This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology at the cellular, tissue, and organ system levels. It defines anatomy and physiology, describes the levels of structural organization in the human body from cells to tissues to organ systems. It also discusses the basic life processes including metabolism, homeostasis, and feedback systems that maintain equilibrium in the body. Finally, it provides overviews of the four basic tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues - and their characteristics.

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Branch: B. Pharm.
Semester: I
UNIT: I
Subject: Human Anatomy & Physiology-I
Topic: Introduction to Human Body, Cellular Level
of Organization & Tissue Level of Organization
Dr. Akanksha Mishra
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Lucknow

2. Definition And Scope
Of Anatomy And Physiology
• Anatomy (ana- _ up; -tomy _ process of cutting) is the science
of body structures and the relationships among them
• Whereas anatomy deals with structures of the body,
physiology (physio- _ nature; -logy _study of) is the science of
body functions—how the body parts work

4. Levels of Structural Organization
Fig.1: Levels of Structural Organization in Human Body

5. Body Systems
Fig.2: Integumentary System Fig.3: Skeletal System Fig.4: Muscular System

6. Body Systems
Fig.5: Nervous System Fig.6: Lymphatic System Fig.7: Respiratory System

7. Body Systems
Fig.8: Endocrine System Fig.9: Cardiovascular System Fig.10: Digestive System

8. Body Systems
Fig.11: Urinary System Fig.12: Reproductive System

9. Basic Life Processes
1. Metabolism: Sum of all chemical processes that occur in the
body
• Catabolism: The breakdown of complex chemical substances
into simpler components
• Anabolism: The building up of complex chemical substances
from smaller, simpler components

10. Basic Life Processes
2. Responsiveness: Body’s ability to detect and respond to
changes
3. Movement: motion of the whole body, individual organs,
single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
4. Growth: Increase in body size that results from an increase in
the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or
both

11. Basic Life Processes
5. Differentiation: Development of a cell from an unspecialized
to a specialized state
6. Reproduction refers either to:
• The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or
replacement, or
• The production of a new individual

12. Homeostasis
• Homeostasis (homeo- _ sameness; -stasis _ standing still) is
the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal
environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s
many regulatory processes
• Homeostasis is a dynamic condition
• For example, the level of glucose in blood normally stays
between 70 and 110 milligrams of glucose per 100 milliliters
of blood

13. Feedback Systems
• The body can regulate its internal environment through many
feedback systems
• A feedback system or feedback loop is a cycle of events in
which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated,
changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on
• In a feedback system, the response of the system “feeds
back” information to change the controlled condition in some
way, either negating it (negative feedback) or enhancing it
(positive feedback)

14. Negative Feedback Systems
Fig.13: Homeostatic regulation of Blood Pressure by Negative feedback system

15. Positive Feedback Systems
Fig.14: Positive Feedback Control of labor contractions during birth of a baby

16. Basic Anatomical Terminology

17. Basic Anatomical Terminology
Fig.15: Planes & Sections through different parts of the brain

18. Basic Anatomical Terminology
Fig.16: Directional Terms

19. Tissue
• A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to
perform a specialized function
• The science that deals with the study of tissues is called
histology

20. Types of tissue
1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE: covers body surface and lines the
body cavities, hollow organs and ducts
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE: protect and supports the body and
its organs
3. MUSCULAR TISSUE: responsible for movement of various
body structure
4. NERVOUS TISSUE: detect the changes in internal and
external environment and responds by generating nerve
impulses

21. Fig.17: Types of tissues

22. Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue
Covering & Lining Epithelium
Glandular Epithelium

23. Covering & Lining Epithelium
• Based on arrangement of cells:
✓ Simple epithelial: single layer of cells
✓ Stratified epithelial: two or more layer of cells
✓ Pseudostratified epithelium: contain single layer of cells.
• Based on shape of cells:
✓ Squamous cells: flattened cells
✓ Cuboidal cells: cube shaped cells
✓ Columnar cells: tall and cylindrical cells
✓ Transitional cells: change shape from cuboidal to flat and
back.

24. Fig.18: Cell Shapes and arrangement of layers for Covering & Lining Epithelium

25. Glandular Epithelium
• Two types: Endocrine glands & Exocrine glands
• Structural classification:
✓Unicellular glands (goblet cell)
✓multicellular glands (sweat gland)
1. Based on branching of ducts
a.) unbranched ducts (e.g. simple glands)
b.) Branched ducts (e.g. compound glands)

26. … Contd
2. Based on shape of secretary portion
• Simple glands
✓Simple tubular
✓Simple branched tubular
✓Simple coiled tubular
✓Simple acinar
✓Simple branched acinar
• Compound glands
✓Compound tubular
✓Compound acinar
✓Compound tubuloacinar

27. Fig.19: Multicellular exocrine glands

28. Functional classification:
• Merocrine glands: form the secretion and release it from the
cell
• Apocrine glands: accumulate the secretion at the apical
surface of the cell., and this apical portion separate from the
rest of the cell to form secretion
• Holocrine glands: accumulate there secretion at the cytosol of
the cell. As the cell mature, it dies and become secretion

29. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. Embryonic connective tissue:
• Mesenchyme
• Mucous connective tissue
2. Mature connective tissue
• Loose connective tissue
✓Areolar connective tissue
✓Adipose tissue
✓Reticular connective tissue
• Dense connective tissue
✓Dense regular connective tissue
✓Dense irregular connective tissue
✓Elastic connective tissue

30. …Contd
• Cartilage
✓ Hyaline catilage
✓ Fibrocartilage
✓ Elastic cartilage
3. Bone tissue
• Compact bone
• Spongy bone
4. Liquid connective tissue
• Blood tissue
• Lymph
Fig.20: Connective Tissues

31. Muscular Tissue
A) Skeletal muscle tissue (striated muscle tissue)
B) Smooth (visceral) muscle tissue
C) Cardiac muscle tissue

32. Fig.21: Muscular Tissues

33. Nervous Tissue
• Neuron & Neuroglia
Fig.22: Nervous Tissues

34. Cell
Fig.23: Cell: Basic, living, structural and functional unit of the body

35. Transport Across Plasma membrane

36. Fig.24: Active Transport

37. Fig.25: Endocytosis

38. Fig.26: Pinocytosis

39. Cell Division

40. Fig.27: Meiosis

41. Cell Junctions
Fig.28: Cell Junctions

42. Intercellular Signaling
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26813/
Fig.29: Intracellular Signalling

43. Reference
Tortora, G.J. & Derrickson, B. "Tortora's Principles of Anatomy
and Physiology. 15th ed. Noida: Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.; 2017.

44. Thank You