1) The project involved designing and constructing a temporary bus shelter with a timber skeletal structure. 2) Key structural components included aluminium composite roof panels, timber columns, beams, rafters, floor joists, and plywood decking. 3) Joints between components such as half lap joints, birdsmouth joints, and L-brackets were used to connect the roof, floor, columns, and other elements. 4) The structure was designed to withstand dead and live loads through a system of primary and secondary columns, bracing, and load transfer down to the foundation.

1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II
PROJECT 1 : SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION (TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER)
LEE HO JUN 1007P10652
FRANCIS YEOW 1101A12395
TEH CHIE YANG 0324947
LAI TZE XIUAN 0318056
TAY JING HENG 0325230
RIVARTHINI A/P CHELIYEN 0325880
TUTOR : MOHAMED RIZAL MOHAMED

2. CONTENTS
1.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
2.0 FINAL DESIGN
3.0 CONSTRUCTION : -
- 3.1 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
- 3.2 MATERIALITY
- 3.3 JOINTS
4.0 LOAD & STRESS TEST
5.0 ACCESS
6.0 SITE CONTEXT
7.0 CONCLUSION
APPENDIX
REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION
The design of skeletal structure require all components to be
able to withstand forces that may be subjected to itself during its
useful lifetime. This includes dead and live loads. Alongside
mechanical forces, timber structures also require a certain level of
stiffness depending on its design and functional intention to prevent
bending of timber components over time that eventually leads to
structural failure.
Timber design construction is the proper evaluation of timber
or wood elements from bottom up. This means that the structure is
considered from the foundation up to its roof or highest point of the
structure. The careful selection of timber elements, joints and
connections and subsequently the evaluation of their performance as
structural systems is the focus of this project.

4. 1.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Our group chose Triangular Prism and Cuboid
as concept form of our structure, as it’s
flexible in transformation in form.
Our design started off aiming on providing
maximal access and ventilation. However, in
order to fulfill such features, we had to
minimize the use of columns which is not
going to be structurally stable of loading of
force and resistance of external weather
effects.
Hence, in order to achieve both stability and
architectural features, we added a span of wall
across the structure, continuing all the way from
the roof, acting as the wall, providing more than
enough shelter for users.
Nonetheless, our design was heavily occupied
with unnecessary components, making the
structure being stressed of its excessive dead
load.
In the end, we could achieve the design
with satisfying stability by removing
unnecessary components, decreasing its
dead load. Columns were aligned
parallel, bracings reinforced and floor
framings were applied for better
transfer and capacity of load.

5. 3.0 CONSTRUCTION

6. 3.0 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
4mm thick aluminium composite with mineral wool core rod panel.
Dimension - (4000 X 2200 X 4)mm
Timber rafters, 10 pieces at 350mm c/c
Dimension : (2100 X 47 X 100)mm
Front primary timber column
Dimension : (200 X 200)mm
Timber beam (acts as purlins), 2 pieces
Dimension : (200 X 200 X 3600)mm
Rear primary timber column
Dimension : (200 X 200 X )mm
Roof bracing support
Dimension : ( )mm
Secondary timber column(to counter bending moment)
Dimension : (100 X 100 X )mm
Primary column bracing
Dimension : ( )mm
Timber floor beam
Dimension : ( )mm
Plywood floor decking
Strip dimension :
Dimension : ( )mm
Timber floor joist system with floor jack studs
Joist dimension :
Jack stud dimension : ( )mm
Polycarbonate infill wall (non-structural)
Dimension:

7. 2.0 TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
FLOOR PLAN
RIGHT ELEVATIONLEFT ELEVATION

8. 2.0 TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
FRONT ELEVATION REAR ELEVATION

9. 3.1 MATERIALITY Aluminium Composite Roof
A type of flat panel that consists of two thin aluminium sheets
bonded to a non-aluminium core
Advantages: More susceptible to denting, being a softer metal,
lightweight and quick to install
Disadvantage: High in cost
Polycarbonate
A synthetic resin linked through carbonate groups
Advantages: Able to withstand massive force, high resistance
to heat and cold, ultraviolet blockage
Disadvantages: Not very resistant to scratching, marring, and
abrasive surfaces

10. Timber wood
Commonly used to form a part of a building.
Advantages: Stable, durable, decay resistance, easy to handle
Disadvantages: Vulnerable to pest attacks
Pinewood
Softwood that can be used as structure.
Advantages: Easy to work, strength to weight ratio relatively high
Disadvantages: Easy to crack
Plywood
Versatile building material made from thin layers of wood veneer
glued together.
Advantages: Cheap, resistant to cracking, aesthetic
Disadvantages: Susceptible to water damage
3.1 MATERIALITY

11. GYPSUM POWDER
Advantages:
Lightweight, durable,
water resistant
Disadvantages:
Cannot be used in moist
situations, not suitable
as exterior finish
NAILS
Advantages:
Holds the building
elements together
Disadvantages:
Consumes time and effort
to hammer into the wood
manually
SCREWS
Advantages:
Much easier to control, highly
effective on all joints
Disadvantages:
Less aesthetic appearance
L BRACKET
Advantages:
Increases load bearing capacity
of an element
Disadvantages:
Adds weight to the structure,
bulky, degrades over time

12. 3.3 JOINT DETAILS
ROOF

13. 3.3 JOINT DETAILS
ROOF

14. 3.3 JOINT DETAILS
COLUMN TO FLOOR

15. 3.3 JOINT DETAILS
FLOOR DECKING

16. 3.3 JOINT DETAILS
FLOOR FRAMING

17. 3.3 JOINT DETAILS
FOUNDATION

18. 4.0 LOAD AND STRESS DIAGRAMS
The red arrows represent the downward forces
acting on the building components whilst the
blue arrows represent the upwards reactionary
force. In the primary structure, the weight of
the roof both live and dead is entirely
supported by the primary and secondary timber
columns. The weight of the floor system is
supported by lateral joining methods to the
floor beam which in turn is laterally supported
by the primary columns.

19. CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS
Primary Structure and Secondary Structure
The axonometric view on the left is a 3D representation of our temporary
bus shelter ‘s main structural components. First and foremost, the
construction of the floor system was made, followed by the installation of
the 4 primary columns to the floor system. Next came the installation of the
roof beam to the columns and thereafter, the roof rafters.
The secondary structure includes the two smaller timber columns, made to
counter bending moments, the roof bracing, to provide little vertical
support and to prevent bending of the roof due to live loads, and the
column bracing, to grant stability and keep the distance between the front
and rear primary columns constant
Column Bracing Construction
The two diagonal members are joined by bolts and nuts. They provide
greater strength and stability than a rigid frame by resisting horizontal
forces .
Floor System Construction
Sawn timber were made to scale and installed as floor joists. The joining
involved cutting half lap joints into the floor beam and the joists and
subsequently, using steel L-hangers to hold the joists in place.

20. CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS
Roof System Construction
The installation of the rafters was done after the roof beam was
fixed in position. A combination of double birdsmouth joint on the
beam and a half lap joint on the rafter secured the rafter in the x and
y axis of motion. The final step was nailing the rafters in to secure
the z axis of motion.
Plywood Floor Decking Installation
The floor decks consists of strips of plywood. These strips are nailed at
each corner and at points that coincide with the floor joist beneath.
Applying of Roof Rafters
Roof rafter is the primary part of the roof system where it also acts as
media between roof and column/main structure, also a start of roof
system. We made a careful measurement of angles and lengths
between components as there will be other more components
following parts of roof coming along

21. CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS
Bench Installation
The wooden bench is a length of even wood supported vertically by two
wooden stumps that are nailed to the it and stabilised with L-hangers.
Wall System
The infill wall is made of polycarbonate material
and fixed onto the structure via nailing unto the
primary and secondary columns.

22. APPENDIX

23. APPENDIX

24. REFERENCES
1. D. K. Ching, F. 1991. Building Construction Illustrated(2nd ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold
2. Dr. Wong Tuck Meng. 2011. Guidebook for Timber Flooring in Malaysia. Malaysian Timber Council
3. Scot Simpson. 2012. Complete Book of Framing(2nd ed.). RSMeans
4. American Institution of Timber Construction. 2005. Timber Construction Manual. Hoboken
5. Subir K. Sarkar. 2012. Construction Technology. Oxford University Press