This document provides an introduction to basic electronics concepts including voltage, current, resistance, Ohm's Law, resistors, diodes, LEDs, capacitors, breadboards, and AC/DC power. Key topics covered are voltage measured in volts, current measured in amps, resistance measured in ohms, and their relationship as defined by Ohm's Law. Circuit components such as resistors, diodes, LEDs, and capacitors are explained along with their schematic symbols and uses. Breadboards and prototyping are also discussed.
The devise that is used for measurement of certain physical quantity is called as measuring instrument. This article discusses what the measuring instruments are, their types, functions of the measuring instruments and advantages and disadvantages of the analogue and digital ...
The devise that is used for measurement of certain physical quantity is called as measuring instrument. This article discusses what the measuring instruments are, their types, functions of the measuring instruments and advantages and disadvantages of the analogue and digital ...
Basic of circuit
Charge
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles which matter consists.
The unit of charge is the coulomb (C).
The symbol for the charge is Q (or) q.
ퟏ풄풐풖풍풐풎풃=ퟏ/(ퟏ.ퟔퟎퟐ×〖ퟏퟎ〗^(−ퟏퟗ) )=ퟔ.ퟐퟒ× 〖ퟏퟎ〗^ퟏퟖ 풆풍풆풄풕풓풐풏풔
Types of charge
Positive charge
Negative charge
A single electron has a charge of -1.602x10-19 c.
A single proton has a charge of +1.602x10-19 c.
Current
The flow of free electrons in a conductor is called electric current.
The electric current is defined as the time rate of charge.
The unit of current is the ampere (A).
The symbol for the current is I (or) i.
1ampere=1coulomb/second
Voltage
The potential difference between two points in an electric circuit called voltage.
The unit of voltage is volt.
Voltage is represented by V (or) v.
Power
The rate at which work done by electrical energy (or) energy supplied per unit time is called the power.
Power is the rate at which energy is expanded or the absorbing.
The power denoted by either P or p.
It is measured in watts (W). P = V x I
Network
Interconnection of two or more simple circuit elements is called an electric network.
Circuit
A network contains at least one closed path, it is called electrical circuit.
Active Elements
The sources of energy are called active element. They may be voltage source or current source.
Example:
Generators, Transistors, etc.
Passive Elements
These elements stores (in the form of electrostatic, electromagnetic energy) or dissipates energy (in the form of heat).
Example:
Resistance (R), Inductor (L), Capacitor (C).
Resistance
It is the property of a substance which opposes the flow of current through it.
The resistance of element is denoted by the symbol “R”.
It is measured in Ohms (Ω).
Inductor
It is the property of a substance which stores energy in the form of electromagnetic field.
The inductance of element is denoted by the symbol “L”.
It is measured in Henry (Η).
Capacitor
It is the property of a substance which stores energy in the form of electrostatic field.
The capacitance of element is denoted by the symbol “C”
It is measured in Farads (Ϝ).
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT & MEASURING INSTRUMENTS [Emmi- (NEE-302) -unit-1]Md Irshad Ahmad
(1) Philosophy of Measurement-Methods of measurement, Measurement system
, Classification of instrument systems, Characteristics of instruments & measurement
systems, Errors in measurement & its analysis, Standards.
(2)Analog Measurement of Electrical Quantities-Electrodynamic, Thermocouple,
Electrostatic & Rectifier type ammeters & voltmeters, Electrodynamic wattmeter, Three
Phase wattmeter, Power in three phase systems, Errors & remedies in wattmeter and energy
meter.
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
Stabilization Of Operating Point | Electrical EngineeringTransweb Global Inc
Biasing of BJT amplifiers plays an important role in operation of these amplifiers. Broadly biasing means application of DC voltage for amplification of AC signal. For individual devices biasing circuit mainly includes resistance. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Stabilization Of Operating Point:-
http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/electrical-engineering/transistors/stabilization-of-operating-point.aspx
The basics of electronics can be watched through the link http://bit.ly/2PPv0mv
A Diode is a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only.
a thermionic valve having two electrodes (an anode and a cathode).
This presentation contains information about some basic electrical parameters such as Voltage, Current, EMF, PD, Electric Power, Energy Ideal & Practical Sources, Types of Resistance, Heating Effect, Magnetic effect & Chemical effect of Electric Current etc.
This is a PowerPoint presentation whose contents are obtained from Earl D. Gates Introduction to Basic Electricity and Electronics. No Copyright Rules Intended to Be Violated. Only the manner of presentation is deemed original. Details about Ohm and Kirchhoff were obtained from Wikipedia.
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Basic of circuit
Charge
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles which matter consists.
The unit of charge is the coulomb (C).
The symbol for the charge is Q (or) q.
ퟏ풄풐풖풍풐풎풃=ퟏ/(ퟏ.ퟔퟎퟐ×〖ퟏퟎ〗^(−ퟏퟗ) )=ퟔ.ퟐퟒ× 〖ퟏퟎ〗^ퟏퟖ 풆풍풆풄풕풓풐풏풔
Types of charge
Positive charge
Negative charge
A single electron has a charge of -1.602x10-19 c.
A single proton has a charge of +1.602x10-19 c.
Current
The flow of free electrons in a conductor is called electric current.
The electric current is defined as the time rate of charge.
The unit of current is the ampere (A).
The symbol for the current is I (or) i.
1ampere=1coulomb/second
Voltage
The potential difference between two points in an electric circuit called voltage.
The unit of voltage is volt.
Voltage is represented by V (or) v.
Power
The rate at which work done by electrical energy (or) energy supplied per unit time is called the power.
Power is the rate at which energy is expanded or the absorbing.
The power denoted by either P or p.
It is measured in watts (W). P = V x I
Network
Interconnection of two or more simple circuit elements is called an electric network.
Circuit
A network contains at least one closed path, it is called electrical circuit.
Active Elements
The sources of energy are called active element. They may be voltage source or current source.
Example:
Generators, Transistors, etc.
Passive Elements
These elements stores (in the form of electrostatic, electromagnetic energy) or dissipates energy (in the form of heat).
Example:
Resistance (R), Inductor (L), Capacitor (C).
Resistance
It is the property of a substance which opposes the flow of current through it.
The resistance of element is denoted by the symbol “R”.
It is measured in Ohms (Ω).
Inductor
It is the property of a substance which stores energy in the form of electromagnetic field.
The inductance of element is denoted by the symbol “L”.
It is measured in Henry (Η).
Capacitor
It is the property of a substance which stores energy in the form of electrostatic field.
The capacitance of element is denoted by the symbol “C”
It is measured in Farads (Ϝ).
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT & MEASURING INSTRUMENTS [Emmi- (NEE-302) -unit-1]Md Irshad Ahmad
(1) Philosophy of Measurement-Methods of measurement, Measurement system
, Classification of instrument systems, Characteristics of instruments & measurement
systems, Errors in measurement & its analysis, Standards.
(2)Analog Measurement of Electrical Quantities-Electrodynamic, Thermocouple,
Electrostatic & Rectifier type ammeters & voltmeters, Electrodynamic wattmeter, Three
Phase wattmeter, Power in three phase systems, Errors & remedies in wattmeter and energy
meter.
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
Stabilization Of Operating Point | Electrical EngineeringTransweb Global Inc
Biasing of BJT amplifiers plays an important role in operation of these amplifiers. Broadly biasing means application of DC voltage for amplification of AC signal. For individual devices biasing circuit mainly includes resistance. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Stabilization Of Operating Point:-
http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/electrical-engineering/transistors/stabilization-of-operating-point.aspx
The basics of electronics can be watched through the link http://bit.ly/2PPv0mv
A Diode is a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only.
a thermionic valve having two electrodes (an anode and a cathode).
This presentation contains information about some basic electrical parameters such as Voltage, Current, EMF, PD, Electric Power, Energy Ideal & Practical Sources, Types of Resistance, Heating Effect, Magnetic effect & Chemical effect of Electric Current etc.
This is a PowerPoint presentation whose contents are obtained from Earl D. Gates Introduction to Basic Electricity and Electronics. No Copyright Rules Intended to Be Violated. Only the manner of presentation is deemed original. Details about Ohm and Kirchhoff were obtained from Wikipedia.
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Physics Class X Electric Current
Contents
1 Electricity
2 Electric Current
3 Electric Potential & Potential Difference
4 Electromotive Force (emf)
5 Electric Circuit and components
6 Current and Voltage Measurements
7 OHM’s Law
8 Factors Affecting Resistance
9 Combination of Resistors(Series & Parallel)
10 Heating Effect of Electricity and its apps.
This is an introductory lecture on electrical services in buildings. This module deals with basic terminologies and formulae covered in school level physics. This is a brief recapitulation.
Understanding User Behavior with Google Analytics.pdfSEO Article Boost
Unlocking the full potential of Google Analytics is crucial for understanding and optimizing your website’s performance. This guide dives deep into the essential aspects of Google Analytics, from analyzing traffic sources to understanding user demographics and tracking user engagement.
Traffic Sources Analysis:
Discover where your website traffic originates. By examining the Acquisition section, you can identify whether visitors come from organic search, paid campaigns, direct visits, social media, or referral links. This knowledge helps in refining marketing strategies and optimizing resource allocation.
User Demographics Insights:
Gain a comprehensive view of your audience by exploring demographic data in the Audience section. Understand age, gender, and interests to tailor your marketing strategies effectively. Leverage this information to create personalized content and improve user engagement and conversion rates.
Tracking User Engagement:
Learn how to measure user interaction with your site through key metrics like bounce rate, average session duration, and pages per session. Enhance user experience by analyzing engagement metrics and implementing strategies to keep visitors engaged.
Conversion Rate Optimization:
Understand the importance of conversion rates and how to track them using Google Analytics. Set up Goals, analyze conversion funnels, segment your audience, and employ A/B testing to optimize your website for higher conversions. Utilize ecommerce tracking and multi-channel funnels for a detailed view of your sales performance and marketing channel contributions.
Custom Reports and Dashboards:
Create custom reports and dashboards to visualize and interpret data relevant to your business goals. Use advanced filters, segments, and visualization options to gain deeper insights. Incorporate custom dimensions and metrics for tailored data analysis. Integrate external data sources to enrich your analytics and make well-informed decisions.
This guide is designed to help you harness the power of Google Analytics for making data-driven decisions that enhance website performance and achieve your digital marketing objectives. Whether you are looking to improve SEO, refine your social media strategy, or boost conversion rates, understanding and utilizing Google Analytics is essential for your success.
Meet up Milano 14 _ Axpo Italia_ Migration from Mule3 (On-prem) to.pdfFlorence Consulting
Quattordicesimo Meetup di Milano, tenutosi a Milano il 23 Maggio 2024 dalle ore 17:00 alle ore 18:30 in presenza e da remoto.
Abbiamo parlato di come Axpo Italia S.p.A. ha ridotto il technical debt migrando le proprie APIs da Mule 3.9 a Mule 4.4 passando anche da on-premises a CloudHub 1.0.
Italy Agriculture Equipment Market Outlook to 2027harveenkaur52
Agriculture and Animal Care
Ken Research has an expertise in Agriculture and Animal Care sector and offer vast collection of information related to all major aspects such as Agriculture equipment, Crop Protection, Seed, Agriculture Chemical, Fertilizers, Protected Cultivators, Palm Oil, Hybrid Seed, Animal Feed additives and many more.
Our continuous study and findings in agriculture sector provide better insights to companies dealing with related product and services, government and agriculture associations, researchers and students to well understand the present and expected scenario.
Our Animal care category provides solutions on Animal Healthcare and related products and services, including, animal feed additives, vaccination
Instagram has become one of the most popular social media platforms, allowing people to share photos, videos, and stories with their followers. Sometimes, though, you might want to view someone's story without them knowing.
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
Brad Spiegel Macon GA’s journey exemplifies the profound impact that one individual can have on their community. Through his unwavering dedication to digital inclusion, he’s not only bridging the gap in Macon but also setting an example for others to follow.
Gen Z and the marketplaces - let's translate their needsLaura Szabó
The product workshop focused on exploring the requirements of Generation Z in relation to marketplace dynamics. We delved into their specific needs, examined the specifics in their shopping preferences, and analyzed their preferred methods for accessing information and making purchases within a marketplace. Through the study of real-life cases , we tried to gain valuable insights into enhancing the marketplace experience for Generation Z.
The workshop was held on the DMA Conference in Vienna June 2024.
1. Intro to Electronics
Things to be covered:
• What is electricity
• Voltage, Current, Resistance
• LEDs
• Ohm’s Law
• Capacitors
• Breadboards
2. • Atoms in every material are made up of electrons and protons
• Electrons (- charge) are attracted to protons (+ charge), this
holds the atom together
• Some materials have immobile electrons, these are called
insulators (air, glass, rubber, most plastics)
• Some materials have electrons that are free to move, these are
called conductors (copper, silver, gold, aluminum)
• In a conductor, electrons can be made to move from one atom
to another, this is called a current of electricity.
Electricity is the flow of Electrons
3. What is Electricity
• Everything is made of atoms
• Atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons
• The electrons orbit the protons and neutrons in the nucleus
• The electrons in conductive materials are free to move from
atom to atom
4. • Surplus of electrons is called a
negative charge (-). A shortage of
electrons is called a positive
charge (+).
• A battery provides a surplus of
electrons by chemical reaction.
• By connecting a conductor from
the positive terminal to negative
terminal electrons will flow.
• A circuit must be closed loop
• By convention electricity runs
from Positive (+) to Negative (-)
• Ben Franklin was wrong
6. Voltage
• A battery has a positive terminal (+) and a negative terminal (-)
• The Voltage measured between the terminals of a battery is a
measure of the ability of the battery to move charge through an
external circuit.
Water Analogy
• A battery is analogous to a pump
• A higher voltage battery is analogous to a higher pressure pump
9. • Voltage is like differential pressure,
always measure between two points.
• Measure voltage between two points
or across a component in a circuit.
• When measuring DC voltage make
sure polarity of meter is correct:
positive (+) red, negative (-) black.
10. Resistance
• Used to control current
• The degree of resistance to electrical current flow is
measured in Ohms.
• Common example: audio volume control
13. Multimeter Overview
DC Voltage (DCV)
Resistance (Ω)
Current (DCA)
AC Voltage (ACV or ~)
Common connection
High current
ACV, DCV, Ω, small current
IMPORTANT: when set to any current scale,
meter must only be connected in series (like a “smart wire”)
15. Multimeter Notes
• IMPORTANT: when set to any current
scale, the meter must only be connected
in series (like a “smart wire”)
• When measuring current, start at a high
scale and move down
• A resistor must be removed from a circuit
before measuring its resistance
16. Measuring Voltage
• Always measured between two points in a circuit
• Negative (black lead) connects to a reference point
(often ground or battery -)
• Positive (red lead) connects to another point in the circuit
Make sure the meter is set to a Voltage scale
17. Measuring Current
• Current is measured through a section of a circuit
• Meter must be connected in series
• Open a section of the circuit
• Re-complete the circuit with the meter
• Meter acts like a “smart wire”
Make sure the meter is set to a current scale
18. Measuring Resistance
• Measured with resistor (or other device) out of circuit
• Connect one lead to each lead of the component
Make sure the meter is set to a resistance scale
19. Exercise
• Measure DC voltage from battery using multimeter
• Connect light bulb to 9 Volt battery
• Connect light bulb to 3 Volt battery
• Light should be brighter when connected to higher voltage
• Find a 50 Ohm resistor using multimeter
• Insert resistor into the circuit
• Light should be dimmer
20. Diode Exercise
• Diodes allow current to flow in only one direction
• The arrow on the symbol points in the direction of
positive current flow
• Insert a diode into your lamp-battery circuit
• Reverse direction of diode
• Verify that current only flows one way
21. • Electric current is a measure of the quantity of charge that is flowing
• It is measures in Amperes, “Amps” (or often milliamps)
• Current must be measured in series (you must interrupt the circuit)
• Voltage, current, and resistance are related by Ohm’s Law:
V=I*R 9 = 0.090 * 100
Current
22. Assignment
Assignment for Thursday Jan 28th:
• Order Arduino Kit ! http://www.adafruit.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=17&products_id=68
• Complete survey
• Read Physical Computing, introduction and chapters 1-3
(note info relating to specific microcontrollers and BASIC)
• Read soldering tutorial pp. 41-45 of Physical Computing.,
• Review online soldering information available at:
http://www.aaroncake.net/electronics/solder.htm
http://itp.nyu.edu/physcomp/Tutorials/SolderingAPerfBoard
There is also a rather extensive video on soldering available at:
http://blog.makezine.com/archive/2007/01/soldering_tutor_1.html
23. More on Voltage
• Also called “electromotive force”
• Things fall because of gravitational force
• Currents flow in a circuit because of
electromotive force (Voltage)
• Objects will only fall if they are given a path
to the ground
• Electric current will only flow if given a path
from high to low Voltage
24. Voltage Potential
Gravitational Potential Analogy
+
-
+
-
• a battery is like a bin of balls on the table,
constantly supplying balls of a given potential
• imagine the table under water,
air – low resistance, water - higher resistance
25. Voltage
• Voltage is always measured between
two points in a circuit
• Sometimes we refer to a “voltage drop”
or “voltage difference” between two
points
• Other times voltage is stated with
respect to a reference point called
“ground” (usually the negative source of
power)
• Voltage drops occur across components
• The voltage between one end of a wire
to the other is zero
26. Current
• Electric current (Amps) is the quantity of charge
flowing through a section of a circuit
• Voltage may be present between two points, but
current will only flow if there is a circuit between the
points
• A current meter (Ammeter) must be inserted in series
(you must interrupt the circuit)
• Think of an Ammeter as a smart wire telling you how
much current is passing through it
27. Current & Voltage
• Voltage is always measured between two
points in a circuit
• Sometimes we refer to a “voltage drop” or
“voltage difference” between two points or
across a component
• Current is measured at a point in a circuit
• An ammeter acts like a smart wire telling
you how much current is passing through it
+
-
V
A
28. Resistance
• Resistance determines the amount of current
that will flow in the presence of a given Voltage
• The degree of resistance to electrical current
flow is measured in Ohms (Ω)
• The Voltage across and the current through
a resistor are related by Ohms law:
V=I*R
+
-
V R
I
10k0.151.5
47k0.1286
100066
47001.99
100099
100909
R (Ω)I (mA)V
29. Resistance
+
-
V R
I
• The resistance of a good wire is much less
than 1 Ω
• A resistor of 1MΩ is still a much better
conductor than the air around the circuit
30. Series Circuits
• Current is conserved in a circuit
• I1 = I2 = I3
• The Voltage across each resistor depends
on its individual resistance
• The voltage across each resistor obeys
Ohms law
+
- R
I1
R
I2
I3
32. Voltage Divider Exercise
• Build the circuit shown below
• Measure the voltage (with respect to ground)
at the point between the resistors
• Measure the voltage across the top resistor
• Change the bottom resistor to 1000Ω
• Measure the voltages once again
+
-
I
9V
10kΩ
10kΩ
36. Series vs Parallel Circuits
In the parallel circuit:
• Voltage across both resistors is the same
• Current divides between the two resistors
• I1 = I2 + I3
• The voltage across and current through
each resistor still obey Ohms law
+
- R
I1
R
I2
I3
+
-
I1
I2 I3
37. Resistors in Series
• Resistances add when wired in series
• Rtotal = R1 + R2
• Example: 1200Ω + 3000Ω = 4200Ω
38. Resistors in Parallel
• Resulting resistance is always less than either
• If resistors are equal, resulting resistance will be half
• Equation and example:
+
=
21
11
1
RR
Rtotal
Ω=
+
857
3000
1
1200
1
1
39. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
• Will only pass current in one direction
• Behave like 1-3 volt light bulbs
• Generally require a resistor in series with them
• Connect LED in series with 1000 Ohm resistor
• Connect LED in series with 100 Ohm resistor
• Add variable resistor (potentiometer) to the mix
40. Exercises
• Use the multimeter to measure the current
through 1k and 100Ω resistors
• Build a series circuit using an LED
and a flex sensor
42. Capacitance
Battery
Capacitor
Unit = Farad
Pico Farad - pF = 10-12F
Micro Farad - uF = 10-6F
• A capacitor is used to store charge for a short amount of time
• It is like a small rechargeable battery
• Capacitance is a measure of the quantity of charge that a
capacitor can store (at a given voltage)
• Capacitance is measured in Farads (often microfarads)
43.
44. Capacitor Exercise
• Charge the capacitor by connecting it to the battery
• Observe polarity
• Use the capacitor to power the LED
• Use a smaller resistor in series with the LED
47. Capacitance
• What will happen with this circuit?
• What will happen if the battery polarity is reversed?
48. Capacitance & AC power
• In its simplest form AC is just DC switching polarity
• A capacitor will conduct AC but not DC
49. Resources
Technical texts
The Art of Electronics, by Horowitz and Hill
The Radio Amateurs Handbook
Anything by Forest Mims
Organizations:
Dorkbot.org
Make Magazine and MakePhilly http://www.makephilly.com/
The Hacktory http://thehacktory.org/content/about
NextFab http://nextfabstudio.com/
Hive 76 http://www.hive76.org/