This document provides an overview of basic electronics topics including electricity, voltage, current, resistance, capacitors, inductors, semiconductors, and digital electronics. It outlines the contents which will be covered such as basic electronics symbols, measuring equipment, resistors, capacitors, diodes, integrated circuits, power supplies and circuits. Key concepts such as voltage, current, resistance, Ohm's Law, and basic logic gates are defined and explained at a high level.

1. ELECTRONICS
L.C.TECHNOLOGY
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2. BASIC ELECTRONICS
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3. Basic Electronics
Things to be covered:
• What is electricity
• Voltage, Current, Resistance
• Ohm’s Law
• Capacitors, Inductors
• Semiconductors
• Mechanical Components
• Digital Electronics
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4. OUTLINE
• Basic Electronics and symbols
• Measuring Equipment
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Diode
• IC
• Power Supply
• Circuits

5. What is Electricity
• Everything is made of atoms
• There are 118 elements, an atom is a single part of an
element
• Atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons
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6. • Electrons (- charge) are attracted to protons (+ charge), this holds
the atom together
• Some materials have strong attraction and refuse to loss electrons,
these are called insulators (air, glass, rubber, most plastics)
• Some materials have weak attractions and allow electrons to be lost,
these are called conductors (copper, silver, gold, aluminum)
• Electrons can be made to move from one atom to another, this is
called a current of electricity.
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7. • Surplus of electrons is called a
negative charge (-). A shortage of
electrons is called a positive
charge (+).
• A battery provides a surplus of
electrons by chemical reaction.
• By connecting a conductor from
the positive terminal to negative
terminal electrons will flow.
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8. Basic Symbols in Electronics
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9. Wires and Connections
Wire
Wires not joined
Wires joined
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10. Power Supplies
Cell Battery
AC supply
DC supply
Ground
Fuse
Transformer
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11. Electronic Components
Diode
Resistor Capacitor
Variable Resistor
Variable Capacitor Transistor
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12. Amplifier Ariel On/Off switch
Microphone 2-way switch
Earphone
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13. Measurement
Voltmeter Ohmmeter
Galvanometer
Ammeter
Oscilloscope
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14. Voltage
• A battery positive terminal (+) and a negative terminal (-). The
difference in charge between each terminal is the potential energy the
battery can provide. This is labeled in units of volts.
Water Analogy
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15. Voltage Sources:
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16. • Voltage is like differential pressure,
always measure between two points.
• Measure voltage between two points
or across a component in a circuit.
• When measuring DC voltage make
sure polarity of meter is correct,
positive (+) red, negative (-) black.
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17. Ground
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18. Exercise
• Measure DC voltage from power supply using multimeter
• Measure DC voltage from power supply using oscilloscope
• Measure DC voltage from battery using multimeter
• Measure AC voltage from wall outlet using a multimeter
• Measure AC voltage from wall outlet using an oscilloscope
Effective or Root Mean Square Voltage
(Measured with multimeter)
ERMS=0.707xEA
E
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19. Current
• Uniform flow of electrons thru a circuit is called current.
WILL USE CONVENTIONAL FLOW NOTATION ON ALL
SCHEMATICS
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20. • To measure current, must break circuit and install meter in line.
• Measurement is imperfect because of voltage drop created by meter.
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21. Connecting Meters
Voltmeter
Ammeter
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22. Resistance
• All materials have a resistance that is dependent on cross-
sectional area, material type and temperature.
• A resistor dissipates power in the form of heat
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23. Various resistors types
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24. When measuring resistance, remove
component from the circuit.
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25. Resistor Color Code
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26. Exercise
• Determine the resistance of various resistors of unknown value
using the resistor color code
• Using the multimeter, compare the specified resistance and
measured resistance
• Using the multimeter to examine the characteristics of various
potentiometers
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27. Ohm’s Law
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28. Prototyping Board
Example of how components are
Inserted in the protoboard
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29. Exercise
• Calculate the total current and voltage drop across each resistor shown in Figure 1
• Build the circuit in Figure 1 on the prototype board
• Measure the total circuit current and voltage drops across each resistor and compare
the calculated and measured values
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30. Capacitance
A capacitor is used to store charge for a short amount of time
Capacitor
Battery
Unit = Farad
Pico Farad - pF = 10-12F
Micro Farad - uF = 10-6F
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32. Capacitor Charging
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33. Capacitor Discharge
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34. Inductance
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36. Gates
• NOT Gate
• AND Gate
• OR Gate
• XOR Gate
• NAND Gate
• NOR Gate
• XNOR Gate

37. NOT Gate
A B
A B
1 0
0 1

38. AND Gate
A B Q
A 0 0 0
Q
1 0 0
B
0 1 0
1 1 1

39. OR Gate
A B Q
A Q
0 0 0
B
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1

40. XOR Gate
A B Q
0 0 0
A Q 1 0 1
B
0 1 1
1 1 0

41. NAND Gate
A B Q
A
Q 0 0 1
B
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

42. NOR Gate
A B Q
0 0 1
A Q
1 0 0
B
0 1 0
1 1 0

43. XNOR Gate
A B Q
0 0 1
A Q
1 0 0
B
0 1 0
1 1 1

44. 44