) • Very honey gathering capacity (100 grams/ year/ col.) • Domesticated • Honey is useful in ayurvedic medicines.
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- 17. • Head: • Triangular,Drone’s head is larger than queen and worker • Compound eyes and simple eyes • Ommatidia-
- 18. • No. ofommatidia- • Queen- 4000 • Worker- 5000 • Drone - 8000
- 19. Bee Vision Human: 700-400 nm range of spectrum Bee: 600- 300 nm range of spectrum 400-300 nm range includes ultraviolet light
- 20. • Antenna: • Geniculate: •Flagellar sub-segments • Female 10, Male 11 (sexual dimorphism) • Function: sense organ- tactile, olfactory, taste, even hearing
- 21. Mouthpart • Chewing andlapping type: • Lapping tongue/ proboscis: maxilla + labium Chewing and biting type
- 22. • Labrum- flaplike- • Mandibles- broad at the base and apex and narrowed in the middle, covered with hairs • Maxillae (Paired structure) • Labium Maxillo – labial complex/ lapping tongue Temporary feed canal: glossa, labial palpi and galea
- 23. Wings and wingcoupling mechanism A: hooks/ hamuli (25 hooks) B: groove Hamulate type of wing coupling:
- 24. • Fore wings-mesothorax • Hind wings- metathorax
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- 28. • Wax Glands:4 pairs of wax gland- ventral side of abdomen. • 4-7th abdominal segments • Oval polished area separated by a median space called as wax plates/ was mirror • Wax is removed by hind basitarsus then it is taken off by mandibles.
- 29. • Sting: modifiedovipositor supplied with poison. • INSTRUMENT OF DEFENCE. • Stings are associated with accessory glands found in female and these accessory glands are modified for the secretion of venom.
- 30. Internal Anatomy • 1.Digestive System
- 32. • Crop- honeystomach • Nectar get converted into honey in the presence of invertase • Sucrose-------------- levulose and dextrose • Proventriculus • Stomodeal valve- prevent the regurgitation of food from ventriculus to foregut • Ventriculus/ Mid gut • Malpighian tubules- • Pyloric valve-
- 33. • Salivary glands- •Two pairs • Cephalic salivary gland- head region • Thoracic salivary gland
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- 35. Respiratory system • TrachealSystem: 10 pairs of spiracles • Trachea- Spiracle
- 36. • Nervous system: •Central nervous system- Brain • Ganglia- • Nerve- • Neuron- • Synapse-
- 38. • Reproductive System: •Female reproductive system- 8-9 seg. Of abdomen • Male reproductive system- 9th ab. Segment • Spermatheca- • Excretory system:
- 40. • Propodeum- fusion1st seg of abdomen + metathorax • Petiole- 2nd seg of abdomen in bees is greatly constricted at its union with propodeum • Gaster- part of abdomen behind the propodeum • Female- 6 exposed segments • Male- 7 exposed segments
- 41. • Mandibular glands-paired structure • Position- at the base of mandibles • Outlets communicate with a groove and channel in mandibles • Function- secretion is supposed to be used for softening of wax.
- 42. • Lateral Pharyngealgland- • Position- head region • Function- production of royal jelly/ bee milk • Feeder bees- • Well developed in worker, vestigial in queen and absent in drone
- 43. Foraging • Act ofcollection of pollen, nectar, propolis and water by outdoor bees. • Forager bees/ Foraging bees- • 6.30- 8.00 am • Scout bees/ searcher bee- the bees that go out first to find out the new source of nectar, pollen etc. • Reticent bees- 50- 90% • Dancing language of bees-
- 44. Round dance 100 mtdistance from hive
- 45. Wagtail dance More than100 m. distance upto 1.5 km
- 46. • Scent gland-5-6 abdominal segment • Temperature range for foraging- 25-27 0C • 35% of its body weight • 6000 trips for collection of 500- 1000 mg of pollen • Karl von Frisch- Nobel prize - 1973
- 47. Evolution of sociallife 1. Single queen 2. Work for the mutual benefit of other 3. Hive mind/ Hive odour 4. Storage of food 5. Coordination of activities 6. Trophallaxis Honey flow season-
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- 49. • Queen: cellis constructed at lower border of comb, larger • Incubation period- laying of eggs- hatching- 3 days • Larval period- 5 days • Royal jelly- • Protein- 15- 18% • Lipids- 2-6% • Carbohydrates- 9- 18% • Ash- .7- 1.2%
- 50. Life history/ Biologyof bees: • Fertilized eggs- female – queen and worker • Unfertilized eggs- male- drone • Spermatheca- function is to store sperm in viable condition
- 51. • Pupal stage-7 days • Adult stage- 2-3 years Functions of queen- Pheromone: Ectodermal control:
- 52. • Workers: • Sterilefemale • Cells- situated at lower border of comb • Hexagonal cells are covered with flat cap • Life cycle • Incubation period- 3 days • Larval period- 4 days • (1ST DAY- ROYAL JELLY) • (Remaining three days- bee bread) • Bee bread- mixture honey and partially digested pollen
- 53. • Pupation- 11-12 days • Adult- 6- 9 weeks • Functions- • Maintaining the hive temp- 33- 36 0c- By nurse bee and older bees
- 54. • Drones: functionalmales • Unfertilized eggs • Drone cells (larva) are covered with convex cap with central hole. • INCUBATION FPERIOD: 3 DAYS • Larval period- 7 days • (First 3 days- royal jelly, remaining 4 days- bee bread) • Pupation- 13 days • Adult- 60 days • Functions-
- 55. • Colony ofbee is consist of three different castes- • Queen (Functional female) • Worker (Sterile female/ imperfectly developed female) • Drone (Functional male) • Average size- it consist of 20,000- 30,000 members • Queen-1 • Drones- few hundred • Worker- 90% of population
- 56. QUEEN BEE • Queencells are formed during Jan-Feb. • Larva excessively fed on royal jelly becomes the queen. • Queen survives for 2-3 years.
- 57. QUEEN BEE • Queenlays 1000-1500 eggs per day as per the requirement. • Queen regulates life in the hive and acts as the leader of the colony. • It is fed on royal jelly and is guarded by a few worker bees. • Young queens are preferred over old ones.
- 58. Selection of Queen •Young queen is preferred over the old ones to maintain healthy colony. • Young queen has the abdomen straight and shining while, in old queen it is bent and dull coloured. • Old queen show rat tailed movements.
- 59. WORKER BEE Longevity: 6wks-6months
- 60. • Life span-6 weeks • First 3 weeks- indoor duties- workers are called as indoor workers • Second 3 weeks- Outdoor duties- workers are called as outdoor workers- Foraging • Foraging- act of collection nectar, pollen, water and propolis by outdoor bees/ foraging bees.
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- 62. Drone management • Dronesare tolerated by workers till queen is mated. • Once queen is mated they are driven out after tearing their wings. • Drone trap can be used to remove drones.
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- 66. Bee Sting Bee stingswhen; • Adverse weather prevails, • Queen cells are formed, • Colony remains queen less for long time, • Shaking bees off the frame, • Any bee is injured while inspecting the box.
- 67. Honey bee language (Dancinglanguage)
- 68. Apiculture • Apiary: • History: •Sushrutha Samhita- about medicinal importance of honey • “ MY SON, EAT THOU HONEY BECAUSE IT IS GOOD AND THE HONEY COMB BECAUSE IT IS SWEET A TO THE TASTE” • Bee – tea: • Honey – tea:
- 69. • Migratory beekeeping:Egypt • Boxes : • Bee space: it is the space between two frames for bees to move about conveniently between the frames and it is too small to encourage bees for building the comb. • Langstroth: 1851- • 0.63 cm- A. indica • 0.79 cm A. mellifera • Movable frames:
- 70. • Pot hive: •Fr. Newton: 1919: • 1875- First World War- Golden ag of bee keeping
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