Basic IT

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International Diploma in Computing/Business Management
Computer platforms /combined assessment
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Task 01
Task 1.1
Data
Data are the collection of facts, numbers, letters, images and measurements that are not
processed in any mean.
e.g.:- Jack: - 64, 76
Katherine: - 86, 56
Salam: - 89, 67
Kumar: - 45, 35
According to the above example, you may notice a set of data has been arranged for some
specific purpose. However you may also realize that in order to get a correct idea, these data
has to be processed in some form.
Information
Information is systematically processed data that gives a capacity to understand meaning to
the recipient.
Information help us making decision or arriving at conclusions easily. However to make
decisions easily we have to organize data into information.
e.g.:
Name Marks for the first subject Marks for the second subject
Jack 64 76
Katherine 86 56
Salam 89 67
Kumar 45 35
Table 1.1

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Different between Data & Information
Data Information
 Unprocessed facts and figures.
 Data can be identified as input of
computer.
 One could not understand the
data easily.
 Data is presented in an
unorganized way.
 Gives the results of a research
directly without arranging.
 The user can’t take decision by
only referring the data.
 Processed data.
 Information can be identified as output
of the computer.
 Information is meaningful and relevant
and it’s easy for the user to
understand.
 Information is presented in an
organized way.
 Gives the result of a research in a
proper arrangement.
 The information can be used
beneficially and take proper decision.
Table 1.2

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Task 1.2
Computer System
The computer system can be categorized in to four main part.
1) Hardware
2) Software
3) Liveware
4) Firmware
1) Hardware
Physical (electronic or mechanical) parts of the computer external or internal are called
hardware.
a. Input devices
b. Output devices
c. CPU (Central processing unit)
d. Storage devices
Input Devices
The devices which are used to input information, instructions and commands are input
devices. Input devices convert data in to a form that machine understand.
e.g.: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Web camera, Light pen and etc....
Output Devices
Output devices used to output information. It processes the data and output it in a way the
user could understand.
e.g.:- Monitor, printer, speaker and etc….
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The central processing unit processes the commands and instruction which given by the user.
Its main job is controlling the computer. It is also known as brain of the computer.
This consists of three parts.
 Control unit
 Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
 Memory registers

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Storage Devices
Storage devices are used to store data & information in the computer. When CPU needs some
data, the data is brought from storage devices to memory and CPU.
There are two types of storage devices.
 Primary storage: RAM, ROM
 Secondary storage: Hard disk, DVD, Pen drive
2) Software
Software can be defined as a set of intangible rules and instructions that has been written
by using a certain computer language to do specific set of tasks.
It can be classified into two major categories.
 System Software
 Application Software
System Software
This is a type of software that runs on top of hardware to make the hardware useable
1) Operating System: It is a must for the computer to have an operating system to work.
The main function of an operating system is to provide an
interface for its
User by hiding the complexity of computer hardware and other
software so that user can easily access the relevant software.
e.g.: Windows, Linux, Mac and UNIX
Utilities Application Software
Operating System
Hardware
Figure 1.1
2) Utilities: These are the software that help the user efficiently use the computer.
e.g.: Anti-virus software, Troubleshooting tools and Diagnostic tools
User

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Application Software
Application software is software that performs useful task and helps the computer itself.
Application software are mostly designed to fulfill the general user requirement. Application
software runs on the top of the system software by giving more features to the user in order
to utilize the available hardware devices.
 Packages: MS office package, graphic designing software
 Computer languages: Java, C++, Visual basic, Pascal, Fortran
3) Liveware
All type of users that use the computer system can be generally called as Liveware.
Liveware also plays a major role in computer system. Liveware is responsible for giving
commands and instructions to the computer, to get the work done.
e.g.: Normal computer user
Programmers
Data entry operators
4) Firmware
A set of rules and regulation written in the form of software and permanently stored
in ROM chips or BIOS chips by the chip manufactures.
It is another form of system tool helps to continue the system operations.
e.g.: Bootstrap programs
Self-diagnostic program

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Task 1.3
Computer System Diagram
Computer System
Hardware
InputDevices
Output
Devices
CPU
Storage
Devices
Software
System
Software
Operating
System
Utilities
Application
Software
Computer
Language
Packages
Liveware
Computer
Users
Firmware
Bootstrap
Programs
Selfdiognastic
Programs

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Task 1.4
Structure of the CPU
Data/Information Flow
Control Information Flow
Program Instruction Flow
Functionality of the CPU
The Central Processing Unit is called the brain of the computer. This consists of three parts:
1) Control Unit (CU)
2) Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)
3) Memory Registers
1) Control Unit (CU)
All the controlling of the computer is done by this unit. This controls all the devices of
the computer giving the required commands when necessary.
2) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
This unit performs all kinds of arithmetic calculations and logical operations.
Control Unit
Arithmetic
&
Logical Unit
Primary Storage
Secondary Storage
Output DeviceInput Device
Figure 1.2

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3) Memory Registers
The Memory registers are included in the processing unit and it stores the data which
are ready to be sent to the Central Processing Unit for calculations or processing.
Task 1.5
Clock Speed
In the Central Processing Unit, its speed is an important factor. The computer speed is
sometimes called the clock speed as well. The unit Hertz (Hz) is used to measure the speed of
the Central Processing Unit while units such as megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz) are used
to measure the speed of modern computers. In the comparison of computers, the speed is
considered a strong factor.
1000 Hz = 1 KHz
1000 KHz = 1 MHz
1000MHz = 1 GHz

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Task 1.6
Bus Architectures
Buses can be easily identified on the motherboard and called as the center piece of
connecting all the peripheral devices to the computer system. A bus is a subsystem that
transfer data between computer components inside a computer or between computers.
Buses can be identified in 3 different forms, which do 3 different functionalities.
1. Data Bus
2. Address Bus
3. External data bus
Data Bus
It is responsible for transporting data only within the motherboard boundary to different
locations. A data bus has many different defining characteristics, but one of the most
important is its width. The width of a data bus refers to the number of bits (electrical wires)
that make up the bus. Common data bus widths include 1-, 4-, 8-, 16-, 32-, and 64-bit.
Address Bus
An address bus is a computer bus architecture used to transfer data between devices that are
identified by the hardware address of the physical memory (the physical address), which is
stored in the form of binary numbers to enable the data bus to access memory storage.
External data bus
All the external device will be connected to the mother board. Through the external ports,
external data buses responsible for transporting data from processor to external ports.

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Task 1.7
MIPS
“Instruction per second” (IPS) is measure of a computer’s processor speed. The term is
commonly used in association with a numeric value such as thousand instruction per second
(KIPS), Million instruction per second (MIPS).
MIPS measures roughly the number of machine instructions that a computer can execute in
one second. However, different instructions require more or less time than others, and there
is no standard method for measuring MIPS. In addition, MIPS refers only to the CPU speed. A
computer with a high MIPS rating, therefore, might not run a particular application any faster
than a computer with a low MIPS rating.
Task 1.8
Pipelining
A pipeline is a set of data processing elements connected in series, so that the output of one
element is the input of the next one. In most of the cases we create a pipeline by dividing a
complex operation into simpler operations. We can also say that instead of taking a bulk thing
and processing it at once, we break it into smaller pieces and process it one after another.
Pipelining seeks to use every portion of the processor busy with some instruction.
FLOOPS
FLOPS means floating point operations per second. It is the process of identifying how many
floating points can be operated or processed within a second. FLOPS measures the computing
ability of a computer. A floating-point operation is a calculation of mathematical equation.
This is one main function of ALU under the instructions of Control Unit. Especially under the
arithmetic functions, ALU is responsible for the completion of floating point operations. This
indicates how faster a processer can perform and how faster the ALU can complete floating
point operations.

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Task 1.9
Binaries in to Decimal
1. Write the binary number.
2. Find the place value of each digits.
3. Multiply the digits with the place value.
4. Add the values calculated above.
5. That sum represents the decimal value of the relevant binary value.
1) 110011002
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 02
110011002 = 20410
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
= (27*1) + (26*1) + (25*0) + (24*0) + (23*1) + (22*1) + (21*0) + (20*0)
= (128*1) + (64*1) + (32*0) + (16*0) + (8*1) + (4*1) + (2*0) + (1*0)
= 128 + 64 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 0
= 204
2) 101011102
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
101011102 = 17410
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
= (27*1) + (26*0) + (25*1) + (24*0) + (23*1) + (22*1) + (21*1) + (20*0)
= (128*1) + (64*0) + (32*1) + (16*0) + (8*1) + (4*1) + (2*1) + (1*0)
= 128 + 0 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 0
= 174
3) 111001012
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
111001012 = 22910
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
= (27*1) + (26*1) + (25*1) + (24*0) + (23*0) + (22*1) + (21*0) + (20*1)
= (128*1) + (64*1) + (32*1) + (16*0) + (8*0) + (4*1) + (2*0) + (1*1)
= 128 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 229

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Task 1.10
Decimal in to Binaries
9710
2 97
2 48 - 1
2 24 - 0
2 12 - 0
2 6 - 0
2 3 - 0
2 1 - 1
0 - 1
9710 = 11000012
11210
2 112
2 56 0
2 28 0
2 14 0
2 7 0
2 3 1
2 1 1
1
11210 = 11100002
12710
2 127
2 63 1
2 31 1
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
12710 = 11111112

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Task 02
Task 2.1
Storage Devices
Which are used to store data and information are called Storage devices.
Storage can be divided into two main parts:
1) Primary Storage
2) Secondary Storage
1) Primary Storage
Primary Storage devices are manufactured using Semiconductors. The main task of
the Primary Storage is to store data temporarily to provide the necessary data to the
Central Processing Unit. The basic task of the Secondary Memory is to store data,
instructions and information needed for further use.
Random access memory (RAM)
The main task of the Random Access Memory, is to store temporarily the data which are
needed to the Central Processing Unit. Everything in the Random Access Memory, which
belongs to the type of Volatile Memory, is lost with a power failure. Therefore, all the data or
information which is considered to be important should necessarily be saved in a unit of
Secondary Memory.
The capacity of the Random Access Memory is important for the efficiency of a computer.
Further, it is possible to increase the capacity of the Random Access Memory adding memory
units as required.
There are two main forms of RAM (Random Access Memory). They are:
 Static Random Access Memory - SRAM
 Dynamic Random Access Memory – DRAM
Primary
Memory
Random access
memory
Reed only
memory Cache memory
Figure 2.1

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Read only memory (ROM)
The data or information needed by a computer for basic operation saved in the Read Only
Memory. It belongs to the type of non-volatile memory, will not be lost in a power failure.
All the necessary information is saved in the Read Only Memory by the manufacturer of the
computers and in modern computers it is possible to update this Memory when necessary.
There are several forms in the Read Only Memory. They are
 Programmable Read Only Memory - PROM
 Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory - EPROM
 Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory – EEPROM
Cache memory
The data needed for the Central Processing Unit goes through Random Access Memory.
However, Random Access Memory does not have the ability to supply data in the required
speed of the Central Processing Unit. The reason for this is that the speed of the Random
Access Memory is less than the speed of the Central Processing Unit. Cache Memory is used
to overcome this shortcoming.
2) Secondary Storage
Secondary Storage Units are used to store data steadily and safely. Many secondary
storage units are used to store data and given below are some of the main units.
Hard Disk
The most commonly used device to store data in the computer is the hard disk. In hard disks,
data are stored in platters and there can be several platters in a hard disk. All these platters
are fixed on one spindle. All these platters are rotated together in the same speed while a
read / write head is fixed in each platter separately to read and write. Hard disk records data
by magnetizing. A Normal Hard disk rotates 7200 per minute (7200 Rpm).
CD and DVD
Compact Disks and Digital Versatile Disks are the most commonly used devices today to store
data and move them around. However, these CDs and DVDs were mainly created for the fields
of music and cinema.
Later on, it was started to use these disks to store data in computers. We cannot differentiate
between CDs and DVDs externally. Normally, the capacity of a Compact Disk ranges was
650 MB – 900 MB. While the capacity of a Digital Versatile Disk ranges from 4.7 GB to 17 GB.
Floppy Disk
Floppy disks which are read and written using magnetic technology are becoming outdated
today. The data are read and written at a very low speed in floppy disks and their capacity is
very small compared to other data storage units. One advantage of floppy disks is that they
are portable. However, since their capacity is small, using them to move the large files used
today are inconvenient
e.g.: 3.5 inches floppy disk = 1.44Mb

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Task 2.2
Volatility
The special feature of the volatile memory is that the data and information saved in it can be
lost as soon as a power disconnected. The Random Access Memory mentioned above too
belongs to this type. That means all the data or information saved in the Random Access
Memory will be lost in a power failure.
e.g.: RAM
Non Volatility
The data and information saved here is stable and a power failure does not affect this at all.
Non-volatile memory mostly used for the secondary storage.
e.g.: ROM, Hard disk, Flash memory, Floppy disk, Pen drive
Task 2.3
Differences between Internal & External Storage
Internal / Primary Storage External / Secondary Storage
Internal Storage is inside of a computer. External Storage is outside of a computer.
Internal storage stores information on your
computer.
External storage stores it on a portable
device.
Internal storage store the operating system
and programs the computer needs in order
to function.
External storage don't need to devote
storage space to operating systems and
programs.
Internal drives are installed inside the tower of
a computer.
External hard drives are located outside the
computer.
Faster data transmission. Speed less than internal storage.
Once an internal drive is installed, it has to be
removed to be used with another computer.
An external drive just has to be disconnected
and reconnected.
Internal drives are usually less expensive than
external drives.
External drives are expansive.
Table 2.1

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Task 2.4
Difference between RAM & ROM
RAM ROM
RAM stands for random access memory. ROM stands for read only memory.
Volatile Non-Volatile
RAM is used for reading and writing. ROM is used for only reading
As soon as the computer is switched off
RAM will lose its data.
But ROM’s data is permanent.
Table 2.2
Difference between USB & DVD
USB DVD
A flash drive USB is little and can fit in
your pocket.
But DVD is bigger. It is difficult to carry.
USB needs no protection. But DVD needs a case to protect.
Can store more data and information. Storing data has a limit.
Can be erased and written several times. Cannot be used by erasing several times.
USB port is fixed with the computer. DVD needs a DVD-ROM to read it.
Table 2.3
External data bus & Data bus
 It is responsible for transporting data only within the motherboard boundary to
different locations but External data bus is responsible for transporting data packets
from processer to the external ports.
 Data bus transfers in two directions but External depends on peripheral attached.

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Task 2.5
Hard disk & RAM Access Time
Consider about two situations which you want to access a file in your hard disk and you want
to access a file in your RAM.
RAM is form of primary storage which is directly accessible to the Central processing unit. But
Hard disks are secondary storage devices which are not connected directly to the CPU. When
you access a file in Hard disk, first hard disk sent the data to the RAM. Then through the RAM
only the data will be guided to the CPU operations. Because the Ram is faster than the hard
disk and it has taken less access time.
So accessing something that has been stored in the hard disk is the time consuming than
accessing RAM.
Task 2.6
Data seek time
Refers to the time a program or device takes to locate a particular piece of data. For disk
drives, the terms seek time and access time are often used interchangeably. Technically
speaking, however, the access time is often longer the seek time because it includes a brief
latency period.
Capacity
Storage capacity refers to how much disk space one or more storage devices provides. It
measures how much data a computer system may contain. For an example, a computer with
a 500GB hard drive has a storage capacity of 500 gigabytes. A network server with 4TB drives,
has a storage capacity of 4 terabytes. Storage capacity is often used synonymously with "disk
space." However, it refers to overall disk space, rather than free disk space.
Access Latency
In general, the period of time that one component in a system is spinning its wheels waiting
for another component. Latency, therefore, is wasted time. For example, in accessing data on
a disk, latency is defined as the time it takes to position the proper sector under the
read/write head.
Data bocks
A physical unit of data that can be conveniently stored by a computer on an input or output device.
The block is normally composed of one or more logical records or a portion of a logical record.
Synonymous with physical record.

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Task 2.7
Data Transfer Rate
The speed with which data can be transmitted from one device to another. Data rates are often
measured in megabits (million bits) per second. These are usually abbreviated as Mbps respectively.
In telecommunications, data transfer is usually measured in bits per second. For example, a typical
low-speed connection to the Internet may be 33.6 kilobits per second (Kbps). On Ethernet local area
networks, data transfer can be as fast as 10 megabits per second.

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Task 03
Task 3.1
Data Communication
Transmission of data from one place to another place is called Data Communication.
Medium
Basic parts needed for Data Communication
Sender
Sender or source is the data producer or the place where the data is produced for data
transmission.
e.g.: Imagine that you call a friend of yours. Then you become the Sender or Source.
Data communication Medium
The medium which is used to transmit data to the receiver is considered here.
e.g.: In the example mentioned above, the telephone line becomes the data
communication medium.
Receiver
The receiver is the person who gets data at the end.
e.g.: Your friend is the receiver in the above mentioned example.
Sender Receiver
Figure 3.1

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Task 3.2
Data communication Media
Various media are used for data communication. It is possible to group all these media into
two main types:
1. Guided Media: If a particular physical medium is used for data communication, it is
called guided media.
2. Unguided Media: Communicating data using media which are not physical is simple
and common today. Those media are called unguided media.
Guided Media
Wires are used here for data communication and some most popular media are given below.
Twisted wire pair:
The normal wires used for daily activities can also
be used for data communication.
e.g.: Normal telephone wires
Co-axial Cables:
Co-axial cables, which consist of a copper net woven
around a copper wire, are also used for data
communication. This is used in antenna wires for
Television Sets.
Fiber Optics:
Fiber Optics is a very popular guided media used today
for data communication. This is used in modern
telephone lines.
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4

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Unguided Media
No physical medium is used here to build the relationship and the communication media
given below are widely used.
Radio waves
Radio waves, which are very familiar to our normal lives, can be used for data communication
very easily.
Infrared
Infrared, which possesses very low frequency light beams, can also be used for data
communication. These are largely used for data communication when cable less keyboards,
Mice and television remote controls are used.
Microwaves
Microwaves are used to communicate data to a longer distance and short signals which
contain higher frequencies are used here.
Examples of communication media mentioned above are Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and WI-Max are
also used.
Task 3.3
Data Transmission Types
Data transmission can be done in two ways. Those are:
1. Serial data transmission
2. Parallel data transmission
1. Serial data transmission
Data is transmitted here one after the other (in a serial way). Such data transmission is done
in bits in a computer network. One wire is enough here for data transmission.
2. Parallel data transmission
Several bits are transmitted at a time in parallel data transmission and several wires are used
for this. In most of the instances, the use of at least eight wires for this is the normal way.

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Task 3.4
Data Transmission Modes
Three main modes are noticed in data transmission. They are
1. Simplex
2. Half-Duplex
3. Duplex
1. Simplex
In simplex data transmission, data is directed one way. There is no any space for data
transmission to be directed the other way. The best examples which can be mentioned
here are television and radio transmission.
Data transmission is always done here only from sender to receiver
2. Half-Duplex
In Half-Duplex data transmission, data can be directed one way at a time. Though data
can be transmitted both ways here, until the data transmission to one direction is
over, data cannot be transmitted in the other direction.
The best example which can be cited here is the Walkie-talkie.
3. Duplex
In full duplex data transmission, data can be transmitted both ways at the same time.
The best example which can be shown here is the telephone.
Sender Receiver
Figure 3.5
Sender Receiver
Figure 3.6
Sender Receiver
Figure 3.7

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Task 04
Task 4.1
Computer Network
The computer system which is connects two or more computers is called a computer network.
When a computer network is built, the resources of the computers can be commonly used.
In building such a computer network, various communication devices and techniques are
used to connect computers and other devices.
Advantages of computer Network
 Speed: Since the computers and other devices are well connected to one another in a
computer network, it is possible to transmit data and information very easily and fast.
 Cost: The high cost for computer programs and devices can be easily reduced when a
computer network is built. The reason for this high cost is that the computer software
has to be bought separately for each computer when the computers are used
separately.
 Ease in Centralized software management: In computer network, it is possible to
manipulate software installed in computers from one place. That means software can
be centrally managed.
 Sharing of resources: In computer networks, expensive special devices can be
commonly used. For instance, only one printer is sufficient for many computers in a
computer network.
 E-mail: Email can be used to exchange information very easily among computers.
Disadvantages of computer Network
 In certain networks (e.g. Star), breakdown of the main computer can adversely affect
the process of the entire computer system.
 There is a possibility to lose resources due to the errors of the network system.
 Outsiders may access the network and rob data and information there.
 Sometimes the user may not be able to access the required resources easily (e.g.: a
shared printer being used by many users at the same time).
 Controlling the network is not an easy task. It demands special computer software and
specially trained officers.
 Communication of Data and information can be disturbed due to the errors of the
network system.

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Task 4.2
Devices that used in Computer Network
It can be noticed that many devices are used in computer networks. Let us consider the details
of the essential devices in computer networking.
Modem
The telephone line can be used to access Internet. The MODEM is a device that has to be used
here to build the necessary relationship to connect the computer to Internet through
telephone lines.
Network Hub
Network Hub is used in a computer network to connect several computers with one another.
Network Switch
Network switch is used in a computer network to exchange data and information in a regular
manner among the computers in the network. The main difference between Network Switch
and Hub is that in a Hub the data are broadcasted to all the devices that are connected to it
while in a switch the data are routed only to the relevant device.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Network Interface Card is the card which contains the circuits which are necessary to connect
your computer to a network. It can be observed that some Motherboards contain circuits
which are necessary for networking.

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Task 4.3
Types of Network
Work Group Network
No dedicated server, based on the way that a certain user access another user client and
server roles will be changing one to another. Workgroups are designed for small LANs in
homes, schools, and small businesses.
Server Based Network
In a server-based network, the server is the central location where users share and access
network resources. This dedicated computer controls the level of access that users have to
share resources. Shared data is in one location, making it easy to back up critical business
information. Each computer that connects to the network is called a client computer.
Scope of Network
As far as computer networks are concerned, we can identify three main types. They are:
1) Local Area Network (LAN)
2) Wide Area Network (WAN)
3) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
1) Local Area Network (LAN)
A Network that can be identified with in a geographical location can be called as Local
Area Network. In most of the instances, this kind of network is limited to one building
or else the network is built connecting a few places which are situated very close to
each other. For instance, a computer network built in a school or a university can be
called a Local Area Network.
2) Wide Area Network (WAN)
A computer network which is spread in a large area is called a Wide Area
Network. The best example which can be given for this is the Internet. No geographical
restriction can be shown in such a network.
3) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Networks which are spread in a larger area than a Local Area Network but smaller than
Wide Area Network are called Metropolitan Area Networks. A computer network
which is maintained in a government institute can be cited as an example here.
The relevant divisional institutes are operated while being connected to this network.
For instance, a computer network which connects Divisional Secretariats can be called
a Metropolitan Area Network.

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Task 4.4
Network Topologies
The way in which the connections are made is called the topology of the computer network.
Network topology specifically refers to the physical layout of the network, especially the
locations of the computers and how the cable is run between them.
1) Bus Topology
This computer network is built centering on a
main wire and connecting all the computers and
other devices to it. The advantages of this are the
need of a few wires and the convenience to fix
computers and other devices. A main
disadvantage of this is the fact that the whole
network depends on the main wire. Further,
closing the main wire at both ends using
terminators is a difficult task.
2) Star topology
The computers are connected here in the shape of
a star as shown in (Figure 4.2). A computer or a hub
or switch is used here in the middle to connect all
the computers to one another. It is very easy to
install a star network and it is relatively easy to
identify and correct errors there.
Further, the main disadvantage of this network are
the necessity to use a large number of wires to
connect computers to one another and the fact
that if the computer, hub or switch in the middle
breaks down, the whole system will be broken.
3) Ring topology
This network is arranged connecting computers to one
another in the form of a ring. Even though the need of
a few wires to connect computers can be mentioned as
an advantage, the main disadvantage in a ring network
is that if one computer does not operate, the whole
network will collapse.
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3

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4) Mesh topology
In mesh topologies there is no specific structure to
connect computers and other devices. This topology is
commonly used for most computer networks as it is
difficult and expensive to have redundant connection to
every computer. However, this topology is commonly
used for wireless networks. The main disadvantages in
a mesh network is that if certain connection fails only
that node will fail, other will work.
5) Hybrid topology
In Hybrid topology there is no specific structure, because the designers are authorized to
selecting and blending all the beneficial points of deferent modules, to develop a hybrid
module. When you are selecting two or more modules to develop a hybrid network, you must
consider about the advantages and disadvantages in each module.
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5

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Task 05
Task 5.1
Computer Operating System
We cannot use the computer without the Operating System. When we switch ON the
computer, the operating system functions automatically, creating the environment necessary
for us to use the computer. MS DOS, Windows, UNIX, Linux and Mac OS can be mentioned as
some of the most commonly used operating systems.
The main function of a computer operating system is to provide an interface for its users by
hiding the complexity of computer hardware and other software so that users can easily
access the relevant software. Moreover, the computer operating system should coordinate
all the devices to get the maximum benefit out of them.
User Interfaces
1. Command Line Interface (CLI)
2. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Command Line Interface (CLI)
In the CLI a prompt is found in the screen. The user should type according to the given
instructions or special commands here. This interface is more difficult to learn because of its
need to memorize lot of different commands. Command Line Interfaces are found in
operating systems such as MS DOS, UNIX and Linux.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
A graphical interface is used here to make use of the computer easier and simpler for the
user. A GUI Operating system is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. There is no
need to keep the commands in mind and the computer can be handled very easily using
graphics. Graphical User Interface are found in operating system such as Microsoft Windows
and Mac OS X.
The following elements can be seen in the operating systems that give GUIs.
 Windows
 Icons
 Menus
 Pointer

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Classification of operating System
Based on number of users and numbers of task, computer operating system can be classified
as:
 Single User – Single Task
e.g.: MS-DOS
 Single User – Multi Task
e.g.: Windows
 Multi User – Multi Task
e.g.: Server Operating systems
Task 5.2
Functions of an Operating System
The basic functions of an operating system can be divided into five categories:
1) Memory Management
2) Process Management
3) Device Management
4) File Management
5) Security Management
1) Memory Management
Providing allocations in the memory for various tasks too is another function of an operating
system. Computer memory is managed in an organized manner by the operating system when
several processes are done simultaneously so that there will be no clash among them.
Another function of an operating system is to release the memory to perform a new task
when the previous task is totally completed.
2) Process Management
Computer programs are the set of instructions that programmers write in language
for the computers to follow. When a program is running in the computer it is called a
"process".
Process management is a basic function of modern operating systems. However, only
one process operates at one time in the Central Processing Unit when several
processes are in operation. The processes are activated one at a time in a selected
order.

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3) Device Management
Device Management is another function that has to be performed by the operating
system. An operating system has to handle various devices in various ways.
Some examples for these can be the hardware segments of a computer system such
as the printer. Factors such as the speed of the devices, amount of information, its
purpose, direction where information flows, protocol used to transmit information
(communication protocol) affect the management of devices.
4) File Management
The data/information is stored in secondary storage in the form of 'files'. You may
have used them to save information in computer and retrieved those later. It is very
important for a computer to save files in a place we want and to manage them
properly.
The operating system manages the processes of creating, naming, organizing,
accessing, using and protecting the files. It gives opportunity to create, copy, move,
rename, retrieve and delete files.
5) Security Management
The operating system also protects a computer system from external and internal
dangers. For example, the use of the user name and the password are two security
shield used by the operating system to control unauthorized entry into a computer.

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Task 06
Task 6.1
Open source operating system
Open source software most often is associated with free software and while this might be
true on many open source programs the main difference is that a person can take open source
software, including an operating system such as Linux, and can modify and change the
program to suit their needs. The nice thing about an open source operating system like Linux
is how much you can customize it, the downside is that it requires quite a bit of knowledge
about computer programming.
Open Source & Windows
Windows: - Windows is the family of operating system (OS) from Microsoft, which is the most
famous OS in the world.
Open Source: - Linux is an example of Open Source software development and Free Operating
System (OS).
User interface
Windows: - The Windows GUI is an integral component of the OS and it is mainly influenced
by Apple Macintosh OS and Xerox.
Open Source: - Linux typically provides two GUIs, KDE and Gnome. But Linux GUI is optional.
Cost
Windows: - For desktop or home use, Windows can be expensive. A single copy can cost
around 15,000Rs to 20,000Rs, depending on the version of Windows.
Open Source: - Linux can be freely distributed, downloaded freely. There are priced versions for
Linux also, but they are normally cheaper than Windows.
Security
Windows: - There have been more than 60,000 viruses in Windows
Open Source: - Linux has had about 60-100 viruses listed till date. None of them actively
spreading nowadays.
File System
Windows: - FAT, FAT32, NTFS, exFAT
Open Source: - Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, ReiserFS, Xfs, Btrfs, FAT, FAT32, NTFS

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Open Source vs. Closed Source Operating System
Software, including operating systems and applications, is created using programming code.
Programmers write source code, which is then compiled into executable code, creating the
product that you ultimately run on your computer. There are many operating systems in use
for personal, business and industrial contexts, and some of them are closed source and some
are open. In general, an open source system is one in which the source code is visible to you,
and in a closed source system it's not.
Policy
The principle of open source software is that as a user you have a right to access the source
code. If you're using a closed source system, you don't have access to its source code, even
where the software has been purchased with a commercial license. As well as being able to
see how a program has been implemented, many open source licenses also allow you to
amend and redistribute the software, although often this depends on the type of license used.
Differences
Having access to source code isn't the only difference between open and closed source
systems. While closed source operating systems are typically developed by corporations and
worked on only by people within the organization, open source systems tend to be developed
by large communities. Because open source programs have visible code, users and consumers
of the software are able to identify bugs, and even fix them. Because of this, open source
systems are often updated more regularly than closed source systems.

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Task 07
Task 7.1
Factors to be concerned when buying a computer
 We have to consider about how much money we have to buy a computer.
 If we want a computer to carry everywhere we should buy a laptop, Or If we want a
computer to use it home or office we can buy a desktop computer it depends on our
requirement.
 We should consider about the purpose why we want a computer, we should increase
its performance by adding a high capacity RAM & VGA to play games and to do graphic
designing OR If we want a computer for official purpose we should buy a high
performance microprocessor.
 We should consider about the capacity of Hard disk according to our requirements. If
we see the needs and buy according to it we can save our money.
 Buy a LCD or LED monitor instead of CRT monitor because CRT monitors absorbs more
electricity.
 Buy a disk drive you use the most. Buying a DVD drive is much better than a VCD drive.
 Buy additional hardware such as speakers, modem, Printer and etc….
 We have to consider about the kind of Operating system we put to our computer.
Whether it is a paid operating system (e.g. Windows) or an Open source operating
system (e.g. Linux).
 If we use internet it is a must to have an Internet security, if we don’t use internet
normal Virus guard is more than enough.
 Buy a brand new computer rather than a used one.

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Task 7.2
Factors to consider when implementing a network
 We have to consider how many computers we are going to use in network.
 What type of equipment will the network contain? The following devices are the most
common things that a network can contain:
 Hub
 Switches
 Routers
 Modem
 You'll have to consider here the type of storage equipment needed, the capacity, the
speed etc.
 IP telephones - telephones that communicate through the IP protocol.
 Printers - printing equipment.
 Servers - machines dedicated to host critical services and applications.
 Computers - network hosts.
 Consider about the network type we are going to use.
 According to the environment where we are going to implement a network, we should
select the topology.
 After selecting topology we want to consider how much will it cost to implement the
whole network.
 Be cautious about the security of the network.

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Task 7.3
Computer security measures
Physical Security
Physical security is measure that which are design to deny to unauthorized personal from
physically accessing a building, facility or stored information.
 Cooler fanes
 Using Casing.
 Using Fire guards.
 Cover up the computer.
 Use a UPS.
Logical Security
Logical Security safe guards a certain computer system in an intangible way.
 User Names and Passwords.
 Access control.
 Virus guards and firewalls.
 Backup and recovery.
Task 7.4
Sound cards
An expansion board that enables a computer to manipulate and output sounds. Sound cards
are necessary for nearly all CD-ROMs and have become commonplace on modern personal
computers. Sound functionality can also be integrated onto the motherboard, using basically
the same components as a plug-in card.
Memory
The term memory identifies data storage that comes in the form of chips, and the word
storage is used for memory that exists on tapes or disks. Every computer comes with a
certain amount of physical memory, usually referred to as main memory or RAM. A
computer that has 1 megabyte of memory, therefore, can hold about 1 million bytes.
There are several different types of memory:
 RAM (random-access memory)
 ROM (read-only memory)
 PROM
 EPROM
 EEPROM
External storage

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In computing, external storage comprises devices that temporarily store information for
transporting from computer to computer. Such devices are not permanently fixed inside a
computer. External storage devices provides additional storage other than that available in
computer. Data can be transported easily from one place to another. It is useful to store
software. Types of external storage:
Magnetic storage
 Cassette tape
 Floppy disk
Optical storage
 CD
 DVD
Video Graphic Adapter
Video Graphic Adapter (VGA) is an expansion Card which can be fixed in expansion slot. It
generates a feed of images to a display.

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Task 08
Task 8.1
Test Plan
The test plan keeps track of possible tests that will be run on the system after coding. It is a
document that develops as the project is being developed. The initial test plan is abstract and
the final test plan is concrete.
Objective of test plan
 Given idea about the cost price.
 Shows the suitable resources.
 Evaluate and test testing process.
 Shows the places that needed to be tested or corrected.
 Schedule testing activities according to the test strategy and project deadlines.
Task 8.2
Based on the available software testing time can be very with the relevant resources to be
utilized mostly the testing has to be done many times before a software implementation
Following are the objective of software testing:
1. To check the expected outcome.
2. To correct all identified errors.
3. To identify different ways of re-constructing the software.
White Box Testing
White-box testing is a methodology used to ensure and validate the internal framework,
mechanisms, objects and components of a software application. White-box testing verifies
code according to design specifications.
Advantages of White box testing
 It helps to optimize and re-construct the cording.
 It removes unnecessary lines of code.
 Facilitates finding of the locations of hidden errors in early phases of development.
 The testing is done by software experts, it can guaranty about the exact and it takes
very less time.
Disadvantages of white box testing
 Requires a skilled tester, so white box testing is very expensive.
 It might be time consuming without the help of knowledgeable testers.
 Code bit validation is difficult.

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Black Box Testing
Black box testing is a software testing technique that focuses on the analysis of software
functionality, versus internal system mechanisms. Black box testing was developed as a
method of analyzing client requirements, specifications and high-level design strategies.
Advantages of Black box testing
 Save time in large system implementation
 Provides flexibility: Specific programming knowledge is not required.
 Conserves resources: Testers focus on software functionality.
 Mostly the testers will be conducting in user’s point of view.
Disadvantages of black box testing
 Test case/script design and maintenance may be problematic because black box
testing tools depend on known inputs.
 Graphical User Interface (GUI) interaction may damage test scripts.
 Sometimes testers must be struggling to identify and debug the tricky part of cording.
 Sometimes it is difficult to identify all the inputs in a given testing time period.
Task 8.3
Health & Safety issues in ICT
Using computer a lot can harm our body headache, Eye strain, back pain. We should follow
some health tips to avoid them.
 Headache and eyes strain – to avoid this take even a short break every two hours. Do
not focus in screen a lot. Clean the screen to remove dust.
 Back pain -- Stable, allowing easy freedom of movement and comfortable position.
 Numbness – Don’t sit too long in the chair.
 Migraine – Don’t get stressed too much.

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Task 09
Task 9.1
User Training Needs
TNA is an effective way of identifying the space between the skills a business needs and what
employees have. Gathering information to find areas where employees could improve their
performance involve this. It helps us to identify the objectives in a training staff.
Objectives
 Analyze business goals and the skills required to meet these goals.
 Determine the changes in products or business process.
 Increase the sense of ownership and involvement of the students.
 Ascertain the most suitable evaluation mechanisms
 Determine what is the most appropriate delivery format - class based, online or a mix
of these and other formats
 Achieve a correct fit between the provider and student, i.e., the course matches
student needs and expectations
 Evaluate who want to be trained and how best to reach them.
 Evaluate the training place.
Task 9.2
Help Desk
A help desk is a resource intended to provide the customer or end user with information and
support related to a companies or institution's products and services. The purpose of a help
desk is usually to troubleshoot problems or provide guidance about products such as
computers, electronic equipment, food, apparel, or software. Corporations usually provide
help desk support to their customers through various channels such as toll-free numbers,
websites, instant messaging, or email. There are also in-house help desks designed to provide
assistance to employees.
 An incident only requires reporting once.
 It is simple to check when incidents are not effectively resolved, or action has not been
taken when required.
 Management information is more accessible and accurate.
 Complex support tasks and calculations are made easier.

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Task 9.3
ICT based Training Plan
User trainings are common in most of the system implementation activities and it cost
additional amount of money with additional resources and time.
Prior to scheduling training activities, a requirement evaluation needs to be done to clearly
identify the potential need for the intended training activity.
Following are some reasons to scheduling the training:-
 To evaluate user performance.
 Intended system implementation.
 To get professionally qualified.
 To increase the efficiency and accuracy.
 To be secured and guaranteed under the relevant work.
Task 9.4
Objective of preparing a training schedule.
 The purpose of a training plane is to identify the work to be carried out.
 We can work according to the time schedule.
 We can save time.
 Can compare with exact outcome with the planned schedule.
 Make it easy to monitor.
 Make it easy to evaluate.

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Task 10
Task 10.1
Computer security measures
Physical Security
Physical security is measure that which are design to deny to unauthorized personal from
physically accessing a building, facility or stored information.
 Cooler fanes: - There are two kind of cooler fans are available in the computer. One
is processor cooler fan it reduce the heat of the processor, And the other one is
normal cooler fan it cools the internal devices of the computer.
 We want use system casing to prevent dust from entering.
 Computer hardware is protected from fire damage by smoke detectors.
 Cover up the computer using a sheet of cloth while not in use.
 Use a UPS for avoiding immediate shut downs.
Logical security measures
 If you are using weak or no password, your computer can be hacked very easily. Your
password should be unique for each of your account.
 Use of reliable Antivirus and Anti Spyware Program. If you are not using any Antivirus
or Anti Spyware program then your PC is very much in danger to be infected with
Virus or Malware.
 You must update or install patches or latest version when they released. Otherwise
Intruders and hackers can take advantage of the vulnerabilities present in installed
software.
 Get a backup of system.

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Task 10.2
Risks which can be identified within a Computer Network Environment
A risk is a vulnerability that could allow loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability of
computer services.
As a network consists of more than one user, it is essential to provide facilities to
communicate in a safe and confidential way. But there are some incidents which lead to
expose confidential data to outsiders and also which lead to loose data, like listed below:-
 Outsiders may access the network and rob data and information there.
 Unauthorized access and use of computer systems.
 Disk failure
 Power failure and surges
 Physical theft
 Computer Virus Threats
 Spyware Threats
Precautions that can be taken to prevent those risks
 Monitor the user through the main server in order to identify file sharing.
 User name and password for each user will help to prevent unauthorized access.
 Power problems (surges, blackouts, and brown-outs) can cause physical damage to a
computer, inducing a hard disk crash or otherwise harming the electronic components
of the computer. Common mitigation methods include using surge suppressors and
uninterruptible power supplies (UPS).
 To aid in recovering from a security breach or hard disk failure, create a boot disk on
a floppy disk which will help when recovering a computer after such an event has
occurred.
 Connect other peripherals through the main server. Then easily can identify when any
of them are removed from the machine.
 Keep backups of the entire system to use in a system failure.
 Cryptographic tools are available that can encrypt data stored on a computer’s hard
disk. Use these tools if the computer contains sensitive data or is at high risk of theft.
 Use of anti-virus software on computers. Keep anti-virus software up-to-date. Many
anti-virus packages support automatic updates of virus definitions.

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Sending the
data via public
medium
Task 10.3
Encryption
Converting the readable form of data into unreadable form of data is called encryption. A
mathematical procedure for performing encryption on data. Through the use of an algorithm,
information is made into meaningless cipher text and requires the use of a key to transform
the data back into its original form. Blowfish, AES RC4, RC5, and RC6 are examples of
encryption algorithms
Why we use Encryption mechanism
If you don’t already know it, without encryption there is no such thing as privacy. At least not
for your data. It’s all 1′s and 0′s but doesn’t take a genius at all to recognize the data it
represents if it’s not encrypted when intercepted. And there are literally thousands of ways
to intercept data.
Sender
Readable
form of data
Unreadable
form of data
Unreadable
form of data
Readable
form of data
Receiver
ENCRYPTION
DECRYPTION

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Task 10.4
How network management helps to reduce unauthorized activities
Computer network management by Network Infrastructure Technology can help you cut
costs and enhance productivity throughout your company, whether you have one location or
several locations throughout the world.
So it is important to reduce unauthorized access and data sharing with other parties because
it will directly affect the organization.
 Hacking is unauthorized accessing of private and confidential information or ICT based
assets by using crackers/tools to get the things done. Cracking user names and pass
words to get in to private network or to access private information like account details,
financial transactions also come under hacking.
 As most of the business information are confidential it is an essential need to avoid
hacking. So companies hire security experts for security guidance.
 Most management systems their own encryption systems to transfer confidential
information.
 A system may have its own firewall. Hackers find it hard to get through them because
they are not aware of its source codes.
 If the whole network is monitored through a main server, it is impossible to use USB
drives to transfer files.

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Reference
1) http://www.differencebetween.com
2) http://www.pccomputernotes.com
3) http://www.helpmasterpro.com/home/why-help-desk-software.aspx
4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS
5) http://www.pccomputernotes.com/clockspeed/clockspeed.htm
6) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology
7) http://management.atwork-network.com/2008/04/15/mintzberg%E2%80%99s-10-
managerial-roles/
8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Network_analyzers
9) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_administrator
10) http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/N/network_management.html
11) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption
12) http://www.ictcomputertraining.com/
13) http://freehelpdesk.org/help-desk-software-benefits.php
14) http://www.helpdesksaas.com/blog/column/benefits-of-a-local-help-desk/
15) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory
16) http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=access+latency&title=Special%3ASearc
h
17) http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-data-transfer-rate.htm
18) http://www.cert.org/tech_tips/home_networks.html#III-A

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