This document provides information about rearing the Braconid wasp Bracon hebetor. It discusses the life cycle and biology of B. hebetor, describing its parasitism of hosts like the Indian meal moth and wax moth. The document outlines techniques for mass rearing B. hebetor, including using last instar wax moth or Indian meal moth larvae as hosts in plastic jars, providing honey solution as food and allowing the wasps to parasitize, lay eggs on, and develop within the host larvae. Rearing is done at optimal temperature, humidity and photoperiod conditions to support the full life cycle from egg to adult wasp.
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
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where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
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The adult as well as the larval cryptolaemus feed on all stages of mealy bugs.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
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In this presentation you will come to learn (or) you will learn about the different types of fungicides and its application towards plants in the Sevier infestation of the plant diseases in an particular crop. and also you will come to learn about the different AGRO-CHEMICALS used for eradication of the particular plant diseases. and also you will come to know about the different FUNGICIDES mixtures & AGRO-CHEMICAL mixtures used for curing an particular plant disease or an diseases as a whole.
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Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) an agricultural pest has been recorded to feed on more than 180 cultivated and wild plant species. The cotton bollworm is a threat to intensive agriculture. Its economic importance as a pest is exaggerated due to its direct violence on fruiting construction, voracious feeding habit, high mobility and fecundity, as well as adaptable in nature. Annual losses due to this pest worldwide are estimated in billions of dollars. Helicoverpa armigera is a serious polyphagous plant pest-made invasion all over the world and now still occupying many continents. It is the only highly serious quarantine agricultural pest for several countries. Helicoverpa armigera. Polyphagous pest The young larva feeds on tender leaves, buds, flowers. Bores into the pods and feeds on the seeds. A single larva may destroy 30-40 pods before it reaches maturity.
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IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT PARASITOIDS
A parasitoid is an insect living on or in the body of another insect, called the host from which it gets protection and food during its immature stage and the adults are free living.
In a typical case, eggs are laid on or in the body of the host, the larvae feed on the body contents of the host, pupate either inside or on the host body and emerge as adults.
The hosts are not killed immediately. Most of the parasitoids belong to Hymenoptera (90%) and Diptera (10%).
type of parasitism
Superparasitism:-
When more than one adult of the same species attack the host.
Eg:-Trichospilus pupivara -opisina arenosella
Multiparasitism:-
More than one species attack the host
Eg:-Bethylids and braconids - o.arenosella
Hyperparasitism:-
When a parasitiod is attacked by another parasitiod.
Eg:- Aphid - Aphidius -asaphess
Most insect parasitoid are waps and flies
Most of parasitoides belong to -hymenoptera and diptera
1.Hymenoptera
The ovipositor originates and protrudes ventrally from the abdomen and is used to insert eggs into their hosts. There are three super families.
a) Super Family : ICHNEUMONOIDEA
* Possess long and filiform antennae
* Wings are veined
Example - Family : ICHNEUMONIDAE
Family : BRACONIDAE
b) Super Family : CHALCIDOIDEA
* Mostly smallest parasitoids and gregarious
* Antennae geniculate
* Abdomen very short or globular with very slender propodeum
* Wings without veins
example-Family : CHALCIDIDAE
Family : TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE
Family : EULOPHIDAE
c) Super family : BETHYLOIDEA
* Smaller than Icheneumonoidea and larger than Chalcidoidea
example- Family : BETHYLIDAE
* Eg. Parasierola (= Goniozus) nephantidis, a larval parasitoid on O. arenosella
2) Order : DIPTERA
Family : TACHINIDAE
* Eg. Sturmiopsis inferens, a larval parasitoid on sugarcane shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus
* Large bristle flies
* Eggs may be macrotype or microtype
* Macrotype eggs are laid directly on the host's body usually attached to the neck region by a glutinous secretion
* Eg. Spoggosia bezziana on O. arenosella
* Microtype eggs are laid on the host plant and the host larvae feeding on the plant tissue ingest them
Predators
predators kill and feed on several to many individual prey during their lifetimes.
Many species of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles prey extensively on insects.
Predatory beetles, flies, lacewings, true bugs (Order Hemiptera), and wasps feed on various pest insects or mites.
Most spiders feed entirely on insects.
Predatory mites that feed primarily on pest spider mites include Amblyseius spp., Neoseiulus spp., and the western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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3. Outline
Introduction to Braconids
Introduction to Bracon hebetor
Rearing Techniques of Braconids
Mass Rearing of Bracon hebetor on wax moth
Mass Rearing of Bracon hebetor on Meal Moth
Conclusion
4. Introduction to Braconids
The Braconidae is one of the
famous family among the families
of parasitoid wasp.
After the Ichneumonidae, braconidae
is the second largest family in the
order Hymenoptera.
Approximately 17,000 recognized
species and many thousands more are
undescribed.
5. Classification
Braconidae divide at present into about 47 subfamilies
and over 1000 genra.Which includes Aphidius,
Apenteles, Bracon, Cotesia, and Opius
Hosts
Thousands species of insects are used as hosts by
braconid wasps.
Few examples are given below :
Asian Corn Borer African Sugarcane Borer Tomato Hornworm
6. Bracon Hebetor
Bracon hebetor is a minute Braconidae wasp.
It is an internal parasite to
•The caterpillar stages of Plodia interpunctella (Indian
Meal Moth)
• In the larval stage of Mediterranean flour moth
• The almond moth and many others
7. Life Cycle & Biology
At 30 ºC, The Life cycle of the wasp is about 10-
13 days from initial parasitism to final
emergence of the adult.
The adult female parasite lives about 23 days
and lays about 100 eggs.
It deposits 1-8 eggs in moth larvae.
8. •Freshly laid eggs are creamy white and translucent later.
•Eggs are spindle shape, slightly curved and loosely
attached to the surface of the host body 0.6mm long.
•Hatch in 1-2 days.
Life Cycle & Biology
9. •The mature larvae are creamy white in colour.
•Lives inside the host body.
•The length of larvae is 0.4mm.
•The larval duration is 2-4 days.
Life Cycle & Biology
10. Pupation takes place outside the host body
with in a white coloured cocoon.
The mature pupae are dark brown
The length of pupal cocoon is 3.3-4.1mm
The pupal duration is 4-6 days.
Life Cycle & Biology
11. Adult: The color variation is yellowish is brown to
dark brown or black.
The body length of female is larger than male.
The length of adult male is 2-3mm and female is
about 3-4mm.
Male has large antennae.
Life Cycle & Biology
Male
Female
14. Mode of Action
•Bracon hebetor larva releases an enzyme in gut
of caterpillar.
•It destroys the blood protiens and body fluid of
that larve.
15. Economic Importance
It is the biological control of a large number of
moth larvae of stored grain and crop insect
pests.
16. REARING ON WAX MOTH
Habrobracon hebetor is an ecto
parsitoid that attacks many
species, greatly wax moth larvae.
One of the best studied parasitic
wasp in storage areas.
Paralyzing the free living larvae
by sting, after that immediately
stop eating.
In this way parasitic wasp secure
many larvae and then starts egg
laying.
17. Galleria mellonella (wax moth) is an
important pest of the honey bee.
Larval stage of wax moth feed on honey, pollen and wax
produced by honey bees.
Wax moth is used in entomological studies because of its
nutritional needs, ecological adaptation and developmental
characteristics.
Use as a host for rearing many hymenoptera species.
18. METHOD OF REARING
Maas rearing of Bracon hebetor undertakes in laboratory.
Last instar (5th-6th instars) larvae of wax moth are released into
the plastic 1000ml jars at 200 larvae/jar.
A paper sheet is placed in the jar for pupation.
Full fed larvae took position onto the corrugated paper sheet.
About 50 B hebetor (35 female ,15 male) released in plastic jar
Honey solution on cotton bolls is provided as food.
19. The opening of the jar closed with black cloth.
The wax moth larvae and B. hebetor are kept on for 8-10
days.
For paralyzing, parasitizing, ovipositing and subsequently
pupation followed by adult.
Female bracon lay its eggs on the outside of larval body.
Young wasp larvae feed on the moth larva of which only
the dried up shell remains.
Afterwards, the wasp larvae form mini silk cocoons from
which a new generation of beneficial insects hatches.
25-30 C temperature is required for rearing purpose.
21. INTRODUCTION
(INDIAN MEAL MOTH)
Indian meal moth IMM is a very destructive pest of many
stored grain products.
T.N : Plodia interpunctella
(Pyrallidae; Lepidoptera)
Alternate names are:
( Weevile moth, Flour moth and Pantry moth)
www.google.com
Plodia
interpunctella
22. INTRO…
Bracon hebetor is reared on Indian Meal Moth (Plodia
interpunctella) in labouratory.
Considered as bio-control agent of P. interpunctella.
Generally IMM is parasitized by female Bracon hebetor,
moth larvae are used as food for developing Bracon
hebetor
www.google.com
23. ORIGIN AND REQUIRMENTS OF
PARASITOID
Bracon hebetor is collected from the stored grain
products associated with Indian Meal Moth.
Parasitoids: mass reared on last instar of IMM.
Physical Requirements
Temperature =29 oC Relative Humidity = 60-70%
Photo-period= 14:10 (L:D)
25. REARING PROCESS
Bracon hebetor
Kept in plastic yogurt cubs that are fitted into Glass jar.
Metal screen are used for
Better aeration
Safe & easy handling
Aeration is also necessary for controlling the grain
temperature.
26. MECHANISM OF PARASITIZING
THE HOST
Sting the host
Paralyze the host
Oviposition on/near the body of host
White cylinder shaped eggs, singly in variable
numbers.
Fourish on host body( last-instar larvae)
Color changed from greenish/pinkish to brown
Kill the host
28. AUGMENTATIVE RELEASE
Stick eggs on cardboard and sticky bands.
Kept these sticky bands in stored grain bins
After emergence, they paralyze and kill the host.
Female significantly parasitize the host (Plodia
interpunctella).
Greater the no. of host greater will be the rate of
parasitoids and parasitism.