It was our first real life based designing experience on this platform. From the mentioned designed we tried to develop a prototype of Dipole antenna of 600 Mhz for practical uses. For the further development we’ve a got plan to use a simulation software like CST microwave studio or ADS to simulate our developed design in the long term . We had to work very hard to complete this design in time! But in the end, the challenge and learning experience were well worth it.
Strategic Intervention Material on Science Grade 10
Title: Gotta Catch 'EM All (Electromagnetic Waves)
Prepared by: ANJAYLO B. PASCUA
Teacher I, Ilwas High School
Dipole Antenna / Aerial Tutorial the dipole antenna or dipole aerial is a key element in the antenna environment. It can be used on its own or as part of another antenna system.
This document discusses half wavelength dipole antennas. It defines a dipole antenna as a linear metallic wire or rod with a feed point at the center and two symmetrical radiating arms. It explains that a dipole antenna cannot work in a conducting medium but can work in dielectric mediums, where some parameters will change due to the relative permittivity and permeability. The document then compares half and full wavelength dipole antennas and provides parameters for a half wavelength dipole at an operating frequency of 600MHz, including its wavelength, dimensions, directivity, effective aperture, and effective length. It concludes that half wavelength dipole antennas are commonly used because their radiation resistance of 73Ω closely matches the impedance of 75Ω transmission lines
A type of aerial, widely used with television and VHF radio receivers, consisting of two parallel dipoles connected together at their outer ends and fed at the center of one of them. The length is usually half the operating wavelength.
A Hertzian dipole is a starting point of antenna theory. Since most of antennas can be understood with a Hertzian dipole, we need to thoroughly study this kind of an infinitesimal antenna that is not real in practical applications.
This document provides an overview of microphone technology, including:
- The three main types of microphone construction: piezoelectric, dynamic, and capacitor. It describes the operating principles of each.
- Directional characteristics of microphones including polar patterns such as omnidirectional, cardioid, hypercardioid, and figure-of-eight.
- Specialized microphone types like stereo microphones, interference tube/shotgun microphones, and boundary effect microphones.
It was our first real life based designing experience on this platform. From the mentioned designed we tried to develop a prototype of Dipole antenna of 600 Mhz for practical uses. For the further development we’ve a got plan to use a simulation software like CST microwave studio or ADS to simulate our developed design in the long term . We had to work very hard to complete this design in time! But in the end, the challenge and learning experience were well worth it.
Strategic Intervention Material on Science Grade 10
Title: Gotta Catch 'EM All (Electromagnetic Waves)
Prepared by: ANJAYLO B. PASCUA
Teacher I, Ilwas High School
Dipole Antenna / Aerial Tutorial the dipole antenna or dipole aerial is a key element in the antenna environment. It can be used on its own or as part of another antenna system.
This document discusses half wavelength dipole antennas. It defines a dipole antenna as a linear metallic wire or rod with a feed point at the center and two symmetrical radiating arms. It explains that a dipole antenna cannot work in a conducting medium but can work in dielectric mediums, where some parameters will change due to the relative permittivity and permeability. The document then compares half and full wavelength dipole antennas and provides parameters for a half wavelength dipole at an operating frequency of 600MHz, including its wavelength, dimensions, directivity, effective aperture, and effective length. It concludes that half wavelength dipole antennas are commonly used because their radiation resistance of 73Ω closely matches the impedance of 75Ω transmission lines
A type of aerial, widely used with television and VHF radio receivers, consisting of two parallel dipoles connected together at their outer ends and fed at the center of one of them. The length is usually half the operating wavelength.
A Hertzian dipole is a starting point of antenna theory. Since most of antennas can be understood with a Hertzian dipole, we need to thoroughly study this kind of an infinitesimal antenna that is not real in practical applications.
This document provides an overview of microphone technology, including:
- The three main types of microphone construction: piezoelectric, dynamic, and capacitor. It describes the operating principles of each.
- Directional characteristics of microphones including polar patterns such as omnidirectional, cardioid, hypercardioid, and figure-of-eight.
- Specialized microphone types like stereo microphones, interference tube/shotgun microphones, and boundary effect microphones.
This document proposes a method for wirelessly charging mobile phones using microwaves. A transmitter would send microwave signals along with message signals. Mobile phones would be equipped with a sensor, rectenna, and filter to receive the microwaves and convert them to electricity. This would charge the phone as the user talks, eliminating the need for wired chargers. The document discusses using a 2.45 GHz frequency, and includes diagrams of the proposed transmitter, receiver, and rectification processes. If implemented, manufacturers could remove talk time from phone specifications as the phone would charge during use.
The document discusses high-gain semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). It covers several approaches to reducing facet reflectivity in traveling wave SOAs, including anti-reflection coatings, tilted active regions, and transparent window regions. It also summarizes several research papers on specific high-gain SOA designs and technologies, such as those using single layer anti-reflection coatings, angled facets, multilayer coatings, and quantum dot active regions.
This chapter discusses antennas and wave propagation. It covers antenna fundamentals including the electric and magnetic fields produced by antennas. Common antenna types are examined, including dipole antennas which are half-wave lengths long and produce omni-directional radiation patterns. Marconi or ground-plane vertical antennas are also discussed. They use a quarter-wave vertical radiator with coaxial cable feeding for vertical polarization and omni-directional coverage.
A dipole antenna is the simplest antenna but its radiation characteristics are very good. The main drawback of a dipole antenna is very narrow bandwidth. The analysis of a dipole antenna can be performed with integration of Hertzian dipoles.
PIN diode consists of heavily doped P and N regions separated by a wide intrinsic region. The wide intrinsic region makes the PIN diode suitable for attenuators, fast switches, photo detectors, and high voltage power electronics applications. PIN diode works as an ordinary PN junction diode up to 100 MHZ, above which it ceases rectification and behaves as a switch or variable resistor. In reverse bias it acts as a capacitor, while in forward bias it acts as a variable resistor whose value decreases with increasing voltage. PIN diodes are used in RF and dc controlled microwave switches, RF and variable attenuators, limiter circuits, photo detectors, and RF modulator circuits.
This document discusses different aspects of antennas used in wireless networks and protocols. It begins by defining an antenna as an array of conductors electrically connected to transmit and receive radio waves. It then discusses key antenna parameters including radiation pattern, efficiency, gain, and bandwidth. Radiation pattern describes the direction of radiated power. Efficiency is the ratio of radiated to input power. Gain indicates how directional antennas concentrate power in specific directions compared to an isotropic antenna. Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies an antenna can transmit or receive effectively. The document provides examples of omnidirectional and directional antennas and explores these antenna parameters in more detail.
Georg Ohm pioneered the study of the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance. He presented measurements showing that in a simple circuit, the current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. This relationship is known as Ohm's Law, which is expressed mathematically as I=V/R, where I is current, V is voltage, and R is resistance. Ohm's work in the 1820s established the field of circuit analysis and defined electrical concepts still used today.
This document discusses microwave devices, specifically directional couplers and isolators. It begins by defining microwaves and their applications such as telecommunications and radar. It then describes how directional couplers are passive devices that divide power through four ports and discusses their key figures of merit like coupling factor, isolation, and directivity. Isolators are also covered as two-port non-reciprocal devices that allow high power transmission in one direction while providing high attenuation in the opposite direction using Faraday rotation in a ferrite rod.
This document summarizes key aspects of PIN photodiodes. It describes the physical principles of how PIN photodiodes operate by separating photo-generated carriers across a reverse-biased junction to produce a photocurrent. It also discusses photodiode characteristics like quantum efficiency and responsivity. Additionally, it covers noise sources in photodetector circuits including quantum, dark current, leakage current, and thermal noise. The document also examines photodiode response time and how the junction capacitance and absorption coefficient impact the rise and fall times. Finally, it compares different PIN photodiode structures like front vs rear illuminated and diffused vs mesa etched designs.
wireless power transfer by krishan kant meenavikash saini
Witricity is a technology that allows wireless transmission of electrical energy between two objects without using wires. It works using near-field inductive coupling through magnetic field resonance between two coils that have the same resonant frequency. While earlier wireless power proposals radiated most power inefficiently, witricity can transfer power efficiently over short and mid-range distances. It has advantages over wires and avoids issues with batteries by enabling wireless charging of various electronic devices either built-in or placed near a transmitter. Researchers are working to improve witricity's range and efficiency for applications like powering electronics and charging electric vehicles wirelessly.
Photodetectors convert optical signals to electrical signals and are the fundamental component of optical receivers. The most common photodetectors are photodiodes, which come in PIN and avalanche photodiode (APD) varieties. PIN photodiodes simply convert light to current, while APDs provide internal gain through impact ionization but introduce excess noise. Key requirements for photodetectors include sensitivity at desired wavelengths, fast response time, low noise, and insensitivity to temperature.
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
This document provides an overview of microwave tubes, including their components and operating principles. It discusses cavity resonators, rectangular cavity resonators, limitations of conventional vacuum tubes at high frequencies, and types of microwave tubes like klystrons, traveling wave tubes (TWTs), and magnetrons. Magnetrons are used in microwave ovens and produce hundreds of watts of microwave power by directing an electron beam in a circular pattern using a strong magnetic field. TWTs amplify signals in the microwave frequency range from 500 MHz to 300 GHz using an electron beam interacting with a slow-wave structure.
This document summarizes the design of an antenna and impedance matching network for a communications system that transmits music wirelessly. The author designed a quarter wave transformer (QWT) antenna using a loading coil to reduce the physical length while maintaining the required electrical length. Testing different connection points on the antenna improved the frequency and amplitude of the transmitted signal. Impedance matching was achieved through trial and error, improving the reception range from 1 foot to 12 feet.
This document discusses electromagnetic wave propagation. It begins by defining electromagnetic waves and their properties like frequency, intensity, and direction of travel. It then discusses different types of electromagnetic waves like radio waves. Key concepts covered include polarization, rays and wavefronts, the electric and magnetic fields, characteristic impedance, inverse square law, attenuation, refraction, reflection, diffraction, interference, and terrestrial propagation through surface waves and sky waves. Sky wave propagation is explained in detail, covering the ionosphere layers, critical frequency, critical angle, virtual height, and skip distance.
Electromagnetic waves have different wavelengths and frequencies depending on their position in the electromagnetic spectrum. They all travel at the same speed of 300 million meters per second in a vacuum. Waves with longer wavelengths have lower frequencies while those with shorter wavelengths have higher frequencies. The higher the frequency, the higher the energy carried by the electromagnetic wave.
Ground waves propagate along the Earth's surface and are used for medium wave (MW) transmissions. Space waves travel in straight lines but are limited by the curvature of the Earth. Sky waves are used for short wave (SW) transmissions and reflect off the ionosphere which consists of layers (D, E, F1, F2) that vary in density and thickness depending on the time of day and sun exposure. Different propagation modes are used depending on the frequency band and conditions to maximize transmission range.
The document discusses various types of small antennas that can be used for EnOcean-based products, including quarter-wave monopole antennas, helical antennas, chip antennas, and PCB antennas. It emphasizes that the antenna design is critical for radio performance and range. The antenna and a sufficiently sized ground plane form a resonant circuit. Common pitfalls in antenna design are an undersized ground plane or traces and components placed too close to the antenna.
This document discusses electromagnetic fields and waves. It begins by defining electromagnetics and some key concepts like electrostatics, magnetostatics, and electromagnetic waves. It then explains how changing electric and magnetic fields produce each other through Faraday's law and discusses transformers as an example. The document also discusses electromagnetic waves, how they are produced by vibrating charges, and their ability to transfer energy through electric and magnetic fields. It provides examples of different electromagnetic frequencies and their applications like radio, TV, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. In closing, it lists some objectives and outcomes of studying electromagnetics.
This document provides an introduction to spectroscopic methods of analysis. It defines spectroscopy as the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. It describes the wave and particle properties of electromagnetic radiation and defines key terms like wavelength, frequency, and photon. It discusses the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and how radiation interacts with atoms and molecules to produce absorption and emission spectra. Finally, it outlines the basic components of optical spectroscopy instruments, including sources of radiation, wavelength selectors, detectors, sample holders, and how these components vary depending on the electromagnetic region being analyzed.
This document proposes a method for wirelessly charging mobile phones using microwaves. A transmitter would send microwave signals along with message signals. Mobile phones would be equipped with a sensor, rectenna, and filter to receive the microwaves and convert them to electricity. This would charge the phone as the user talks, eliminating the need for wired chargers. The document discusses using a 2.45 GHz frequency, and includes diagrams of the proposed transmitter, receiver, and rectification processes. If implemented, manufacturers could remove talk time from phone specifications as the phone would charge during use.
The document discusses high-gain semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). It covers several approaches to reducing facet reflectivity in traveling wave SOAs, including anti-reflection coatings, tilted active regions, and transparent window regions. It also summarizes several research papers on specific high-gain SOA designs and technologies, such as those using single layer anti-reflection coatings, angled facets, multilayer coatings, and quantum dot active regions.
This chapter discusses antennas and wave propagation. It covers antenna fundamentals including the electric and magnetic fields produced by antennas. Common antenna types are examined, including dipole antennas which are half-wave lengths long and produce omni-directional radiation patterns. Marconi or ground-plane vertical antennas are also discussed. They use a quarter-wave vertical radiator with coaxial cable feeding for vertical polarization and omni-directional coverage.
A dipole antenna is the simplest antenna but its radiation characteristics are very good. The main drawback of a dipole antenna is very narrow bandwidth. The analysis of a dipole antenna can be performed with integration of Hertzian dipoles.
PIN diode consists of heavily doped P and N regions separated by a wide intrinsic region. The wide intrinsic region makes the PIN diode suitable for attenuators, fast switches, photo detectors, and high voltage power electronics applications. PIN diode works as an ordinary PN junction diode up to 100 MHZ, above which it ceases rectification and behaves as a switch or variable resistor. In reverse bias it acts as a capacitor, while in forward bias it acts as a variable resistor whose value decreases with increasing voltage. PIN diodes are used in RF and dc controlled microwave switches, RF and variable attenuators, limiter circuits, photo detectors, and RF modulator circuits.
This document discusses different aspects of antennas used in wireless networks and protocols. It begins by defining an antenna as an array of conductors electrically connected to transmit and receive radio waves. It then discusses key antenna parameters including radiation pattern, efficiency, gain, and bandwidth. Radiation pattern describes the direction of radiated power. Efficiency is the ratio of radiated to input power. Gain indicates how directional antennas concentrate power in specific directions compared to an isotropic antenna. Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies an antenna can transmit or receive effectively. The document provides examples of omnidirectional and directional antennas and explores these antenna parameters in more detail.
Georg Ohm pioneered the study of the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance. He presented measurements showing that in a simple circuit, the current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. This relationship is known as Ohm's Law, which is expressed mathematically as I=V/R, where I is current, V is voltage, and R is resistance. Ohm's work in the 1820s established the field of circuit analysis and defined electrical concepts still used today.
This document discusses microwave devices, specifically directional couplers and isolators. It begins by defining microwaves and their applications such as telecommunications and radar. It then describes how directional couplers are passive devices that divide power through four ports and discusses their key figures of merit like coupling factor, isolation, and directivity. Isolators are also covered as two-port non-reciprocal devices that allow high power transmission in one direction while providing high attenuation in the opposite direction using Faraday rotation in a ferrite rod.
This document summarizes key aspects of PIN photodiodes. It describes the physical principles of how PIN photodiodes operate by separating photo-generated carriers across a reverse-biased junction to produce a photocurrent. It also discusses photodiode characteristics like quantum efficiency and responsivity. Additionally, it covers noise sources in photodetector circuits including quantum, dark current, leakage current, and thermal noise. The document also examines photodiode response time and how the junction capacitance and absorption coefficient impact the rise and fall times. Finally, it compares different PIN photodiode structures like front vs rear illuminated and diffused vs mesa etched designs.
wireless power transfer by krishan kant meenavikash saini
Witricity is a technology that allows wireless transmission of electrical energy between two objects without using wires. It works using near-field inductive coupling through magnetic field resonance between two coils that have the same resonant frequency. While earlier wireless power proposals radiated most power inefficiently, witricity can transfer power efficiently over short and mid-range distances. It has advantages over wires and avoids issues with batteries by enabling wireless charging of various electronic devices either built-in or placed near a transmitter. Researchers are working to improve witricity's range and efficiency for applications like powering electronics and charging electric vehicles wirelessly.
Photodetectors convert optical signals to electrical signals and are the fundamental component of optical receivers. The most common photodetectors are photodiodes, which come in PIN and avalanche photodiode (APD) varieties. PIN photodiodes simply convert light to current, while APDs provide internal gain through impact ionization but introduce excess noise. Key requirements for photodetectors include sensitivity at desired wavelengths, fast response time, low noise, and insensitivity to temperature.
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
This document provides an overview of microwave tubes, including their components and operating principles. It discusses cavity resonators, rectangular cavity resonators, limitations of conventional vacuum tubes at high frequencies, and types of microwave tubes like klystrons, traveling wave tubes (TWTs), and magnetrons. Magnetrons are used in microwave ovens and produce hundreds of watts of microwave power by directing an electron beam in a circular pattern using a strong magnetic field. TWTs amplify signals in the microwave frequency range from 500 MHz to 300 GHz using an electron beam interacting with a slow-wave structure.
This document summarizes the design of an antenna and impedance matching network for a communications system that transmits music wirelessly. The author designed a quarter wave transformer (QWT) antenna using a loading coil to reduce the physical length while maintaining the required electrical length. Testing different connection points on the antenna improved the frequency and amplitude of the transmitted signal. Impedance matching was achieved through trial and error, improving the reception range from 1 foot to 12 feet.
This document discusses electromagnetic wave propagation. It begins by defining electromagnetic waves and their properties like frequency, intensity, and direction of travel. It then discusses different types of electromagnetic waves like radio waves. Key concepts covered include polarization, rays and wavefronts, the electric and magnetic fields, characteristic impedance, inverse square law, attenuation, refraction, reflection, diffraction, interference, and terrestrial propagation through surface waves and sky waves. Sky wave propagation is explained in detail, covering the ionosphere layers, critical frequency, critical angle, virtual height, and skip distance.
Electromagnetic waves have different wavelengths and frequencies depending on their position in the electromagnetic spectrum. They all travel at the same speed of 300 million meters per second in a vacuum. Waves with longer wavelengths have lower frequencies while those with shorter wavelengths have higher frequencies. The higher the frequency, the higher the energy carried by the electromagnetic wave.
Ground waves propagate along the Earth's surface and are used for medium wave (MW) transmissions. Space waves travel in straight lines but are limited by the curvature of the Earth. Sky waves are used for short wave (SW) transmissions and reflect off the ionosphere which consists of layers (D, E, F1, F2) that vary in density and thickness depending on the time of day and sun exposure. Different propagation modes are used depending on the frequency band and conditions to maximize transmission range.
The document discusses various types of small antennas that can be used for EnOcean-based products, including quarter-wave monopole antennas, helical antennas, chip antennas, and PCB antennas. It emphasizes that the antenna design is critical for radio performance and range. The antenna and a sufficiently sized ground plane form a resonant circuit. Common pitfalls in antenna design are an undersized ground plane or traces and components placed too close to the antenna.
This document discusses electromagnetic fields and waves. It begins by defining electromagnetics and some key concepts like electrostatics, magnetostatics, and electromagnetic waves. It then explains how changing electric and magnetic fields produce each other through Faraday's law and discusses transformers as an example. The document also discusses electromagnetic waves, how they are produced by vibrating charges, and their ability to transfer energy through electric and magnetic fields. It provides examples of different electromagnetic frequencies and their applications like radio, TV, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. In closing, it lists some objectives and outcomes of studying electromagnetics.
This document provides an introduction to spectroscopic methods of analysis. It defines spectroscopy as the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. It describes the wave and particle properties of electromagnetic radiation and defines key terms like wavelength, frequency, and photon. It discusses the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and how radiation interacts with atoms and molecules to produce absorption and emission spectra. Finally, it outlines the basic components of optical spectroscopy instruments, including sources of radiation, wavelength selectors, detectors, sample holders, and how these components vary depending on the electromagnetic region being analyzed.
The document discusses electromagnetic waves and their properties. It explains that Maxwell concluded that changing electric fields can produce magnetic fields, and that electric and magnetic fields propagate as transverse waves called electromagnetic waves. These waves travel at the speed of light. Experiments by Hertz and Bose produced small frequency electromagnetic waves, while Marconi successfully transmitted EM waves over long distances. The document also outlines Maxwell's equations and provides information on the electromagnetic spectrum and applications of different electromagnetic waves.
This document provides an overview of wireless networks and protocols. It begins by outlining the objectives of discussing fundamental wireless network aspects including electromagnetic waves, spectrum, transmitters, receivers and antennas. It then outlines different types of wireless networks like WPAN, WLAN and WMAN. The document also discusses mobile cellular networks and their evolution from 1G to 4G. It provides details on electromagnetic waves, their properties, the electromagnetic spectrum and how electromagnetic waves propagate via reflection, refraction and diffraction.
The document discusses electromagnetic waves and their properties. Some key points:
1) Electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
2) Both the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave are transverse to the direction of wave propagation.
3) Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. They differ in wavelength and frequency.
Microwave engineering pertains to the study and design of microwave circuits, components, and systems operating between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. Some key topics covered in the document include the fundamental principles of microwave engineering, common applications like radar and wireless transmission, properties of microwaves like their ability to support larger bandwidths, and Maxwell's equations which describe how electric and magnetic fields propagate and interact to form electromagnetic waves. During World War II, microwave engineering played an important role in developing radar to detect enemy ships and planes.
1. The document discusses various topics related to antenna parameters and radiation patterns. It describes the radiation mechanism of single wire, two wire, and dipole antennas.
2. Current distribution on thin wire antennas is explained. Parameters like radiation patterns, patterns in principal planes, main lobe and side lobes, beam widths, and polarization are discussed.
3. Key points about radiation patterns, coordinate systems, principal plane patterns, and definitions of main lobe, side lobes, half power beamwidth and first null beamwidth are provided.
Optical or light related sensors and its principles are discussed. The use of the LDR, photocell, photodiodes, and many more transducers which are based on optical sensors are discussed with the applications related to it.
1. This lecture discusses electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter, covering atomic and molecular spectroscopy.
2. Electromagnetic radiation exhibits both wave and particle properties and can be modeled as oscillating electric and magnetic fields propagating through space. The energy of photons is directly related to their wavelength and frequency.
3. When radiation interacts with atoms and molecules, it can be absorbed, emitted, or scattered. Absorption and emission spectra provide information about the electronic, vibrational, and rotational energy levels of materials.
1. Spectra provide insight into the structure of atoms and distant astronomical objects. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from gamma rays to radio waves.
2. The diagram shows the electromagnetic spectrum divided into regions by wavelength, frequency, and photon energy. There are no abrupt boundaries between regions.
3. Line spectra occur when atoms are excited and energy is released as light at specific wavelengths. The hydrogen spectrum contains distinct lines that are explained by differences in electron energy levels.
The document discusses fundamentals of cellular antennas. It begins by defining an antenna as a device that converts electric power to radio waves and vice versa. An antenna consists of metallic conductors that create oscillating electric and magnetic fields when current is passed through. These fields radiate as electromagnetic waves. The relationship between wavelength, frequency and dipole length is explained - as frequency increases, wavelength and dipole length decrease. Key antenna parameters like gain, VSWR, radiation pattern, polarization, beamwidth and front-to-back ratio are described. Gain measures directivity and is specified in dBi or dBd. VSWR indicates impedance matching between antenna and transmission line. Radiation patterns show power distribution. Different antenna types have specific
Electromagnetic waves transfer energy and momentum through space. They are characterized by oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from radio waves with the longest wavelengths to gamma rays with the shortest wavelengths. Different types of electromagnetic waves are used for various applications such as communication technologies, heating, vision, medical imaging, and more.
The document provides an introduction to optoelectronic devices, including their operation and key properties. It discusses:
1) The wave nature of light and how it is described by Maxwell's equations.
2) Polarization and the electromagnetic spectrum, including visible, infrared, and ultraviolet light ranges.
3) Types of optoelectronic devices like p-n junction diodes, heterojunction diodes, laser diodes, photoconductive cells, pin photodiodes, avalanche photodiodes, and photovoltaic cells. It provides details on their principles, structures, and applications.
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space. EMR has both electric and magnetic field components and carries energy continuously away from its source. EMR encompasses a wide spectrum that includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. These differ in frequency and wavelength but all travel at the speed of light. Visible light makes up a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye. EMR can be described by both classical wave and quantum mechanical particle models.
The document provides an introduction to the electromagnetic spectrum and spectroscopy. It discusses how electromagnetic radiation exhibits wave-like properties with a wavelength and frequency. The wavelength is the distance between peaks and troughs, while frequency is the number of waves passing a point per second. Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional and related by the velocity of light. Higher frequency radiation has higher energy. Spectroscopy studies how electromagnetic radiation interacts with atoms and molecules. Different regions of the spectrum probe different molecular structures.
Electromagnetic waves are formed by vibrating electric charges and can transfer energy through space without matter. They are transverse waves consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves can behave as either waves or particles called photons, with higher frequency waves having shorter wavelengths. The entire range of electromagnetic wave frequencies is called the electromagnetic spectrum.
This document contains all the necessary basic information to understand Antenna Basics with simple and to the point non mathematical description.
This document is suitable for those who wants to understand only basics of antenna wireless communication.
For any queries or suggestions please contact on : mansithakur0304@gmail.com
Contents:
Electromagnetic Spectrum and RF basics.
Antenna introduction and its parameters.
Some other important factors like radiation pattern and polarization
Types of antennas and mobile antenna designs
How radio wave propagates
The vast maturity of us are employed to the electronic comforts of current life. Yet, not numerous of us know about the conceivable good gambles with introduced by the contrivances that make our reality work.
Our electrical lines, cellphones, broilers, Wi- Fi switches, PCs, and different machines convey a swell of inappreciable energy swells. Electric and seductive fields( EMFs) are created anyplace power is employed, incorporating at home and in the working terrain.
A many specialists are upset about implicit good impacts from these fields. Yet, would it be judicious for us to be concerned?
Kinds of EMF openness
Radiation exists across what is known as the electromagnetic range. This radiation goes from exceptionally high- energy( called high- rush) toward one side of the range, to extremely low- energy( or low- rush) on the contrary end.
Cases of high- energy radiation include
•x-beams
• gamma beams
• some advanced- energy bright( UV) beams
This document discusses wireless charging of mobile devices using microwaves. It describes three types of wireless charging - inductive, radio, and resonance charging. It then focuses on using microwaves for wireless charging. Microwaves with frequencies between 300MHz to 300GHz can transfer energy over short distances. The document proposes using the 2.45GHz ISM band to wirelessly charge mobiles. It provides block diagrams of the transmitter and receiver sections, describing the use of a magnetron to generate microwaves at the transmitter and a rectenna circuit to convert microwaves to DC power at the receiver.
1. The document defines electromagnetic waves as waves of electric and magnetic fields that propagate perpendicularly to each other and to the direction of propagation at speeds of 300 million meters per second.
2. Electromagnetic waves have different propagation mechanisms depending on their frequency, including ground waves, space waves, and skywaves which propagate through the ionosphere.
3. Key properties of electromagnetic waves include their transverse wave nature, reflection, refraction, diffraction, polarization, and ability to behave as both waves and particles such as photons.
Similar to Basic concepts of EM waves and their significance (20)
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
Basic concepts of EM waves and their significance
1. THE PHYSICS OF RADIATION
AROUND US
PREPARED BY
S.VENKATRAMAN
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2. This is intended to give a basic idea of electromagnetism and
radiation.
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3. AC AND EM
INTRODUCTION: We live in a world wherein radiations are
omnipresent. The world we see everyday is just the reflection of
visible light from the objects around us. Rest of the radiations in
the spectrum are invisible to us. And these group of invisible
radiations get the job done for us.
BASIC ELEMENT: Charges are the basic elements mainly
responsible for the various phenomena around us. Falling under
positive and negative categories, their properties of attraction,
repulsion, drift, excitation, reflection, diffraction and so on play a
major role.
ELECTRONS: Negatively charged and exhibit the above
properties according to the environments they face.
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4. PROTONS : Positively charged. Heavier than the electrons (mass).
CURRENT: The flow of charges (electrons) constitute electric current.
Flow of electrons in a conductor can be visualized as the flow of
water in a pipe.
The flow of water from a pipe. The flow of electrons in a
metal conductor.
CURRENT
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5. The above analogy works well only with lower frequencies up to
radio and microwave frequency ranges.
AC : Alternating Current Electrons switch their direction back
and forth or, they periodically reverse their direction. In AC, the
electrons don’t move in only one direction. Instead, they hop
from atom to atom in one direction for a while, and then turn
around and hop from atom to atom in the opposite direction.
A given length of a metal contains certain amount of atoms. In
this way, hopping can be visualized.
The most widely used representation of AC is the sine wave.
Square waves, saw-tooth waves, however, are also used.
DC : Direct Current, on the other hand, flows only in one
direction.
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6. PRODUCTION OF EM WAVES
ELECTRON
BACK AND FORTH MOVEMENT OF AN
ELECTRON, FORMING WAVY LINES OF FORCE
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7. The wavy pattern is a disturbance caused to the earlier viewed
lines of force. The EM waves are produced by accelerated
charges.
Maximum
Amplitude A
-A
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8. A charged particle produces an electric field.
Accelerated charged particles produce electromagnetic fields
Wherein changing electric fields produce magnetic fields and
changing magnetic fields produce electric fields. This continues
and an “electromagnetic wave” is produced. The E & H fields are
Perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the EM Wave.
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9. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The various frequencies are listed in the order of increasing
frequencies or, decreasing wavelengths.
These are two important relations.
c = speed of light , f is the frequency. E is the energy
and h is the Planck’s constant. h=6.62607004 × 10-34 m2 kg / s
Nu ( ) also refers to frequency.
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10. LEARNING ABOUT EM WAVES THAT AREN’T VISIBLE TO US?
We generally don’t believe things until we see them.
Unfortunately, this isn’t the case with EM waves.
Why can’t we see them then?
In our eyes, we have rods and cones. They are responsible for
our perception of colors during all parts of a day. They are two
general classes of photoreceptors in the human retina. One class
is specialized for discriminating between very low levels of light
(night vision). The receptors are long and thin, and are called
rods. The second class is specialized for discriminating between
high light levels (day vision), and also between different spectra.
These are the cones since their shape is conical.
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11. VISIBLE RADIATION
Wavelength: 4000 Å to 7000 Å
Radiation or the visible light ranging only from these wavelength
ranges will excite these rods and cones and help us see the world
around us. Our eyes are attuned only to these range of
wavelengths. This isn’t the case with birds and insects.
Any range of frequencies or wavelengths above or below this
however, can be viewed using Spectroscopic techniques.
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12. CARRIER WAVE AND MODULATED WAVE
In communication systems, the information in the form of image,
text, audio, video and numbers is carried by a carrier wave. This
Carrier wave is a radio wave or microwave. The modulating
wave
carries your information. The carrier wave should have high
frequency than the modulating wave. Why?
Consider this toddler to be the modulating
wave. Now this toddler is trying to climb up
the sofa. He mayn’t have the power or stamina
to climb up independently.
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13. Then how?
His/her parent comes to the scene and helps him to reach the
sofa.
Here, Carrier wave = Parent
Toddler = Modulating wave
The toddler (Modulating wave), if transmitted alone as such,
will eventually fade out due to lack of power/ strength and
destination is not reached. Hence, it is necessary to set the
frequency of carrier wave higher than the input wave. The
carrier wave (RF/ Microwave) is imposed with the modulating
wave and the resultant is called as a whole as “RF Signal” for
radio frequency. The carrier wave is modulated according to the
input have and the carrier doesn’t carry any data.
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14. ENCODING TEXT DURING TRANSMISSION
The messages we send to people are often encoded and then
transmitted to the destination. The original text message we
send is actually encoded in a format. This is done for security
purpose. Decoding is done at the receiving end.
Some of the encoding formats used are
GSM 7bit encoding
UCS 2 encoding
Base-64 encoding
Your actual text is converted to some other format and that is
transmitted to the base station of receiver where decoding is
done.
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15. THE COAXIAL CABLE
The coaxial cable is a transmission line.
APPLICATIONS
Wireless and antenna application(connecting from dish to
television through co-axial cable. Example: Tata sky) RF and
Microwave transmission, Video distribution, Cable television and
cable internet.
The coaxial cable is shown here.
Since both the inner and outer
conductors share the same axis,
it is named “co-axial”
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16. EM WAVES IN A COAXIAL CABLE
The EM waves travel in between the inner and outer conductor.
The outer conductor is meant to shield the EM waves from
getting radiated outward due to high frequency effects. Skin
effect is one such effect.
inner conductor
outer conductor
Dielectric
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17. INNER CONDUCTOR ( CLAD WITH SOME 35-40% STEEL )
- carriers current due to presence of electron, as it a metal-
alloy structure.
OUTER CONDUCTOR (BRAIDS OF COPPER)
- carrier current in the direction opposite to that of the inner
conductor
DIELECTRIC
- The energy carried in the E & H Fields are carried here.
Dielectrics aren’t complete insulators. They carry the EM
waves.
So, EM Waves don’t propagate inside the conductors however,
in between them. The electrons in both the conductors serve
to pass the EM wave from the source to the load.
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18. ANTENNA AND THE FM RANGE
Antenna or the aerial is a transducer that radiates and receives
Electromagnetic waves. Antennas work only with Alternating
Current. Antennas come in different geometry. Half-wave dipole, patch
antenna, reflector antenna etc., are some of the types.
The FM range used in our mobile phones is from 87 Mhz to
108 Mhz. Suppose that we’re listening to 92.7 (Big FM) Mhz
channel.
MEANING: Now the frequency of operation is 92.7 Mhz. This
means that wavelength is 3.23m. The size of an antenna
depends on the wavelength used. The generally used size is
half wave and quarter wave dipole. So physical dimension of
antenna gets reduced.
Folding is done in case of microstrip / patch antennas for
compactness.
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19. WHY STUDY EM Waves?
Unintentional generation, propagation and reception of
electromagnetic energy may cause unwanted effects such
as electromagnetic interference (EMI) or even physical damage
in operational equipment.
The interference should be avoided and the government
provides preferred EMC Standards that a product should
comply with.
Different electronic product is desired to operate within it’s own
desired range and not have any mutual interference with other
devices.
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20. NATURE
Not everything present in the nature can be explained to the
fullest extent. Indeed nature is mysterious.
The study of radiation is theoretically satisfying and practical
simulations have also been carried out with good results.
Still, waves and particles still seem to be a mystery.
All these seemingly mysterious things are the building blocks
of the universe!
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