The document discusses beamforming antennas and their applications. It begins by outlining beamforming concepts and configurations like phased arrays and adaptive arrays. It then discusses applications of beamforming antennas in areas like radar, sonar, communications and imaging. Specific examples covered include phased array radar, neuronal spike sorting, and smart antenna systems for wireless networks. Vector antennas and their advantages over phased arrays are also summarized. Finally, the document discusses potential uses and challenges of beamforming antennas for wireless ad hoc networks.
1) A log periodic antenna is a multi-element directional antenna designed to operate over a wide band of frequencies through elements that increase logarithmically in length and spacing.
2) It functions as a broadband antenna through impedance and radiation characteristics that regularly repeat on a logarithmic scale with frequency.
3) Key applications of log periodic antennas include UHF terrestrial television, HF communications where wide bandwidth is needed, and EMC measurements requiring scans over broad frequency ranges.
Signal Processing Algorithms for MIMO Radarsansam77
The document outlines Chun-Yang Chen's candidacy presentation on signal processing algorithms for MIMO radar. It begins with a review of MIMO radar and space-time adaptive processing (STAP). It then proposes a new MIMO-STAP method, including formulations, representations of clutter signals, and simulations. The conclusion discusses future work. Key points covered include MIMO radar transmitting orthogonal waveforms, using antenna arrays for beamforming to control directionality digitally, and adapting beams to interference.
This document describes the design and validation of a multi-band reconfigurable antenna for wireless applications. The antenna design was simulated in HFSS and validated through switching of two pin diodes to achieve operation at four frequency bands (1.8 GHz, 5.75 GHz, 8.62 GHz, 2.48 GHz, 5.14 GHz, 6.21 GHz) corresponding to different diode switching configurations. Key antenna parameters like return loss, gain, radiation patterns and efficiency were evaluated for each frequency band to verify correct antenna operation. The antenna is suitable for applications such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WLAN and WiMAX depending on the diode switching configuration.
Scattering Model for Vegetation Canopies and Simulation of Satellite Navigati...Frank Schubert
This document summarizes Frank Schubert's Ph.D. defense on developing a scattering model for vegetation canopies and simulating satellite navigation channels. Schubert's research involved institutions including Aalborg University, the German Aerospace Center, and the European Space Agency. The research aims to analyze wave scattering by trees and evaluate signal tracking in multipath-prone environments through simulation. Previous work on scattering models is reviewed. The contents of Schubert's thesis are outlined, including developing a wideband channel model and performing measurements. Simulation results using the developed Satellite Navigation Channel Simulator are presented for different scenarios. The scattering model treats vegetation as scattering volumes filled with point scatterers. Time-variant channel responses and transfer functions are derived
Dual-hop Variable-Gain Relaying with Beamforming over 휿−흁 Shadowed Fading Cha...zeenta zeenta
Dual-hop relaying with beamforming is studied under 휅−휇 shadowed fading environments. Exact and asymptotic results for the outage probability and average capacity are derived.
Effects of shadowing on the system performance are analyzed in different scenarios
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The document discusses beamforming antennas and their applications. It begins by outlining beamforming concepts and configurations like phased arrays and adaptive arrays. It then discusses applications of beamforming antennas in areas like radar, sonar, communications and imaging. Specific examples covered include phased array radar, neuronal spike sorting, and smart antenna systems for wireless networks. Vector antennas and their advantages over phased arrays are also summarized. Finally, the document discusses potential uses and challenges of beamforming antennas for wireless ad hoc networks.
1) A log periodic antenna is a multi-element directional antenna designed to operate over a wide band of frequencies through elements that increase logarithmically in length and spacing.
2) It functions as a broadband antenna through impedance and radiation characteristics that regularly repeat on a logarithmic scale with frequency.
3) Key applications of log periodic antennas include UHF terrestrial television, HF communications where wide bandwidth is needed, and EMC measurements requiring scans over broad frequency ranges.
Signal Processing Algorithms for MIMO Radarsansam77
The document outlines Chun-Yang Chen's candidacy presentation on signal processing algorithms for MIMO radar. It begins with a review of MIMO radar and space-time adaptive processing (STAP). It then proposes a new MIMO-STAP method, including formulations, representations of clutter signals, and simulations. The conclusion discusses future work. Key points covered include MIMO radar transmitting orthogonal waveforms, using antenna arrays for beamforming to control directionality digitally, and adapting beams to interference.
This document describes the design and validation of a multi-band reconfigurable antenna for wireless applications. The antenna design was simulated in HFSS and validated through switching of two pin diodes to achieve operation at four frequency bands (1.8 GHz, 5.75 GHz, 8.62 GHz, 2.48 GHz, 5.14 GHz, 6.21 GHz) corresponding to different diode switching configurations. Key antenna parameters like return loss, gain, radiation patterns and efficiency were evaluated for each frequency band to verify correct antenna operation. The antenna is suitable for applications such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WLAN and WiMAX depending on the diode switching configuration.
Scattering Model for Vegetation Canopies and Simulation of Satellite Navigati...Frank Schubert
This document summarizes Frank Schubert's Ph.D. defense on developing a scattering model for vegetation canopies and simulating satellite navigation channels. Schubert's research involved institutions including Aalborg University, the German Aerospace Center, and the European Space Agency. The research aims to analyze wave scattering by trees and evaluate signal tracking in multipath-prone environments through simulation. Previous work on scattering models is reviewed. The contents of Schubert's thesis are outlined, including developing a wideband channel model and performing measurements. Simulation results using the developed Satellite Navigation Channel Simulator are presented for different scenarios. The scattering model treats vegetation as scattering volumes filled with point scatterers. Time-variant channel responses and transfer functions are derived
Dual-hop Variable-Gain Relaying with Beamforming over 휿−흁 Shadowed Fading Cha...zeenta zeenta
Dual-hop relaying with beamforming is studied under 휅−휇 shadowed fading environments. Exact and asymptotic results for the outage probability and average capacity are derived.
Effects of shadowing on the system performance are analyzed in different scenarios
The analysis results is general that it includes many special cases.
Design of Rectangular Shaped Slotted Micro Strip Antenna for Triple Frequency...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a rectangular microstrip antenna with triple frequency operation for wireless applications. It was designed on an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 46x38x1.6mm. Two rectangular slots were etched inside the patch to achieve operation at three different frequencies - GSM (1.834-1.858GHz), Bluetooth (2.422-2.487GHz), and WiMAX (3.519-3.583GHz). The antenna design was simulated using EM simulation software to analyze parameters such as reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, efficiency and impedance at the operating frequencies. Simulation results showed good impedance matching and performance across the three bands.
Mimo radar detection in compound gaussian clutter using orthogonal discrete f...ijma
This paper proposes orthogonal Discrete Frequency Coding Space Time Waveforms (DFCSTW) for
Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) radar detection in compound Gaussian clutter. The proposed
orthogonal waveforms are designed considering the position and angle of the transmitting antenna when
viewed from origin. These orthogonally optimized show good resolution in spikier clutter with Generalized
Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) detector. The simulation results show that this waveform provides better
detection performance in spikier Clutter.
This document summarizes key concepts in radar imaging and measurement using radar. It discusses real-aperture ground imaging radar and how resolution varies with distance. It also covers radar altimetry and how altitude is measured. Finally, it describes techniques for signal integration like coherent integration, which improves signal-to-noise ratio by combining signals while maintaining their phase information.
This document provides information on designing satellite communication links. It discusses key factors that influence system design such as frequency band, propagation effects, and multiple access techniques. The performance objectives and parameters of earth stations and satellites are outlined. Methods for calculating noise temperature, link budgets, and overall C/N ratio are presented. The document provides examples of designing links using different satellite systems and frequency bands.
An earth station is a type of radio equipment used to communicate with satellites from Earth's surface. It transmits and receives radio waves in extremely high frequency bands to communicate with geosynchronous satellites. Larger antenna apertures are needed for earth stations to achieve higher gains and narrower beam widths for better reception and transmission of signals. The key components of an earth station include a feed, reflector, transmission lines, control system, and power supply. The control system uses an antenna control unit and drive unit to precisely orient the antenna based on signals from a satellite beacon.
In a dense wireless network where sensor nodes run on batteries it is essential for the continued running of the network, to be able to accurately locate and identify nodes that need battery replacement. Accurate localization of nodes is also necessary for the correlation of sensed data with position in the environment covered by the network. In this paper a new approach to node localization which is fine grained, rangebased, anchor free and GPS free, is presented which is cheap in hardware components and cheap in software computation. It concerns the localization of cluster nodes relative to the cluster head and is suitable for cases of stationary or slow moving nodes. The method is demonstrated for a simple one-level wireless network.
An Overview of Array Signal Processing and Beam Forming TechniquesAn Overview...Editor IJCATR
For use as hydrophones, projectors and underwater microphones, there is always a need for calibrated sensors. Overview of
multi path and effect of reflection on acoustic sound signals due to various objects is required prior to finding applications for different
materials as sonar domes, etc. There is also a need to overview multi sensor array processing for many applications like finding
direction of arrival and beam forming. Real time data acquisition is also a must for such applications.
1) The document describes using a Chebyshev filter to remove noise from radar signal data to obtain a clear picture of the radar target track for display. Chebyshev filters have steeper roll-off and more ripple than Butterworth filters but minimize error between the ideal and actual frequency response.
2) The radar signal is passed through a designed 5th order Chebyshev filter with parameters like passband frequency and ripple defined. This significantly increases the signal-to-noise ratio from 10.0085dB to over 10.06dB.
3) The pole-zero plot shows the Chebyshev filter poles lie on an ellipse to minimize frequency response errors over the passband range, with ripp
MO4.L09 - POTENTIAL AND LIMITATIONS OF FORWARD-LOOKING BISTATIC SARgrssieee
This document discusses the potential and limitations of forward-looking bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR). It describes the bistatic geometry and iso-range and iso-Doppler contours in the bistatic case. It also details an experiment using TerraSAR-X and PAMIR SAR to image in the forward and backward directions and demonstrates the feasibility of bistatic forward-looking SAR. Resolution analysis and experimental results showing raw data, range compressed data, and comparison to optical images are also presented.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in wireless communication systems. It outlines the main elements of a wireless system including the transmitter, frequency spectrum, modulation, antenna, propagation medium, and receiver. It also discusses wireless history, services, frequency bands, antenna characteristics, signal attenuation and noise. Common modulation techniques like AM, FM, ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM are introduced. The document also covers concepts of multipath propagation, signal-to-noise ratio, and multiplexing methods including TDM, FDM and CDMA.
Presentation made by Prof. Adriano Camps (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) at ICMARS 2010 (India, 16-December-2010) on the MIRAS instrument aboard ESA's SMOS mission.
HIAST-Ayman Alsawah Lecture on Multiple-Antenna Techniques in Advanced Mobile...Ayman Alsawah
This document discusses multiple-antenna techniques. It begins by explaining why multiple antennas can be used to enhance signal-to-noise ratio through spatial diversity or beamforming gain, and to enhance bit rate through spatial multiplexing. It then covers various multiple-antenna configurations and techniques including single-user and multi-user MIMO, transmit diversity methods like space-time block coding, and receive diversity methods like selection combining, equal gain combining and maximum ratio combining. Beamforming using antenna arrays to synthesize radiation patterns is also discussed.
The document is a lecture on radar antennas and discusses various antenna scanning techniques. It begins with an overview of radar systems and the radar equation. It then covers antenna fundamentals and different types of mechanical, electronic and hybrid scanning antennas used in radar systems. The lecture outlines electronic scanning with phased arrays, including linear and planar array beamforming. It discusses controlling the array pattern through element excitation phases and amplitudes. Properties of linear arrays like beamwidth and sidelobes are also covered. The document provides examples of increasing array gain by adding more elements.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes the design of a microstrip patch antenna with circular and step-shaped slots for S-band applications. A rectangular patch antenna with coaxial feed and step slots on four sides and a circular slot in the center is proposed. The antenna is simulated in HFSS and achieves a return loss of -38.42 dB at 3.73 GHz. The antenna has a 2D gain of 7.59 dB, elliptical polarization, and radiation patterns that make it suitable for weather radar applications in the S-band frequency range.
1. The document discusses multi-carrier transmission over mobile radio channels. It introduces OFDM and describes how multipath reception affects different modulation techniques.
2. It then discusses receivers for OFDM and MC-CDMA, including synchronous MC-CDMA receivers that use FFT processing followed by weighting and code despreading.
3. The effects of Doppler spread on OFDM and MC-CDMA are analyzed, including intercarrier interference and its impact on BER performance in mobile channels. The channel is modeled using a Taylor expansion of the time-varying amplitude.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
A multiple C-shaped microstrip patch antenna system is presented to provide wide coverage for wireless applications. The system consists of five C-shaped patch antennas fed by a coplanar waveguide network. The antennas and feeding network are fabricated on an FR4 substrate that is 1.6mm thick with a relative permittivity of 4.4. Modeling and simulation using HFSS electromagnetic simulator shows the system provides multiple resonance frequencies at 2.4GHz for applications such as DCS, MCS, WLAN, and WiMAX. Simulation results demonstrate return losses of 20dB at 6.7GHz, 10dB at 4.4GHz and 14dB at 1.8GHz, obtaining frequency bands of 1.7-
An antenna is a passive structure that serves as a transition between a transmission line and air used to transmit and/or receive electromagnetic waves. Antennas can be divided into two groups: wire antennas such as dipoles, loops, and Yagi-Uda antennas, and aperture antennas such as parabolic, horns, and microstrip antennas. Key antenna parameters include radiation pattern, directivity, gain, beamwidth, impedance, effective area, and polarization.
This document discusses different types of antennas used in wireless communication systems. It begins with an introduction to antennas and their basic parameters. The document then covers the history of antenna development. Several common antenna types are described, including Yagi-Uda antennas, log-periodic antennas, horn antennas, loop antennas, and parabolic antennas. Each antenna type is defined along with its advantages and applications. The document concludes that antennas play an important role in converting signals for transmission and reception in modern wireless technologies.
The document discusses different types of antennas used in wireless communication. It describes antennas such as dipole antennas, horn antennas, parabolic dish antennas, and antenna arrays. Dipole antennas are simple and widely used. They consist of two conductive elements that transmit and receive electromagnetic waves. Horn antennas guide radio waves into a beam but have limited directivity. Parabolic dish antennas have high gain and directivity due to their distinctive parabolic shape. Antenna arrays combine the radiation patterns of individual antenna elements to provide benefits such as high gain and directivity.
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This document provides information on designing satellite communication links. It discusses key factors that influence system design such as frequency band, propagation effects, and multiple access techniques. The performance objectives and parameters of earth stations and satellites are outlined. Methods for calculating noise temperature, link budgets, and overall C/N ratio are presented. The document provides examples of designing links using different satellite systems and frequency bands.
An earth station is a type of radio equipment used to communicate with satellites from Earth's surface. It transmits and receives radio waves in extremely high frequency bands to communicate with geosynchronous satellites. Larger antenna apertures are needed for earth stations to achieve higher gains and narrower beam widths for better reception and transmission of signals. The key components of an earth station include a feed, reflector, transmission lines, control system, and power supply. The control system uses an antenna control unit and drive unit to precisely orient the antenna based on signals from a satellite beacon.
In a dense wireless network where sensor nodes run on batteries it is essential for the continued running of the network, to be able to accurately locate and identify nodes that need battery replacement. Accurate localization of nodes is also necessary for the correlation of sensed data with position in the environment covered by the network. In this paper a new approach to node localization which is fine grained, rangebased, anchor free and GPS free, is presented which is cheap in hardware components and cheap in software computation. It concerns the localization of cluster nodes relative to the cluster head and is suitable for cases of stationary or slow moving nodes. The method is demonstrated for a simple one-level wireless network.
An Overview of Array Signal Processing and Beam Forming TechniquesAn Overview...Editor IJCATR
For use as hydrophones, projectors and underwater microphones, there is always a need for calibrated sensors. Overview of
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materials as sonar domes, etc. There is also a need to overview multi sensor array processing for many applications like finding
direction of arrival and beam forming. Real time data acquisition is also a must for such applications.
1) The document describes using a Chebyshev filter to remove noise from radar signal data to obtain a clear picture of the radar target track for display. Chebyshev filters have steeper roll-off and more ripple than Butterworth filters but minimize error between the ideal and actual frequency response.
2) The radar signal is passed through a designed 5th order Chebyshev filter with parameters like passband frequency and ripple defined. This significantly increases the signal-to-noise ratio from 10.0085dB to over 10.06dB.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes the design of a microstrip patch antenna with circular and step-shaped slots for S-band applications. A rectangular patch antenna with coaxial feed and step slots on four sides and a circular slot in the center is proposed. The antenna is simulated in HFSS and achieves a return loss of -38.42 dB at 3.73 GHz. The antenna has a 2D gain of 7.59 dB, elliptical polarization, and radiation patterns that make it suitable for weather radar applications in the S-band frequency range.
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2. Outline
Phased Array Antennas
Vector Antennas
Beamforming antennas for WLAN
Conclusion
Introduction
Beamforming and its applications
Beamforming antennas vs. omnidirectional antennas
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation
Beamforming
Basic configurations: fixed array and adaptive array
smart antenna systems:switched array and adaptive array
DOA and polarization
super CART
3-loop and 2-loop vector antenna array
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation
Vector antenna vs. phased array antenna
Infrastructure mode
An indoor WLAN design
Ad hoc mode
Ad hoc WLAN for rural
area
3. Applications Description
RADAR Phased array RADAR; air traffic control; synthetic
aperture RADAR
SONAR Source location and classification
Communications Smart antenna systems; Directional transmission and
reception; sector broadcast in satellite communications
Imaging Ultrasonic; optical; tomographic
Geophysical Exploration Earth crust mapping; oil exploration
Astrophysical Exploration High resolution imaging of universe
Biomedical Neuronal spike discrimination; fetal heart monitoring;
tissue hyperthermia; hearing aids
Source: B.D.Van Veen and K.M. Buckley, University of Michigan, “Beamforming: A
Versatile approach to spatial filtering”,1988
Applications of beamforming technology
5. Phased array spike sorting
0.139
0.544
−
Ey 1n t
( )
1.2 10
4
×
0 t
0.056
0.205
−
Ey 2n t
( )
1.2 10
4
×
0 t
0.042
0.187
−
Ey 3n t
( )
1.2 10
4
×
0 t
Sorted
Spike of
individual
neurons.
1
2
3
4
1
6
5
6
7
8
9
1
4
1
5
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
0
0.139
0.534
−
Rn 3 t
,
( )
1.2 10
4
×
0 t
0.183
0.539
−
Rn 5 t
,
( )
1.2 10
4
×
0 t
0.147
0.534
−
Rn 7 t
,
( )
1.2 10
4
×
0 t
0.147
0.534
−
Rn 9 t
,
( )
1.2 10
4
×
0 t
0.183
0.539
−
Rn 11 t
,
( )
1.2 10
4
×
0 t
0.139
0.534
−
Rn 13 t
,
( )
1.2 10
4
×
0 t
0.14
0.534
−
Rn 1 t
,
( )
1.2 10
4
×
0 t
0.148
0.534
−
Rn 15 t
,
( )
1.2 10
4
×
0 t
Neuronal
spikes
recorded by
electrode
array
Phased
array
spike
sorting
system
Center for Computational Biology, MSU
6. Patterns, beamwidth & Gain
Isotropic dipole
top
view(horizontal)
side
view(vertical)
half-wave dipole beamformer
2
1/
φ
Half-power
beam width
Half-power
beam width
Half-power
beam width
Main lobe
side lobes
nulls
2
1/
θ
78°
7. Beamformers vs. omnidirectional antennas
1) Beamformers have much higher Gain than omnidirectional antennas:
Increase coverage and reduce number of antennas!
Gain:
2
1
N
G
GN
=
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
6
4
2
0
6
9.961 10
7
−
×
Field 6 0
, φ
,
( )
Field 2 0
, φ
,
( )
Field 1 0
, φ
,
( )
φ
8. Beamformers vs. omnidirectional antennas
2) Beamformers can reject interference while omnidirectional
antennas can’t: Improve SNR and system capacity!
3) Beamformers directionally send down link information to the
users while omnidirectional antennas can’t: save energy!
user
interference
user
interference
null
9. Beamformers vs. omnidirectional antennas
user user
null
multipath
4) Beamformers provide N-fold diversity Gain of omnidirectional antennas:
increase system capacity(SDMA)
5) Beamformers suppress delay spread:improve signal quality
13. phased array (fixed/adaptive) configuration-frequency domain
Basic phased array configurations
…
…
…
sN(k)
s2(k)
s1(k)
.
.
.
-
+
I
F
F
T
MSE
F
F
T
w*N
w*2
w*1
∑
)
(k
y
)
(t
d
F
F
T
F
F
T
F
F
T
broadband
.
.
.
16. user 1
Interference 1
top view(horizontal)
user 2
Smart antenna systems
Interference 2
Adaptive array
17. Smart antenna system
www.vivato.net
12°
100°
In door range
(Mixed Office)
11 Mbps: up to 300m
5.5 Mbps: up to 400m
2 Mbps: up to 500m
1 Mbps: up to 600m
Out door range
(outdoor to indoor)
11 Mbps: up to 1.00km
5.5 Mbps: up to 1.25km
2 Mbps: up to 2.00km
1 Mbps: up to 2.50km
Out door range
(outdoor to outdoor)
11 Mbps: up to 4.20km
5.5 Mbps: up to 5.10km
2 Mbps: up to 6.00km
1 Mbps: up to 7.20km
Active user per switch 100
Example: Vivato 2.4 GHz indoor & outdoor Wi-Fi Switches
(EIRP=44dBm;Gain=25 dBi;3-beam)
22. Vector antennas vs. spatial array antennas
Vector antennas measure: φ,θ,γ,η, and power simultaneously,
no phase shift device, or synchronization is needed.
Phased array antennas with omnidirectional element measure:
φ,θ, and power
24. Vector antennas vs. spatial array antennas
Phased array antennas: spatial ambiguities exist
2
2
1
1 φ
f
φ
f sin
sin =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
… …
k
φ
k
φ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
… …
1
φ
2
φ
P
η
γ
θ
φ ,
,
,
,
h
,
h
,
h
,
e
,
e
,
e z
y
x
z
y
x ⇒
Vector antenna: no ambiguities for DOA estimation
25. Vector antennas Vs. phased array antennas
Disadvantages of vector antennas
Cheap?
Can use hardware and software of existing communication
systems for performance?
f=2.4GHz, λ =0.125m; vector antenna size: 0.0125m ~ 0.063m
Phased array:d≤ λ/2=0.063m;L=(N-1)d: 0.188m-0.69m(N=4…12)
f=800MHz, λ =0.375m; antenna size: 0.04m ~ 0.19m
Phased array:d≤ λ/2=0.19m;L=(N-1)d: 0.56m-2.06m(N=4…12)
Low profile?
26. source:M.R. Andrews et al., Nature, Vol. 409(6818), 18 Jan. 2001, pp 316-318.
Working in scattering environment
29. Packet switching: 3 beam system
top view(horizontal)
i
i
i
P
P
P
d 1
1 −
+ −
=
P. Sanchis, et al. 02
i
P
1
−
i
P
1
+
i
P
φ
Δ
φ
Δ
( )
( )
>
⋅
−
−
<
⋅
+
−
<
⋅
+
−
=
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
d
φ
d
φ
d
φ
d
φ
d
φ
d
φ
φ
i
i
i
DOA
),
/
Δ
(
/
),
/
Δ
(
),
/
Δ
(
/
ˆ
max
max
max
30. An indoor WLAN design
A 4-story office building (including basement), high 30 m, wide 60m and long 100m. We
plan to install a Vivato switched array on the 3rd floor.
L=100m
h=30m
w=60m
Switched array
3
2
1
Basement
31. An indoor WLAN design
Data rate 1Mbps, 2Mbps, 5.5Mbps, 11Mbps
AP’s EIEP 44dBm
AP’s antenna Gain GA 25 dBi
PC antenna Gain GP 0 dBi
Shadowing 8dB
AP’s antenna receiving sensitivity Smin -95dBm ,-92dBm, ,-89dBm, -86dBm
AP’s Noise floor -178dBm/Hz
Body/orientation loss 2dB
Soft partition attenuate factor (p= number) p×1.39 dB
Concrete-wall attenuate factor(q= number) q×2.38 dB
Average floor attenuation(floor number) 14.0dB(1),19.0dB(2),23.0dB(3),26.0dB(4)
Frequency 2.4GHz
Reference pathloss PL0 (LOS/NLS, r=1m) 45.9dB/ 50.3dB
Pathloss exponent γ (LOS/NLS, r=1m) 2.1/3.0
Pathloss standard deviation σ (LOS/NLS) 2.3dB/4.1dB
Average floor attenuation(floor number) 14.0dB(1),19.0dB(2),23.0dB(3),26.0dB(4)
Data of AP’s antenna is from www.vivato.net
32. An indoor WLAN design
Mean pathloss with smin:
P
G
S
EIRP
L +
−
= min
o
sd
fl
sm
w
allowable L
L
L
L
L
L
PL −
−
−
−
−
=
Path loss model: )
log(
)
(
0
0 10
r
r
γ
PL
r
PL +
=
al
PL
r
PL =
)
(
The coverage ranges are:r=36m,29m,23m and 18m for date rate at 1Mbps, 2Mbps,
5.5Mbps and 11Mbps respectively
Allowable pathloss:
Case 1: user is on the 3rd
floor: 3 concrete walls, 3 soft partitions
The coverage ranges are: r=176m,140m,111m and 88m for date rate at 1Mbps,
2Mbps, 5.5Mbps and 11Mbps respectively .
Case 2: user is in the basement : 3 floors; 2 concrete walls, 3 soft partitions
33. Beamforming antennas in ad hoc networks
P.Gupta and P.R. Kumar,00
throughput
obtained
by
each
node
n
nlog
W
~
Beam-
forming
antennas
?
new
routing
protocol
new
channel
access
scheme
34. Beamforming antennas in ad hoc networks
interference
target
Phased patch
antenna
D.Lu and D.Rutledge,Caltech,02
Z0=50Ω
Z0=50Ω,L≈λ/2 Z0=25Ω,L≈λ/2
Series resonant patch array
Phased patch array
35. Beamforming antennas in ad hoc networks
Medium Access Control Protocol(CSMA/CA)
CSMA/CA:carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance
( for omnidirectional antennas)
(Scheduled/On-demand)
Packet routing
Neighbor discovery
No standard MAC protocols for directional antenna
Ad hoc networks may achieve better performance in some cases
using beamforming antennas.
No obvious improvement for throughput using beamforming antennas
Neighbor discovery become more complex using beamforming antennas.
Beamforming antennas can significantly increasing node and
network lifetime in ad hoc networks.
36. 1) traditional exposed node
problem for omnidirectional
antennas
Channel access
Source:Y Ko et al., 00
A B C D E
RTS
CTS
DATA
ACK
RTS
CTS
DATA
DATA
DATA
ACK
A B C D E
RTS
CTS CTS
DATA
DATA
ACK
RTS
CTS CTS
DATA
DATA
ACK
1) No coverage change. May save power.
2) B may not know the location of C.
The nodes
are
prohibit to
transmit or
receive
signals
The node
is free to
transmit or
receive
signals
The node is
blocked to
communica
te with C
2) Omnidirectional and
directional antennas solve
the exposed node problem
37. Channel access
A B C D E
RTS
CTS
CTS
DATA
RTS
collision
deaf
collision
A B C D E
RTS
CTS
DATA
DATA
RTS
3) beamforming antennas create new problems
40. Conclusion
Beamforming antenna systems improve wireless
network performance
-increase system capacity
-improve signal quality
-suppress interference and noise
-save power
Beamforming antennas improve infrastructure
networks performance. They may improve ad hoc
networks performance. New MAC protocol
standards are needed.
Vector antennas may replace spatial arrays to
further improve beamforming performance