Introduction to Robotics

INTRODUCTION TO
ROBOTICS
10 December 2016Seminar on IOT & Robotics
Zubayer Al Billal Khan
Research Engineer, IICT BUET
01913469663
zubayer_007@yahoo.com

DEFINATION
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals
with the design, construction, operation, and
application of robots .
The word ROBOTICS is used to collectively
define a field in engineering that covers the
mimicking of various Human characteristics.
 It is the application of electronics, mechanical,
electrical and computer engineering.

Laws of Robotics
 Isaac Asimov proposed three “Laws of Robotics” and later
added the “ zeroth law ”.
 Law 0: A robot may not injure humanity or through inaction,
allow humanity to come to harm.
 Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction,
allow a human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a
higher order law.
 Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings,
except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law.
 Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with a higher order law.

 Word robot was coined by a Czech novelist Karel
Capek in a 1920 play titled Rassum’s Universal Robots
(RUR).
 Robot in Czech is a word for worker or servant.
 In 1980s the robot industry entered a phase of
rapid growth. Many institutions introduced
programs and courses in robotics. Robotics
courses were spread across mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering,
electronics engineering and computer
science departments.
10 December 2016
Seminar on IOT & Robotics

Uses of Robotics:
Agriculture
Automobile
Construction
Entertainment
Health care: hospitals, patient-care, surgery ,
research, etc.
Household purposes
Laboratories: science, engineering , etc.
Law en forcement : surveillance, air port
Security, spying, etc.
Manufacturing
Military: demining, surveillance, attack, etc.
Mining, excavation and exploration
Transportation: air, ground, rail, space, etc.
Utilities: gas, water and electricity
Warehouses
10
Decembe
r 2016

10
Decembe
r 2016

Uses of Robotics:
Industrial Applications
•Material handling
•Material transfer
•Machine loading and
unloading
•Spot welding
•Continuous arc welding
•Spray coating
•Assembly
•Inspection 10
Decembe
r 2016

Uses of Robotics:
Robots in Hazardous Environments
Photo: TROV in Antarctica
operating under water
Photo: HAZBOT operating in
atmospheres containing
combustible gases
Photo: Robot used in
explosive mines
10
Decembe
r 2016

Uses of Robotics:
Research and Space Exploration
10
Decembe
r 2016

Uses of Robotics:
Military
SPLIT STRIKE:
Deployed from a
sub’s hull, Manta
could dispatch tiny
mine-seeking AUVs
or engage in more
explosive combat.
PREDATOR
GLOBAL HAWK
GOLDENEYE10
Decembe
r 2016

Uses of Robotics:
Household Purposes
Photo: Robotic Vacuum Cleaner
Photo: Garbage Collector
Photo: The SCRUBMATE Robot
10
Decembe
r 2016

Uses of Robotics:
Others
10
Decembe
r 2016

Components of ROBOTS
Power Supply
 Sensors
Controller
Effectors
Actuators
10
Decembe
r 2016

POWER SUPPLY
Suitable power supply is needed to run the motors
and associated circuitry.
 Typical power requirement ranges from 3V to 24V
DC.
 Power supply must be adjusted as per the ratings
of the components.
 Power supply must be regulated using voltage
regulator and current regulator ICs.
10
Decembe
r 2016

POWER SUPPLY
Rechargeable 12V
Battery
LM317 Current Regulator IC with Heat Sink
LM7805 Voltage Regulator IC
10
Decembe
r 2016

What is a sensor?
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type
of input from the physical environment.
The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture,
pressure.
The output is generally a signal that is converted to human-
readable form.
10
Decembe
r 2016

SENSORS
 Sensors are used to collect the information about an
event, condition or the environment and send it to the
controller.
 Sensors convert the physical properties into the
electronic signal.
 Different kinds of sensors can be used depending upon
the physical properties to be sensed and the function of
robot.
10
Decembe
r 2016

Physical Property Technology
Contact Bump, Switch
Distance Ultrasound, Radar, Infra Red
Light Level Photo Cells, Cameras, LDRs
Sound Level Microphones
Strain Strain Gauges
Rotation Encoders
Magnetism Compasses
Smell Chemicals
Temperature Thermistors, Infra Red
Inclination Inclinometers, Gyroscope
Pressure Pressure Gauges
Altitude Altimeters
SENSORS
10
Decembe
r 2016

SENSORS
Contact or Touch Sensors
Switch
Bump Switch
10
Decembe
r 2016

SENSORSLight Sensors
LDR
Photo Cell
IR sensors
10
Decembe
r 2016

SENSORS
Proximity Sensors
Infrared Ranging Sensor
10
Decembe
r 2016

SENSORS
Vision Sensors
In-Sight Vision Sensors
10
Decembe
r 2016

SENSORS
Tilt Sensors
To balance the robot.
10
Decembe
r 2016

10
Decembe
r 2016
What is a ultrasonic?
ULTRA - BEYOND
SONIC – SOUND
The sound beyond human hearing range
( 20,000 Hz ) is known as ultrasonic.
Ultrasonic sensor?
Ultrasonic sensors are sensors that
convert ultrasound waves to electrical signals or vice
versa.

How does an ultrasonic
sensor works?
 How does a bat sense distance
 Bats sense distance using sound.
 They emit sound waves and receive back reflected waves.
 The time it takes to receive the waves back provides them with a very
good estimate of the distance.
 This is exactly how ultrasonicsensors estimate distance.
10
Decembe
r 2016

 calls made by mouth
 ears hear reflected waves
 brain decides what to do
 wing muscles move
 flight path changed, as
10
Decembe
r 2016

 An ultrasonic sensor has two parts:
 A transmitter that sends out a signal that humans
cannot hear
 A receiver that receives the signal after it has bounced
off nearby objects
 The sensor sends out its signal and determines how long
the signal takes to come back.
10
Decembe
r 2016

 If the object is very close to the sensor, the signal
comes back quickly
 If the object is far away from the sensor, the signal
takes longer to come back
 If objects are too far away from the sensor, the signal
takes so long to come back (or is very weak when it
comes back) that the receiver cannot detect it
10
Decembe
r 2016

Ultrasonic Sensor connections
Red - Power
Yellow - Signal
Black - Ground
10
Decembe
r 2016

CONTROLLER
Controller provides the necessary intelligence to control
the action of the robot.
 It receives the information from the sensors and
activates the actuators to perform the task.
 It comprises complex electronics circuit.
 Micro Controllers are used in Automatic Robots whereas
different electronic switching components are used in
Manual Robots.
 The set of instructions is written in High Level
Language, compiled and converted into Machine Code(HEX
code) and burnt in the Micro Controller with the help of
Computer Software .
10
Decembe
r 2016

CONTROLLER
Arduino uno
10
Decembe
r 2016

EFFECTORS
Effectors are the parts of a Robot which execute the
certain task.
 Effectors pick up or modify objects or somehow
cause an effect to the environment.
 Examples: Mechanical grippers, Vacuum Grippers,
Wheels, etc.
10
Decembe
r 2016

ACTUATORS
 Actuator is the actual mechanism that enables the
effectors to execute an action.
Actuators typically include electric motors, hydraulic or
pneumatic cylinders, gears, etc.
Gears
Pneumatic Cylinder
Pneumatic Motor
10
Decembe
r 2016

• DC Motors
o As the name
suggests, a motor
which uses a DC
(Direct Current) power
o Can run in both
directions
o Speed Controllable
10
Decembe
r 2016

• Stepper Motors
o Used for measured
rotation
o Can be held at a
particular position of the
shaft
o Ideal for many
autonomous robots
requiring higher
precision
10
Decembe
r 2016

• Servo Motors :
o Used in closed loop
control systems in
which work is the
control variable.
o An integral feedback
device (resolver) or
devices (encoder and
tachometer) are either
incorporated within
the servo motor or are
remotely mounted,
often on the load itself
10
Decembe
r 2016

• Wiper Motors :
o This type of motor is
called a "gear head"
or "gear motor" and
has the advantage of
having high torque.
o It draws more current
than other motors.
o The speed of motor
is controllable.
10
Decembe
r 2016

Wiper Motors
RPM Current draw** + power supply - power supply
41 0.9 amps Low speed Common
70 1.6 amps High speed Common
106 4.0 amps High speed Low speed
**No load current. These numbers will increase as the mechanical load
increases.
10
Decembe
r 2016

LOCOMOTION
10
Decembe
r 2016
• It is concerned with the motion of the robot.
• Robot contains different types of drives:
o Differential drive
o Car type
o Skid steer drive
o Synchronous drive
o Pivot drive
o Articulated drive

Algorithm for obstacle avoidance robot
10
Decembe
r 2016

Connections
10
Decembe
r 2016

Applications
 Obstacle sensing robot can be applied at toys where small
children will play
 It can be used for army applications
 It can be used in mines
10
Decembe
r 2016

Obstacle avoidance robot
10
Decembe
r 2016

Introduction to Robotics

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (17)

Similar to Introduction to Robotics

Similar to Introduction to Robotics (20)

More from Zubayer Al Billal Khan

More from Zubayer Al Billal Khan (9)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Introduction to Robotics