This document discusses pyrometers, which are non-contact devices that measure the temperature of surfaces by detecting thermal radiation. It describes the principles of thermal emission based on blackbody radiation. Important parameters for accurate temperature measurement are discussed, including temperature range, emissivity, field of view, and spectral responsivity. Different types of pyrometers are outlined, such as fiber optic, single color, ratio, and multi-wavelength pyrometers. Applications of pyrometers include various industrial sectors like glass, nuclear, smelting, pharmaceutical, cement, power, chemical, and fertilizer industries.
This ppt is made for making the topic clear. The aim is to make available content regarding thermocouple which is available on various sites. This ppt is made only for study purposes. The author doesn't claim originality of the content.
The thermocouple can be defined as a kind of temperature sensor that is used to measure the temperature at one specific point in the form of the EMF or an electric current. This sensor comprises two dissimilar metal wires that are connected together at one junction. A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples consist of two wire legs made from different metals. The wires' legs are welded together at one end, creating a junction. The voltage can then be interpreted using thermocouple reference tables to calculate the temperature.The temperature can be measured at this junction, and the change in temperature of the metal wire stimulates the voltages. These are used as the temperature sensors in thermostats in offices, homes, offices & businesses.
These are used in industries for monitoring temperatures of metals in iron, aluminum, and metal.
These are used in the food industry for cryogenic and Low-temperature applications. Thermocouples are used as a heat pump for performing thermoelectric cooling.
These are used to test temperature in the chemical plants, petroleum plants. These are used in gas machines for detecting the pilot flame.
This ppt is made for making the topic clear. The aim is to make available content regarding thermocouple which is available on various sites. This ppt is made only for study purposes. The author doesn't claim originality of the content.
The thermocouple can be defined as a kind of temperature sensor that is used to measure the temperature at one specific point in the form of the EMF or an electric current. This sensor comprises two dissimilar metal wires that are connected together at one junction. A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples consist of two wire legs made from different metals. The wires' legs are welded together at one end, creating a junction. The voltage can then be interpreted using thermocouple reference tables to calculate the temperature.The temperature can be measured at this junction, and the change in temperature of the metal wire stimulates the voltages. These are used as the temperature sensors in thermostats in offices, homes, offices & businesses.
These are used in industries for monitoring temperatures of metals in iron, aluminum, and metal.
These are used in the food industry for cryogenic and Low-temperature applications. Thermocouples are used as a heat pump for performing thermoelectric cooling.
These are used to test temperature in the chemical plants, petroleum plants. These are used in gas machines for detecting the pilot flame.
A thermocouple is a temperature-measuring device consisting of two dissimilar conductors that contact each other at one or more spots. It produces a voltage when the temperature of one of the spots differs from the reference temperature at other parts of the circuit.
1. THERMOCOUPLE
∙ Principle of Operation
∙ Materials Used
∙ Advantages
∙ Applications
∙ Comparison with RTD
∙ Limitations
By
AnandBongir
GirjashankarMishra
2. A thermocouple is a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage related to a temperature difference.
3. Principle of Operation
Thermocouples are based on the principle that two wires made of dissimilar materials connected at either end will generate a potential between the two ends that is a function of the materials and temperature difference between the two ends (also called the Seebeck Effect).
4. Seebeck Effect
5.
6. Materials Used
Type K:
Chromel – Alumel
• Range: −200 °C to +1350 °C
• Sensi: 41 µV/°C
Type J:
Iron – Constantan
• −40 to +750 °C
• 55 µV/°C
Type E:
Chromel – Constantan
• 401 to 900° C
• 68 µV/°C
Type N:
Nicrosil – Nisil
• >1200 °C
• 39 µV/°C
7. Advantages
It is rugged in construction
Covers a wide temperature range
Using extension leads and compensating cables, long transmission distances for temperature measurement possible. This is most suitable for temperature measurement of industrial furnaces
Comparatively cheaper in cost
Calibration can be easily checked
Offers good reproducibility
High speed of response
Satisfactory measurement accuracy
8. Limitations
For accurate temperature measurements, cold junction compensation is necessary
The emf induced versus temperature characteristics is somewhat nonlinear
Stray voltage pickup is possible
In many applications, amplification of signal is required
9. Applications
Type B, S, R and K thermocouples are used extensively in the steel and iron industries to monitor temperatures and chemistry throughout the steel making process.
Gas-fed heating appliances such as ovens & water heaters.
In the testing of prototype electrical and mechanical apparatus
Subject: Mechanical Engineering Measurement. (I-Scheme III Sem. Diploma in Mechanical Engg.)
Ch. no. 2. displacement, force & torque measurement.
Department of Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, Kalamb-Walchandnagar.
Prepared by Prof. Amol Yashwant Kokare Sir
This presentation content various types of strain gauges, derivation of gauge factor.
Various course having subject as instrumentation, measuring devices, contenting strain measurement as a topic so introduction to strain gauge can help to understand the topic.
A thermocouple is a temperature-measuring device consisting of two dissimilar conductors that contact each other at one or more spots. It produces a voltage when the temperature of one of the spots differs from the reference temperature at other parts of the circuit.
1. THERMOCOUPLE
∙ Principle of Operation
∙ Materials Used
∙ Advantages
∙ Applications
∙ Comparison with RTD
∙ Limitations
By
AnandBongir
GirjashankarMishra
2. A thermocouple is a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage related to a temperature difference.
3. Principle of Operation
Thermocouples are based on the principle that two wires made of dissimilar materials connected at either end will generate a potential between the two ends that is a function of the materials and temperature difference between the two ends (also called the Seebeck Effect).
4. Seebeck Effect
5.
6. Materials Used
Type K:
Chromel – Alumel
• Range: −200 °C to +1350 °C
• Sensi: 41 µV/°C
Type J:
Iron – Constantan
• −40 to +750 °C
• 55 µV/°C
Type E:
Chromel – Constantan
• 401 to 900° C
• 68 µV/°C
Type N:
Nicrosil – Nisil
• >1200 °C
• 39 µV/°C
7. Advantages
It is rugged in construction
Covers a wide temperature range
Using extension leads and compensating cables, long transmission distances for temperature measurement possible. This is most suitable for temperature measurement of industrial furnaces
Comparatively cheaper in cost
Calibration can be easily checked
Offers good reproducibility
High speed of response
Satisfactory measurement accuracy
8. Limitations
For accurate temperature measurements, cold junction compensation is necessary
The emf induced versus temperature characteristics is somewhat nonlinear
Stray voltage pickup is possible
In many applications, amplification of signal is required
9. Applications
Type B, S, R and K thermocouples are used extensively in the steel and iron industries to monitor temperatures and chemistry throughout the steel making process.
Gas-fed heating appliances such as ovens & water heaters.
In the testing of prototype electrical and mechanical apparatus
Subject: Mechanical Engineering Measurement. (I-Scheme III Sem. Diploma in Mechanical Engg.)
Ch. no. 2. displacement, force & torque measurement.
Department of Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, Kalamb-Walchandnagar.
Prepared by Prof. Amol Yashwant Kokare Sir
This presentation content various types of strain gauges, derivation of gauge factor.
Various course having subject as instrumentation, measuring devices, contenting strain measurement as a topic so introduction to strain gauge can help to understand the topic.
An optical pyrometer consists basically of an optical system and a power supply.
The optical system includes a microscope, a calibrated lamp and a narrow band Wave filter, all arranged so that the test body and the standard light source can be viewed simultaneously.
The power supply provides an adjustable current to the lamp filament.
Optical pyrometry is based on the fact that the spectral radiance from an incandescent body is a function of its temperature.
For black body radiation, the well-known curves of Plank’s equation describe the energy distribution as a function of temperature and wavelength.
If a non-black body is being viewed ,however, its emissivity ,which is a function of wavelength and temperature, must be taken into consideration.
In general, to obtain the temperature of a test body, the intensity of its radiation at a particular wavelength is compared with that of a standard light source.
The accuracy of a temperature determination by the single-color optical pyrometer just discussed is based on black body furnace sightings or on known emissivities.
A two-color pyrometer, on the other band, is used in an attempt to avoid the need for emissivity corrections.
The principle of operation is that energy radiated at one color increases with temperature at a different rate from that at another color.
The ratio of radiance at two different effective wavelengths is used to deduce the temperature. The two-color temperature will equal the actual temperature whenever the emissivity at the two wavelengths is the same. Unfortunately this is seldom true. All that can be said is that when the emissivity does not change rapidly with wavelength, the two-color temperature may be closer to the actual temperature than the single-color brightness temperature.
If the emissivity change with wavelength is large, however, the converse is true. Kostkowski of the NBS indicates that, in any case, the two-color pyrometer is less precise than the single-color optical pyrometer.
Radiation pyrometry and temperature sensorYasin Latif
We discuss the working principle and construction of different temperature sensors like
radiation pyrometer ,filled system thermometer and bimetallic thermometer.their advantages
disadvantages and industrial application etc.
The Stroboscope was invented and improved upon by H. E. Edgerton starting in 1931. Weiber's Stroboscope is
ideal equipment for research and general applications in field of study of moving objects. Our Stroboscope is an
optical instrument that makes equipment appear to be slow or still.
Non-intrusive Methods of Temperature Measurement ( Radiation Thermometry )rajguptanitw
A radiation thermometer is an instrument which collects radiation from a target and produces an output signal, usually electrical, related to the radiance, which is used to infer the temperature of the target.
The wavelength of maximum emission varies between 10.6 mm at 0°C and 1.3 mm at 2000C.
For most measurement applications, radiation is emitted predominantly in the visible, near- and middle-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
A radiation thermometer is an instrument which collects radiation from a target and produces an output signal, usually electrical, related to the radiance, which is used to infer the temperature of the target.
The basic measurement system for a radiation thermometer comprises the following elements.
(1) The target of measurement.
(2) An optical system which collects and directs the radiation.
Elements of the optical system may also be used to modify the spectral response of the thermometer.
(3) A sensor which produces a signal, usually electrical, related to the incident energy flux.
(4) A reference source which may be physically situated in the instrument itself or located in a calibration laboratory.
(5) A means of signal processing and display.
AREA MONITORING DEVICES BY ZUBAIRUL ISLAM.pptxZubairUlIslam5
AREA MONITORING DEVICES BY ZUBAIRUL ISLAM
A Student Of Radiography.
Area Monitoring Devices is One of the Important in the Radiography.
• Area monitoring ( INTRODUCTION) • why we need Area monitoring •Area monitoring Devices
IONISATION CHAMBER
GM COUNTER
SCINTILLATION DETECTOR
AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF AREA MONITORING DEVICE
RADIATION MEASUREMENT
DEFECTORS
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
THERMOGRAPHY AND EDDY CURRENT TESTING (ET)laxtwinsme
Thermography- Principles, Contact and non contact inspection methods, Techniques for applying liquid crystals, Advantages and limitation - infrared radiation and infrared detectors, Instrumentations and methods, applications. Eddy Current Testing-Generation of eddy currents, Properties of eddy currents, Eddy current sensing elements, Probes, Instrumentation, Types of arrangement, Applications, advantages, Limitations, Interpretation/Evaluation
Future approaches to cope with spontaneous combustionSujit Surendran
"Many researches have been made to predict and mitigate in spontaneous combustion of coal which have failed at times due improper monitoring and conventional methods of its early detection.
Here is a paper presents methods that shall be the future face of mining industry which is taking avid steps to encourage IT and other technologies to fight against such problems"
Complete details of Tempsens made Thermowells and accessories used in temperature sensors.
Different types of thermowells like weld in, threaded, Flanged, Socket Weld, Van stone etc.
Accessories like Connection Heads, Terminal blocks, connectors, Fittings, pyrometer accessories etc.
Complete Description of High Quality Tempsens Make Instrumentation, Control, Signal and Mineral Insulated (MI) Cables and Wires
And Insulation offered on wires and cables.
These Cables and wires covers wide areas of applications in different types of process industries and OEMs.
MI cables are used for various industrial applications and to make thermocouples and RTDs.
Different types of MI Cables are MI thermocouple cables, MI RTD cables, MI Power cables, MI Heating cables, triaxial cables, coaxial cables and SPNDS.
basic structure of MI Cables comprises of conductors, insulating material and Metal sheath.
Calibration of contact temperature sensors like thermocouples and RTDs. Primary and Secondary Calibration.
Fixed point method in primary calibration.
Stable temperature sources, master sensors and calibrated meter in secondary calibration.
Temperature Calibration equipment for Thermcouple, RTDs, and PyrometersTempsens Instruments
Various types of Tempsens make temperature Calibration Equipment for calibration of temperature sensors accurately. Temperature sources and master sensors
Black body sources, Reference junction units, Dry block Calibrators, Stirred Liquid Baths, Cold Junction Compensation, AUTOCAL,
Description About Laboratory furnaces used in various industrial processes.
Muffle Furnace, Bottom Loading furnaces, Top Loading Furnaces, VMK high temperature furnace, Tubular furnace.
Detailed description of various heaters used in industries with applications and features. Tempsens heaters are highly durable and provide effective solutions in industrial needs.
definition, thermocouple theory and functionality, Component selection for ultra high temperature thermocouples, material used, characteristics advantages and applications.
categorized in refractory thermocouples in which precious metals are used. these thermocouples mainly used for high temperature applications.
Defination of SPND, its charecterstics like mechanical and Nuclear, Technical specification of Inconel SPND, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
the presentation describes about the the AMS 2750 E Standard, details about temperature uniformity survey which is essential for furnace calibration. method of calibration, applications of TUS, and system accuracy test (SAT)
the presentation describes the the purpose of calibration of Pyrometers, equipment requirement, black body source, details about master body and the format of calibration report.
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2. o What is Pyrometer?
o Theory of Thermal Emission
o Important parameters for accurate thermal emission
• Temperature range
• Emissivity
• The field of view(FOV)
• Spectral Responsivity
o Pyrometer types
• Fiber optic pyrometers
• Single color pyrometers
• Ratio type Pyrometers
• Multi wavelength Pyrometers
o Advantages
o Applications
3. o A pyrometer is a non-contacting
device.
o Pyrometer intercepts and
measures thermal radiation. This
device can be used to determine
the temperature of an object's
surface without contact to the
surface.
4. o The Thermal emission is based on the Black Body concept.
o Black Body is an object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation
that falls onto it.
o No radiation passes through it and none is reflected.
o Electromagnetic radiation just depends on the temperature of
black body.
o The total emittance from a black body including all wavelengths is
directly proportional to the Fourth power of its temperature. This
temperature is called “Brightness Temperature, T”
5. o Temperature Range:
• Select right temperature span.
o Emissivity:
• Emissivity is defined as the ratio of
the energy radiated from a
material's surface to that radiated
from a blackbody (a perfect
emitter) at the same temperature
and wavelength and under the
same viewing conditions.
• The emissivity of a surface
depends not only on the material
but also on the nature of the
surface.
6. o The field of view (FOV):
• The FOV allows easy calculation of the minimum target size for a working
distance.
• A convenient measure is the distance to target ratio, e.g 100 :1 indicating
a minimum target of 10mm at a 1000mm measuring distance.
• To avoid errors that could arise from adjustments made during
operation, it is advisable to use an object size slightly larger than the
spot size.
• When the object does not fill the spot size completely, measuring errors
occur.
7.
8. o Spectral Responsivity:
• The spectral responsivity range
should be selected so that the
emissivity of the surface is as high as
possible to maximize the
characteristic radiation from the
measurement object and minimize
the reflected ambient radiation. With
metals the emissivity rises in the
short wavelength band.
• Materials like glass, plastic etc should
be measured in special wavelength so
that, the material is impenetrable at
this wavelength band.
• Temperature of non metals can be
accurately measured in longer
wavelength band of 8…14 μm.
9. o Fiber Optic Pyrometers
A fiber optics pyrometer consists of Optical head, Fiber optic cable
(single or multi fiber) and Electronic unit. The special construction
helps the pyrometer useful for
• High ambient temperature with no need of cooling system
(Ambient temperature up to 250°C).
• Strong electromagnetic field.
• Limited space for installation.
• Small spot size.
o Single Color Pyrometers
Operate over a narrow range of Wavelengths
Basically used for glass at 5.14µm. Metals can also be measured as
their rate of emissivity is high only in a narrow band.
Spectral response of a particular device depends on the type of the
detector used.
Works on selected wavelength range with the help of filters.
10. o Ratio radiation Pyrometers(two color Pyrometers):
Measures the radiated energy of an object between two narrow
wavelength bands and then calculates the ratio of the two energies.
This ratio is the function of the temperature of the object.
Even if the object does not fully cover the spot the output signal will
not change.
Temperature measurement is independent of emissivity, so the
errors caused by the emissivity variation, surface finish, and energy
absorbing materials between the pyrometer and the target can be
minimized or removed.
Used for measuring high temperature.
11. o Multi wavelength Pyrometers
Accurate temperature can be gained only with the knowledge
of surface emissivity.
Multi wavelength pyrometer overcome many well known
difficulties of pyrometry.
The instrument consists of Software which collect data from
numerous similar applications.
Each measurement is analyzed and then temperature is
calculated.
12. • Ability to monitor temperature in situations where the object is
inaccessible or moving.
• Where the object may be contaminated or damaged by a contact
sensor.
• Where contact is not possible due to extremely high temperatures,
or where the object is electrically active.
• An Infrared Thermometer can be mounted remotely from the hot
target, enabling it to operate for long periods with minimal
maintenance.
• Very fast response time in tune of msec.
13. o Glass Industries
o Nuclear Industries
o Smelter Industry
o Pharmaceutical Industries
o Cement Industries
o Power Industries
o Non-Ferrous Industries
o Chemical and Fertilizer Industries