The document discusses the history and development of gunpowder, firearms, bullets, and ballistics technology from ancient China to the 19th century. It describes how gunpowder was refined for use in firearms and the development of matchlock, wheel lock, flintlock, and percussion cap firing mechanisms. It also discusses the introduction of rifling in gun barrels and how this improved accuracy. Finally, it summarizes different bullet types, construction methods, and how ballistics analysis can identify class and individual characteristics of firearms and bullets.

1. Ballistics Powders Weapons Projectiles

2. Powders

3. Fire of Discovery - powders dirt with sulfur in it will sizzle and pop with lit on fire Chinese added concentrated sulfur to charcoal by the 9 th Century AD, potassium nitrate crystals (saltpeter) was added burn the mixture for sparkly effects Taoist monks played with these chemicals to create true fireworks

4. Fire of Discovery - powders 12 th Century and on… realization that this mixture could make stuff fly armies of Sung Dynasty added grenades to arsenals fragmentations bombs created military rockets and bombs some filled with poisons some filled with oil to start fires upon impact

5. Refining Gunpowder for hand held guns, improvements needed because carbon, sulfur and saltpeter all had different weights saltpeter would drop and carbon rise to the top = misfire could load weapon right before firing time consuming difficult

6. Refining Gunpowder ingredients could be made to stick together by mixing gunpowder with brandy and letting the resulting paste dry into corns or “grains” waste of brandy so other items were used vinegar urine

7. Weapons

8. Early Firearms 1364 – First recorded use of firearm 1380 – hand guns known across Europe

9. Early Firearms at this point, guns were fired by holding a burning wick to a “touch hole” in the barrel igniting the powder one hand to aim, one to ignite, and a prop to hold the gun

10. Matchlock – 1400’s matchlock guns hold powder in a flash pan and is ignited by a wick (or match) in a movable clamp both hands on the gun improves aim pan cover still needs to be removed manually

11. Matchlock – 1400’s

12. Wheel Lock - 1509 generate a spark mechanically, no wick to keep lit easier to use, more reliable very expensive to produce, pan cover still had to be removed manually

13. Wheel Lock - 1509

14. Rifling - 1540 barrel (bore) of gun created with ridges (lands) and hollows (grooves) these lands and grooves spiraled bore – the spin increases stability & accuracy at further distances

15. Rifling - 1540

16. Rifling - 1540 bores can then be described by the bore diameter (measured from tops of lands) groove diameter (measured from bottom of grooves) some confusion .303 British vs .308 Winchester

17. Rifling - 1540 rifling also allows us to describe twist rates – the distance the bullet must travel to complete one full revolution 1:10 inches or 1:30 cm shorter distance means a “faster” twist length of projectile determines twist rate needed to stabilize it

18. Rifling - 1540 forensic experts can use the scratch marks (called toolmarks) left from the bore to individualize evidence

19. Flintlock - 1630 solves the problem of having to remove pan cover manually a flintlock mechanism moves the lid and sparks a flint at the same time this design remained relatively unchanged for two centuries

20. Percussion Caps - 1825 firing mechanism no longer uses flash pan, instead has a tube leading straight into the gun barrel the tube had an explosive cap on it that exploded when struck

21. Size Does Matter! Decimation of Target Fire Power

22. Projectiles

23. Bullet vs. Cartridge a bullet (projectile) is the piece ejected from the barrel of the gun a cartridge is a single unit of ammunition consisting of cartridge case primer propellant may or may not contain projectile

24. Cartridges primer is struck by firing pin primer ignites powder

25. Cartridges in Identification manufacturer type/size 22 blank, 22 Short, 22 Long, 22 Long Rifle Shot, 22 Viper, 22 Long Rifle, 22 Stinger, 22 Magnum, and 22 Maximum

26. Bullets described by caliber diameter of bullet in hundredths of an inch bullet 30 hundredths of an inch (.30) is called a 30 caliber bullet this is an English derived system and used by manufacturers in the US in Europe, the metric system is used and a 30 caliber bullet would be called a 7.62mm bullet

27. Bullets balance between penetration and expansion is main idea of bullet construction too little penetration and internal organs not reached too much penetration and bullet can pass through target & energy is wasted down range hollow point demo

28. Bullets - Construction shape and material are key to identification bullets usu. made of single metal alloy – non jacketed layered combination of various materials (copper, lead, brass, bronze, steel, aluminum) – these are called jacketed bullets

29. Bullets - Construction non-jacketed bullets usu. lead may have thin coating newer manufacturing has increased types

30. Bullets - Construction jacketed bullets thick layer over a central core most common core is lead most common jacket is copper usu. have a hole at base or nose those w/o the opening are called TMJ (total metal jacket) or encapsulated bullets

31. Bullets - Shape shape determines aerodynamics shape determines impact characteristics bases banded tapered (boat-tail) expanded base

32. Bullets – Solid Nosed have solid nose and remain fairly intact when they strike soft targets often pass through target unless they hit bone other common types of solid nose include “wadcutters”

33. Bullets – Hollow Point if bullet is manufactured with a hollow tip, it will mushroom and expand on impact slows the bullet a bullet that expends all energy in target is more efficient and does more damage

34. Bullets in Identification manufacturer construction shape nose base materials jacketed vs. unjacketed weight diameter

35. Class & Individual ID Class Characteristics rifling caliber Individual Characteristics breech marks firing pin impressions extractor marks ejector marks

36. Gun Shot Wounds many determining factors distance weapon/caliber site of wound

37. Gun Shot Wounds contact wound may display star shaped pattern often with GSR in the wound may show muzzle impressions

38. Gun Shot Wounds close/intermediate range shot often with “tattooing” or “stippling” from the gunpowder histology

39. Gun Shot Wounds distant shot usually without tattooing usually without abrasions/star shaped patterns

40. GSW - Damage degree of damage depends on elasticity of tissues/organs type of bullet ( solid vs. hollow point ) velocity of bullet fragmentation of bullet entrance and exit wounds may be small with large wound cavity

41. GSW - Damage damage caused mainly by tumbling motion of bullet cavitation in the tissue

42. GSW - Damage cavities temporary cavity caused by cavitation permanent cavity remains after temporary cavity collapses – may be much larger than bullet

43. GSW - Damage elasticity extent of damage depends on whether the transient (temporary) expansion of tissues/organs exceeds their elasticity liver and spleen which lack elasticity are easily lacerated stomach and intestines are more elastic and more likely to sustain contusions video Mythbusters – ballistics gel

44. lock, stock and barrel flash in the pan going off at half cock