PHYSIOLOGY

2. Created by:
Muhammad Qamar Shahzad
Muhammad Numan Ijaz
Ali Raza
Department Of BS Medical Laboratory
Technology

3.  A structurewhich makes hormones in the body iscalled
endocrine glands.
 Theyarealsocalled ductless glands because theydo not
have ducts to secrete theirhormones.
 A group of endocrine glands which produces various
hormones is called an endocrine system. It is also called
hormonal system.
 Endocrine system helps in coordinating theactivitiesof our
body.

4.  Hypothalamus
 Pituitarygland
 Thyroid gland
 Parathyroid
 Thymus
 Pancreas
 Adrenal gland
 Testes
 Ovaries

6.  The hypothalamus is a portion of the brain thatcontains a
numberof small nuclei with avarietyof functions.
 One of the most important functionsof the hypothalamus
is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via
the pituitarygland.

7.  The hypothalamus is responsiblefor
certain metabolic processes and otheractivitiesof
the autonomic nervoussystem.
 It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, often
called releasing hormones or hypothalamic hormones,and
these in turn stimulateor inhibit thesecretion
of pituitary hormones.
 The hypothalamus controls body temperature,hunger,
fatigue, sleep, etc.

9.  The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine
gland about thesizeof a peaand weighing 0.5 grams in
humans.
 It is composed of three lobes: anterior, intermediate,
and posterior.

10.  Growth
 Blood pressure
 Someaspectsof pregnancyand childbirth including stimulation
of uterine contractions duringchildbirth
 Breast milk production
 Sex organ functions in both malesand females
 Thyroid gland function
 The conversion of food into energy(metabolism)
 Waterand osmolarityregulation in the body
 Waterbalancevia thecontrol of reabsorption of water by
the kidneys
 Temperatureregulation
 Pain relief

12.  The thyroid gland or just thyroid isone of the
largest endocrine glands and consists of two
connected lobes.
 Each lobe is about 5 cm long, 3 cm wideand 2 cm thick.
 The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shapedorgan.
 The thyroid gland is found in the neck, below thethyroid
cartilage (which forms “Adam’sapple”).
 It secretes throxine hormone alsocalled T4
 The thyroid also produces calcitonin, which plays a role
in calcium homeostasis.

13.  The thyroid gland controls how quickly the body uses
energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitivethe
body is to otherhormones.
 These hormones regulate thegrowth and rateof function
of many other systems in thebody.
 Thyroid hormones act throughout the body,influencing
metabolism, growth and development, and body
temperature.
 During infancy and childhood, adequate thyroidhormone
is crucial for braindevelopment

15.  Thereare fourparathyroid glands, and theyareeach about
the size of a grainof rice.
 Though they’re located near each other, theparathyroid
glands are not related to the thyroidgland.
 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has a very powerful influence
on the cells of your bones by causing them to release their
calcium into the bloodstream.

16.  Parathyroid hormone regulates the body’s calciumlevels.
 The parathyroid essentially helps the nervous and
muscular systems functionproperly.
 Calcium is the primaryelement thatcauses muscles to
contract, and calcium levels are very important to the
normal conduction of electrical currents alongnerves.
 The most common disease of parathyroid glands is
hyperparathyroidism, which is characterized byexcess
PTH hormone.

18.  The thymus isa specialized organ of the immunesystem.
 The thymus is composed of two identical lobes and is
located anatomically in theanteriorsuperiormediastinum,
in front of the heartand behind thesternum.
 each lobe of the thymus can be divided into a
central medullaand a peripheral cortexwhich is
surrounded by an outercapsule.
 The thymus is largestand most activeduring the neonatal
and pre-adolescent periods.
 The thymus produces and secretesthymosin.

19.  Helping the body protect itself againstautoimmunity,
which occurs when the immune system turns against
itself.
 The thymus plays avital role in the lymphaticsystem (your
body’s defence network) and endocrinesystem.
 Protects the body from certain threats, includingviruses
and infections.

21.  The adrenal glands are two glands that sit on top of your
kidneys thatare made upof two distinct parts- Theadrenal
cortex and The adrenalmedulla.
 Theyarealso known as suprarenal glands.
 The adrenal glands are two, triangular-shaped organsthat
measureabout 1.5 inches in heightand 3 inches in length.

22.  The adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla have very
different functions. One of the main distinctions between
them is that the hormones released by the adrenal cortex
are necessary for life; those secreted by theadrenal medulla
are not.

24.  The pancreas is unique in that it’s both an endocrine and
exocrine gland. In other words, the pancreas has the dual
function of secreting hormones into blood (endocrine)and
secreting enzymes through ducts(exocrine).
 The pancreas is a 6 inch-long flattened gland that lies deep
within the abdomen, between the stomach and the spine.
It is connected to theduodenum, which is part of thesmall
intestine.
 It secretes insulin.

25.  The pancreas maintains the body’s blood glucose(sugar)
balance.
 Primary hormones of the pancreas include insulinand
glucagon, and both regulate bloodglucose.
 Diabetes is the mostcommon disorderassociated with the
pancreas.

27.  The testes (or testicles) are a pair of sperm-producing
organs that maintain the health of the male reproductive
system.
 The testes are twin oval-shaped organs about the sizeof a
large grape.
 Theyare located within thescrotum, which is the loose
pouch of skin that hangs outside the body behind the
penis.

28.  The testes secrete testosterone, which is necessaryfor
proper physical development inboys.
 In adulthood, testosterone maintains libido, muscle
strength, and bonedensity.
 Disordersof the testesarecaused by too little testosterone
production.

30.  Theovariesareoval shaped and about the sizeof a large
grape.
 Theyare located on oppositeends of the pelvicwall, on
either side of theuterus.
 Theovariesare each attached to the fimbria (tissue that
connects the ovaries to the fallopiantube).
 Ovaries produceand release twogroupsof sex hormones—
progesterone and oestrogen.

31.  Theovaries maintain the health of the femalereproductive
system.
 Diseases associated with theovaries include ovarian cysts,
ovarian cancer, menstrual cycle disorders, and polycystic
ovarian syndrome.