General Chemistry of AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
CONTENTS:
-Aromatic compounds and aromaticity.
- Characteristic properties of aromatic compound.
- Nomenclature of derivatives of benzene.
- Benzene.
- Kekule’s structure of Benzene.
X-ray study of the structure of Benzene.
Molecular orbital description of benzene.
- Hückel 4n+2 Rule.
- Resonance of Benzene.
- Preparations of Benzene.
- Reactions of aromatic compound.
- Orientation in electrophilic substitution reactions.
General Chemistry of AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
CONTENTS:
-Aromatic compounds and aromaticity.
- Characteristic properties of aromatic compound.
- Nomenclature of derivatives of benzene.
- Benzene.
- Kekule’s structure of Benzene.
X-ray study of the structure of Benzene.
Molecular orbital description of benzene.
- Hückel 4n+2 Rule.
- Resonance of Benzene.
- Preparations of Benzene.
- Reactions of aromatic compound.
- Orientation in electrophilic substitution reactions.
Chemistry Of Aromatic Compounds By Dr. Gladys Mokua.MathewJude
Slide that venture deep into Benzene, its nomenclature, Its reactions and Benzene substituents reactions. Hope it will be of help to those who want to know about aromaticity.
1. Introduction
2. History of benzene
3. Nomenclature
4. Orbital structure
5. Kekule structure
6. Resonance structure
7. Resonance energy and stability 8. Structural evidence
9. Synthetic evidence
10. Analytical evidence
11. Aromaticity and huckle rule
12. Method of preparation of benzene
13. Electrophilic substitution of benzene
14. Classification of substituent 15. Directive effect : Ortho and para director, meta director
16. Reaction of monosubstituted benzene
17. Effect of Substituents on reactivity and orientation of monosubstituted benzene towards electrophilic substitution 18. Structure and uses of BHC,DDT, Saccharine and chloramine
acid base indicators, carbon acid, pH scale., carbanions, acids and conjugate bases, reactions of carbon acids, phosphonium ions as carbon acids , Carbon acids in synthesis, Super acid,
INTRODUCCION A LA QUIMICA ORGANICA, ESTUDIANTES GRADO 11 , ESTRUCTURA DEL CARBONO , PROPIEDADES, ALCANOS, ALKENOS , ALKINOS , ALCOHOLES, ETERES , AMINAS, CLASIFICACION DE ACUERDO A LA FORMA , EN ACICLICOS, ALICICLICOS ALIFATICOS.
et
Can include double and triple bonds
Hydrocarbon Compound with only carbon and hydrogen
Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.
Chemistry Of Aromatic Compounds By Dr. Gladys Mokua.MathewJude
Slide that venture deep into Benzene, its nomenclature, Its reactions and Benzene substituents reactions. Hope it will be of help to those who want to know about aromaticity.
1. Introduction
2. History of benzene
3. Nomenclature
4. Orbital structure
5. Kekule structure
6. Resonance structure
7. Resonance energy and stability 8. Structural evidence
9. Synthetic evidence
10. Analytical evidence
11. Aromaticity and huckle rule
12. Method of preparation of benzene
13. Electrophilic substitution of benzene
14. Classification of substituent 15. Directive effect : Ortho and para director, meta director
16. Reaction of monosubstituted benzene
17. Effect of Substituents on reactivity and orientation of monosubstituted benzene towards electrophilic substitution 18. Structure and uses of BHC,DDT, Saccharine and chloramine
acid base indicators, carbon acid, pH scale., carbanions, acids and conjugate bases, reactions of carbon acids, phosphonium ions as carbon acids , Carbon acids in synthesis, Super acid,
INTRODUCCION A LA QUIMICA ORGANICA, ESTUDIANTES GRADO 11 , ESTRUCTURA DEL CARBONO , PROPIEDADES, ALCANOS, ALKENOS , ALKINOS , ALCOHOLES, ETERES , AMINAS, CLASIFICACION DE ACUERDO A LA FORMA , EN ACICLICOS, ALICICLICOS ALIFATICOS.
et
Can include double and triple bonds
Hydrocarbon Compound with only carbon and hydrogen
Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
1. Organic Chemistry (II)
(Code: PE 213)
Instructor: Dr.Ehssan Nassef
e-mail: Ehssan.Nassef@Pua.edu.org.
Office Hours: Monday 1:30-3:30
Pharos University in Alexandria
Faculty of Engineering.
Petrochemical Department
2. Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons can be classified to:
• Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (Alkane,Alkene and
alkynes) Organic I
• Alyciclic Hydrocarbons.
• Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Organic II
5. 5
The Term Aromatic
Arenes and Aromaticity
• Aromatic term is used to describe a fragrant substance.
• Today the ward aromatic refers to benzene and its structural
relatives.
• Benzaldehyde, toluene, and benzene are all aromatic
compounds.
• Arenes are hydrocarbons based on the bz ring as the
structural unit.
H
O
CH3
Benzene Benzaldehyde Toluene
6. 6
Structure and Stability of Benzene
• Benzene is more stable than typical
alkenes.
• All C-C-C bond angles are 120 degrees,
all six carbon atoms are sp2 hybridized,
and each carbons has a p orbital
perpendicular to the plane of the six-
member ring.
7. 7
We can see why benzene is stable:
According to resonance theory , the more
resonance forms a substance has ,the more
stable it is.
Benzene with two resonance forms of equal
energy ,is therefore more stable and less reactive
than alkene.
8. Structure of benzene
(The kekule Proposal)
• August Kekule proposed that:
1- benzene contains a ring of carbon atoms and
can be formulated as cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene.
2- Benzene is a planner structure.
BUT the proposal failed in explaining :
1- why benzene is uncreative compared to
alkene.
2- why does benzene give a substitution product
rather than an addation product on reaction with
broumine(Br2)
9. 9
Bonds of Benzene Rings
• Each π bond overlaps equally well with both
neighboring p orbitals; six π electrons are
delocalized around the ring.
1.5 bonds on average
10. 10
Molecular Orbital Description of
Benzene
• Planar molecule with
the shape of a regular
hexagon.
• All C-C-C bond angles
are 120 degrees
• All six carbons are sp2
hybridized.
• Each carbon atom has a
p orbital perpendicular
to the plane of the six-
membered ring.
• All six carbon atoms and
six p orbitals in benzene
are equivalent.
11. 11
The resonance Proposal of benzene
and the orbital structure
The six pi electrons are completely delocalized
around the ring.
12. 12
Let’s review…
• Benzene is a cyclic conjugated molecule
• It is unusually stable, with a heat of hydrogenation of -
206 kJ/mol
• It is planar with the shape of a regular hexagon; bond
angles 120
• It undergoes substitution reactions that retain the
cyclic conjugation
• It is a resonance hybrid
• Generally less dense than water
• Insoluble in water but soluble in many organic
solvents
13. 13
The Huckel 4n + 2 Rule
To be aromatic, the molecule must also follow the
Huckel 4n + 2 rule:
A molecule must have 4n + 2 pi electrons
where n is an integer
(0, 1, 2, 3, etc…).
The number of pi electrons must be odd.
15. 15
1. Destructive Distillation of Coal
• Gives coal gas, ammoniacal liquor, coal tar
and coke as products
• The coal tar produced is a mixture of many
organic compounds (mainly aromatic ones)
• benzene and methylbenzene can be
obtained by fractional distillation
16. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level
3A
16
1. Destructive Distillation of Coal
A laboratory
set-up of the
destructive
distillation of
coal
20. 20
2. Reduction of Phenol
• Passing phenol vapour over heated zinc dust
produce benzene and zinc(II) oxide
Benzene is separated by fractional distillation
