1. Firearms analysis examines guns, bullets, and cartridge casings to determine if a specific gun was used in a crime. Microscopic marks left on bullets and casings when fired provide unique "fingerprints" that can identify the weapon used.
2. Gun barrels leave distinct striation marks on bullets that pass through them. Comparing test-fired bullets to evidence bullets under a microscope can match bullets to the firearm from which they were fired.
3. Other toolmarks left on cartridge casings, such as firing pin impressions and ejector marks, also provide identifying patterns that link spent casings to a particular firearm. The combination of these factors allows forensic experts to determine if a gun was used in
The Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) is a program controlled by the ATF that uses sophisticated electronic and optical technology to digitally compare and store images of bullets, casings, and cartridges from crime scenes. The system searches its database of images using advanced algorithms to find potential matches for new evidence. A forensic examiner then visually compares any matched images and confirms matches by microscope examination of the actual evidence. IBIS has been used to link multiple crimes to a single weapon and help solve violent firearm crimes.
This document discusses various types of improvised firearms, also known as zip guns. It provides examples such as zip guns, pen guns, pipe guns, and guns disguised as everyday objects like flashlights, cell phones, cigarettes, briefcases, and keychains. It describes how some of these firearms are constructed in a rudimentary way from available materials to function as a weapon. The document cautions that these improvised firearms can be unstable and pose safety risks due to improper materials or assembly.
1. The document discusses techniques for restoring obliterated marks on items like vehicles and firearms for identification purposes. 2. It describes different types of marks like cast, engraved, and punched marks and principles of restoration using chemical reagents that dissolve strained metal at different rates. 3. The techniques discussed involve cleaning surfaces, taking photographs, applying etchants like acids selectively to restore serial numbers, and preserving restored marks.
Internal ballistics is the study of a projectile's behavior from ignition until it exits the gun barrel. It examines factors like lock time, ignition time, and barrel time. Piobert's law states that gunpowder burns layer by layer. Newton's third law means that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, causing recoil. Recoil velocity can be calculated using the projectile and gun masses and velocities. Rusting and erosion over time degrade the gun barrel and reduce accuracy.
This document discusses the topic of internal ballistics, which deals with the motion of projectiles inside a weapon's barrel. It provides information on factors that affect muzzle velocity, such as the quantity and quality of powder, barrel length, and bullet fit. The Le Duc empirical formula is presented, which approximates the velocity-space curve of a projectile in a gun based on distance traveled. The concept of the "all burnt point", where all of the propellant has been consumed, is explained.
Internal ballistics refers to the science of what occurs inside a firearm from ignition until the projectile exits the barrel. It involves three phases: lock time, ignition time, and barrel time. Factors that influence internal ballistics include propellant type and burn rate, bore size, bullet size, loading density, chamber pressure, and barrel length. Understanding internal ballistics helps maximize a firearm's accuracy, range, rate of fire, and damage potential.
The document discusses the factors that affect the trajectory of a bullet, including both internal and external factors. The main internal factors are the velocity of the projectile, spin of the bullet, angle of fire, structural features, and gravity. The main external factors are wind, air resistance, and the Coriolis effect. The trajectory takes the form of a parabola, being affected most significantly by the bullet's velocity, as well as air resistance and gravity acting upon it during flight.
This document discusses principles and practices of firearm identification in forensic science. It defines key ballistics terms and describes how class and individual characteristics can be used to identify firearms. Specific characteristics examined include rifling marks, firing pin impressions, breech face marks, and striations. Methods of comparing bullets and cartridge cases using comparison microscopes, stereomicroscopes, test firing, and automated databases like NIBIN and IBIS are summarized. The document provides an overview of the field of forensic ballistics and firearm identification.
The Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) is a program controlled by the ATF that uses sophisticated electronic and optical technology to digitally compare and store images of bullets, casings, and cartridges from crime scenes. The system searches its database of images using advanced algorithms to find potential matches for new evidence. A forensic examiner then visually compares any matched images and confirms matches by microscope examination of the actual evidence. IBIS has been used to link multiple crimes to a single weapon and help solve violent firearm crimes.
This document discusses various types of improvised firearms, also known as zip guns. It provides examples such as zip guns, pen guns, pipe guns, and guns disguised as everyday objects like flashlights, cell phones, cigarettes, briefcases, and keychains. It describes how some of these firearms are constructed in a rudimentary way from available materials to function as a weapon. The document cautions that these improvised firearms can be unstable and pose safety risks due to improper materials or assembly.
1. The document discusses techniques for restoring obliterated marks on items like vehicles and firearms for identification purposes. 2. It describes different types of marks like cast, engraved, and punched marks and principles of restoration using chemical reagents that dissolve strained metal at different rates. 3. The techniques discussed involve cleaning surfaces, taking photographs, applying etchants like acids selectively to restore serial numbers, and preserving restored marks.
Internal ballistics is the study of a projectile's behavior from ignition until it exits the gun barrel. It examines factors like lock time, ignition time, and barrel time. Piobert's law states that gunpowder burns layer by layer. Newton's third law means that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, causing recoil. Recoil velocity can be calculated using the projectile and gun masses and velocities. Rusting and erosion over time degrade the gun barrel and reduce accuracy.
This document discusses the topic of internal ballistics, which deals with the motion of projectiles inside a weapon's barrel. It provides information on factors that affect muzzle velocity, such as the quantity and quality of powder, barrel length, and bullet fit. The Le Duc empirical formula is presented, which approximates the velocity-space curve of a projectile in a gun based on distance traveled. The concept of the "all burnt point", where all of the propellant has been consumed, is explained.
Internal ballistics refers to the science of what occurs inside a firearm from ignition until the projectile exits the barrel. It involves three phases: lock time, ignition time, and barrel time. Factors that influence internal ballistics include propellant type and burn rate, bore size, bullet size, loading density, chamber pressure, and barrel length. Understanding internal ballistics helps maximize a firearm's accuracy, range, rate of fire, and damage potential.
The document discusses the factors that affect the trajectory of a bullet, including both internal and external factors. The main internal factors are the velocity of the projectile, spin of the bullet, angle of fire, structural features, and gravity. The main external factors are wind, air resistance, and the Coriolis effect. The trajectory takes the form of a parabola, being affected most significantly by the bullet's velocity, as well as air resistance and gravity acting upon it during flight.
This document discusses principles and practices of firearm identification in forensic science. It defines key ballistics terms and describes how class and individual characteristics can be used to identify firearms. Specific characteristics examined include rifling marks, firing pin impressions, breech face marks, and striations. Methods of comparing bullets and cartridge cases using comparison microscopes, stereomicroscopes, test firing, and automated databases like NIBIN and IBIS are summarized. The document provides an overview of the field of forensic ballistics and firearm identification.
The document provides a history of the development of firearms from early hand cannons to modern systems. It describes the major innovations in ignition mechanisms from matchlock guns to flintlock guns to percussion caps. Important developments included the wheel lock mechanism, snaphaunce, muzzleloaders, Colt's revolver, breechloaders, and the introduction of cartridges using rimfire, pinfire, and centerfire systems. Modern firearms are categorized based on their bore, loading, firing, and handling characteristics.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS.pptx EFFECT OF PROJECTILE ON HIYYING THE TARGETAparnaAjayan8
Terminal ballistics focuses on the behavior of projectiles after impact with a target. It involves studying how projectiles interact with and damage targets, as well as their stopping power. Factors like bullet design, velocity, mass, and shot placement influence a bullet's stopping power and ability to incapacitate. An unstable bullet may have reduced accuracy, an unpredictable trajectory, and wider shot groupings. Bullet instability can arise from issues like improper twist rate, design flaws, extreme velocities, barrel wear, and environmental conditions. Upon impact, an unstable bullet tumbling sideways increases its surface area and thus the size of the entry wound.
This document discusses primers and propellants used in firearms. It defines a primer as the chemical or device that initiates propellant combustion, propelling a projectile out of the gun barrel. There are two main types of primers: Boxer and Berdan. The primer contains an impact-sensitive lead styphnate igniter that ignites when struck by the firing pin. Propellants like black powder or smokeless powder fill the cartridge and generate gas pressure when ignited by the primer to push the bullet down the barrel. Forensic analysis of primers and propellants can help identify bullets and link firearms to crime scenes.
This document discusses gunshot residue (GSR) and its detection in forensic investigations. It defines GSR as chemical and particulate components released when a gun is fired. GSR can be found on hands, skin, clothing, and nearby surfaces. Various techniques are described for collecting and detecting GSR, including dry collection methods using wax or tape lifts, wet collection using swabs or solvent washes, and analytical detection using microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, chemical tests for nitrates, lead and barium. The composition of GSR depends on factors like the gun's propellant and projectile materials. Detection of GSR can help answer questions in shooting investigations like whether a suspect fired a gun or if a wound was caused by
Internal ballistics refers to what occurs within a weapon's barrel from firing to bullet exit. Key phenomena include:
- Ignition starts when the firing pin strikes the primer, igniting propellant which burns to form high-pressure gas.
- Propellant combustion and barrel length impact velocity - short barrels require fast-burning powder while long barrels use progressive-burning powder.
- Atmospheric conditions like temperature affect ballistics, as ammunition is manufactured for a specific temperature range and velocities vary with temperature.
This document discusses forensic ballistics and ammunition. It begins by defining forensic ballistics as the branch of science dealing with shooting incidents for legal purposes. It then discusses different types of ammunition such as rimfire, centerfire, caseless, and blank ammunition. It describes the components of ammunition including primers, propellants, and bullets. Various bullet types are outlined like full metal jacket, hollow point, ballistic tip, open tip, dum-dum, wire patched, rubber, and incendiary bullets. Improvised ammunition is also briefly discussed.
This document discusses the topic of internal ballistics, which is the science of what occurs inside a firearm when it is discharged. It begins with a brief history of ballistics and defines internal ballistics. Some key phenomena of internal ballistics discussed include ignition, combustion of propellants, barrel length, atmospheric conditions, the shape of cartridge cases, and heat problems during combustion. Lock time and barrel time are also defined. The document provides details on each of these topics as they relate to internal ballistics and ballistic performance.
Poroscopy and edgeoscopy are fingerprint identification techniques that examine sweat pore and ridge edge details. Poroscopy studies the distinctive patterns of sweat pores on fingerprints, which are unique to each individual. Edgeoscopy analyzes ridge edge alignments and shapes. These techniques allow identification to be made from partial or unclear fingerprints left at crime scenes. A 1912 case in France demonstrated poroscopy's use in identifying suspects from blurred fingerprints left at a burglary.
The National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) is a ballistics imaging system operated by the ATF that connects digital images of ballistic evidence from crimes involving firearms. It contains over 2.8 million images that can be rapidly searched to link unsolved shootings and identify repeat offenders. By automating the process of comparing ballistic marks on bullets and cartridge cases, NIBIN helps solve crimes faster than traditional microscopic examination. It has confirmed over 74,000 "hits" connecting different shootings since its creation in 1999.
Forensic examination of stamp, seal and other mechanical impressionskiran malik
Document examiners must analyze all physical evidence on documents, including seals, stamps, and other impressions. Impressions can provide important clues, as paper retains impressions well over time. Seals, stamps, and other tools have long been used to authenticate documents by leaving unique impressions in wax, ink, or directly in paper. Characteristics like defects, wear patterns, and individual styles can help determine if a questioned impression originated from a particular physical source like a specific seal or stamp.
Examination of Firearm through Cartridge Case and bullet.pptxPallaviKumari112
The document summarizes the capabilities and examination process of forensic firearm experts. It discusses how experts can identify bullets and cartridge cases even without a suspect firearm by analyzing characteristics like weight, lands and grooves. The examination process involves comparing test-fired bullets and cartridge cases to evidence items under a comparison microscope, looking at matching striations, marks and impressions that can identify the firearm used. It also discusses an Automatic Bullet Identification System (ABIS) that uses computers and algorithms to automate the process of matching ballistic evidence to databases.
1) Manual typewriters produce identifiable characteristics over time such as misaligned or damaged letters that can be used to match documents to a specific machine.
2) Electric typewriters use either a daisy wheel or golf ball to print letters, which deteriorate with use and produce flaws that appear across documents from the same machine.
3) Printers are more difficult to trace to a specific device than typewriters, but laser printers may transfer tiny scratches that offer identifying evidence.
The document provides a history of firearms, describing their evolution from early hand cannons in China in the 13th century to modern centerfire weapons. It outlines key developments like the matchlock, wheellock, flintlock, percussion cap, pinfire, rimfire systems. Each new system improved ignition reliability, accuracy, and rate of fire, culminating in centerfire cartridges that enabled self-contained ammunition and rapid reloading.
Gun shot residue (GSR) comprises gases and particles that are ejected from a firearm when it is discharged. GSR can be found on the hands of the shooter, clothing of victims, and other surfaces near the firearm. It is composed of inorganic particles like lead, antimony, and barium as well as organic compounds from the propellant. GSR is collected using wet or dry methods and analyzed using chemical tests that detect specific elements or compounds, or instrumental methods like scanning electron microscopy, neutron activation analysis, and x-ray fluorescence which can identify elemental components. Analyzing GSR is forensically relevant for determining the firing range, reconstructing crime scenes, identifying the firearm and cartridge used, and linking suspects
Proof marks of weapons (Forensic Ballistic) Shabnamkhan113
Proof marks are stamps applied to weapons during and after manufacture to indicate that the weapon is safe to use with its intended ammunition. Proof marks can also help determine a weapon's country of origin when no other markings exist. Several countries, including England, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Italy, and others have established proof houses through royal charters or otherwise to protect the public from unsafe weapons. There are three main types of proof: provisional proof for shotgun barrels, definitive proof to test all weapons with overcharges, and reproof for weapons after repairs or alterations.
The document discusses external ballistics and the factors that affect the trajectory of a bullet. It defines external ballistics as dealing with the motion of a projectile from the muzzle of a weapon to the target. The main factors that influence a bullet's flight are gravity, which pulls it downward, and air resistance, which reduces its velocity. In a vacuum with no air resistance or gravity, a bullet would travel in a straight line at a constant velocity. However, in reality bullets follow a parabolic trajectory due to these forces. The document also discusses other factors like velocity, spin, angle of fire, yaw, drift, and temperature that can impact a bullet's trajectory.
This document provides an overview of the examination of seal impressions in forensic science. It discusses the different types of stamps and seals, the characteristics of impressions they make, and the examination process forensic document examiners follow. This includes examining the questioned impression under a microscope, comparing it to test impressions made with the known stamp or seal, and looking for defects and features that could indicate a match or non-match. The goal is to determine whether a questioned impression was or was not made by a particular stamp or seal.
Propellant type and combustion propertyATUL ABHISHEK
The document discusses different types of propellant powders used in firearms. It begins by explaining that black powder, the original propellant, is a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulfur that produces smoke and residue when ignited. Smokeless powders were later developed and include single, double and triple base varieties that use nitrocellulose as the primary ingredient. Single base powders use nitrocellulose alone while double and triple base powders add nitroglycerin and nitroguanidine respectively. Semi-smokeless powder contains a mixture of black powder and smokeless powder. Modern substitutes for black powder like Pyrodex were also developed to be safer while retaining similar ballistic properties.
This document discusses latent fingerprint development and analysis techniques used in criminal investigations. It begins with definitions of fingerprints and latent prints. It then discusses the chemical composition of latent print residue and why fingerprints are important evidence. The document outlines where latent prints can be found and the contents of a fingerprint field kit. It describes both physical methods like powdering and chemical methods like silver nitrate and ninhydrin staining to develop latent prints and make them visible for analysis.
Firearms identification experts can identify key details about firearms from ballistic evidence:
- Rifling marks on bullets can identify the specific gun used due to variations between firearms.
- Firing pin and breechblock markings on cartridge casings are also unique to each gun.
- The type of bullet, firearm, and presence of gunshot residue can provide important clues during investigations.
Firearms can cause injuries through their components. A firearm discharges a projectile such as a bullet or pellets. The components that produce injury are the gun flame, smoke, unburnt gunpowder particles, cards, and wads. The speed and shape of the projectile along with the density and vitality of the target also influence the extent of injuries. Gunshot wounds vary based on the distance between the firearm and target, ranging from contact wounds with scorching and tattooing to distant wounds without these effects. Exit wounds are generally larger than entry wounds and have everted edges.
The document provides a history of the development of firearms from early hand cannons to modern systems. It describes the major innovations in ignition mechanisms from matchlock guns to flintlock guns to percussion caps. Important developments included the wheel lock mechanism, snaphaunce, muzzleloaders, Colt's revolver, breechloaders, and the introduction of cartridges using rimfire, pinfire, and centerfire systems. Modern firearms are categorized based on their bore, loading, firing, and handling characteristics.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS.pptx EFFECT OF PROJECTILE ON HIYYING THE TARGETAparnaAjayan8
Terminal ballistics focuses on the behavior of projectiles after impact with a target. It involves studying how projectiles interact with and damage targets, as well as their stopping power. Factors like bullet design, velocity, mass, and shot placement influence a bullet's stopping power and ability to incapacitate. An unstable bullet may have reduced accuracy, an unpredictable trajectory, and wider shot groupings. Bullet instability can arise from issues like improper twist rate, design flaws, extreme velocities, barrel wear, and environmental conditions. Upon impact, an unstable bullet tumbling sideways increases its surface area and thus the size of the entry wound.
This document discusses primers and propellants used in firearms. It defines a primer as the chemical or device that initiates propellant combustion, propelling a projectile out of the gun barrel. There are two main types of primers: Boxer and Berdan. The primer contains an impact-sensitive lead styphnate igniter that ignites when struck by the firing pin. Propellants like black powder or smokeless powder fill the cartridge and generate gas pressure when ignited by the primer to push the bullet down the barrel. Forensic analysis of primers and propellants can help identify bullets and link firearms to crime scenes.
This document discusses gunshot residue (GSR) and its detection in forensic investigations. It defines GSR as chemical and particulate components released when a gun is fired. GSR can be found on hands, skin, clothing, and nearby surfaces. Various techniques are described for collecting and detecting GSR, including dry collection methods using wax or tape lifts, wet collection using swabs or solvent washes, and analytical detection using microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, chemical tests for nitrates, lead and barium. The composition of GSR depends on factors like the gun's propellant and projectile materials. Detection of GSR can help answer questions in shooting investigations like whether a suspect fired a gun or if a wound was caused by
Internal ballistics refers to what occurs within a weapon's barrel from firing to bullet exit. Key phenomena include:
- Ignition starts when the firing pin strikes the primer, igniting propellant which burns to form high-pressure gas.
- Propellant combustion and barrel length impact velocity - short barrels require fast-burning powder while long barrels use progressive-burning powder.
- Atmospheric conditions like temperature affect ballistics, as ammunition is manufactured for a specific temperature range and velocities vary with temperature.
This document discusses forensic ballistics and ammunition. It begins by defining forensic ballistics as the branch of science dealing with shooting incidents for legal purposes. It then discusses different types of ammunition such as rimfire, centerfire, caseless, and blank ammunition. It describes the components of ammunition including primers, propellants, and bullets. Various bullet types are outlined like full metal jacket, hollow point, ballistic tip, open tip, dum-dum, wire patched, rubber, and incendiary bullets. Improvised ammunition is also briefly discussed.
This document discusses the topic of internal ballistics, which is the science of what occurs inside a firearm when it is discharged. It begins with a brief history of ballistics and defines internal ballistics. Some key phenomena of internal ballistics discussed include ignition, combustion of propellants, barrel length, atmospheric conditions, the shape of cartridge cases, and heat problems during combustion. Lock time and barrel time are also defined. The document provides details on each of these topics as they relate to internal ballistics and ballistic performance.
Poroscopy and edgeoscopy are fingerprint identification techniques that examine sweat pore and ridge edge details. Poroscopy studies the distinctive patterns of sweat pores on fingerprints, which are unique to each individual. Edgeoscopy analyzes ridge edge alignments and shapes. These techniques allow identification to be made from partial or unclear fingerprints left at crime scenes. A 1912 case in France demonstrated poroscopy's use in identifying suspects from blurred fingerprints left at a burglary.
The National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) is a ballistics imaging system operated by the ATF that connects digital images of ballistic evidence from crimes involving firearms. It contains over 2.8 million images that can be rapidly searched to link unsolved shootings and identify repeat offenders. By automating the process of comparing ballistic marks on bullets and cartridge cases, NIBIN helps solve crimes faster than traditional microscopic examination. It has confirmed over 74,000 "hits" connecting different shootings since its creation in 1999.
Forensic examination of stamp, seal and other mechanical impressionskiran malik
Document examiners must analyze all physical evidence on documents, including seals, stamps, and other impressions. Impressions can provide important clues, as paper retains impressions well over time. Seals, stamps, and other tools have long been used to authenticate documents by leaving unique impressions in wax, ink, or directly in paper. Characteristics like defects, wear patterns, and individual styles can help determine if a questioned impression originated from a particular physical source like a specific seal or stamp.
Examination of Firearm through Cartridge Case and bullet.pptxPallaviKumari112
The document summarizes the capabilities and examination process of forensic firearm experts. It discusses how experts can identify bullets and cartridge cases even without a suspect firearm by analyzing characteristics like weight, lands and grooves. The examination process involves comparing test-fired bullets and cartridge cases to evidence items under a comparison microscope, looking at matching striations, marks and impressions that can identify the firearm used. It also discusses an Automatic Bullet Identification System (ABIS) that uses computers and algorithms to automate the process of matching ballistic evidence to databases.
1) Manual typewriters produce identifiable characteristics over time such as misaligned or damaged letters that can be used to match documents to a specific machine.
2) Electric typewriters use either a daisy wheel or golf ball to print letters, which deteriorate with use and produce flaws that appear across documents from the same machine.
3) Printers are more difficult to trace to a specific device than typewriters, but laser printers may transfer tiny scratches that offer identifying evidence.
The document provides a history of firearms, describing their evolution from early hand cannons in China in the 13th century to modern centerfire weapons. It outlines key developments like the matchlock, wheellock, flintlock, percussion cap, pinfire, rimfire systems. Each new system improved ignition reliability, accuracy, and rate of fire, culminating in centerfire cartridges that enabled self-contained ammunition and rapid reloading.
Gun shot residue (GSR) comprises gases and particles that are ejected from a firearm when it is discharged. GSR can be found on the hands of the shooter, clothing of victims, and other surfaces near the firearm. It is composed of inorganic particles like lead, antimony, and barium as well as organic compounds from the propellant. GSR is collected using wet or dry methods and analyzed using chemical tests that detect specific elements or compounds, or instrumental methods like scanning electron microscopy, neutron activation analysis, and x-ray fluorescence which can identify elemental components. Analyzing GSR is forensically relevant for determining the firing range, reconstructing crime scenes, identifying the firearm and cartridge used, and linking suspects
Proof marks of weapons (Forensic Ballistic) Shabnamkhan113
Proof marks are stamps applied to weapons during and after manufacture to indicate that the weapon is safe to use with its intended ammunition. Proof marks can also help determine a weapon's country of origin when no other markings exist. Several countries, including England, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Italy, and others have established proof houses through royal charters or otherwise to protect the public from unsafe weapons. There are three main types of proof: provisional proof for shotgun barrels, definitive proof to test all weapons with overcharges, and reproof for weapons after repairs or alterations.
The document discusses external ballistics and the factors that affect the trajectory of a bullet. It defines external ballistics as dealing with the motion of a projectile from the muzzle of a weapon to the target. The main factors that influence a bullet's flight are gravity, which pulls it downward, and air resistance, which reduces its velocity. In a vacuum with no air resistance or gravity, a bullet would travel in a straight line at a constant velocity. However, in reality bullets follow a parabolic trajectory due to these forces. The document also discusses other factors like velocity, spin, angle of fire, yaw, drift, and temperature that can impact a bullet's trajectory.
This document provides an overview of the examination of seal impressions in forensic science. It discusses the different types of stamps and seals, the characteristics of impressions they make, and the examination process forensic document examiners follow. This includes examining the questioned impression under a microscope, comparing it to test impressions made with the known stamp or seal, and looking for defects and features that could indicate a match or non-match. The goal is to determine whether a questioned impression was or was not made by a particular stamp or seal.
Propellant type and combustion propertyATUL ABHISHEK
The document discusses different types of propellant powders used in firearms. It begins by explaining that black powder, the original propellant, is a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulfur that produces smoke and residue when ignited. Smokeless powders were later developed and include single, double and triple base varieties that use nitrocellulose as the primary ingredient. Single base powders use nitrocellulose alone while double and triple base powders add nitroglycerin and nitroguanidine respectively. Semi-smokeless powder contains a mixture of black powder and smokeless powder. Modern substitutes for black powder like Pyrodex were also developed to be safer while retaining similar ballistic properties.
This document discusses latent fingerprint development and analysis techniques used in criminal investigations. It begins with definitions of fingerprints and latent prints. It then discusses the chemical composition of latent print residue and why fingerprints are important evidence. The document outlines where latent prints can be found and the contents of a fingerprint field kit. It describes both physical methods like powdering and chemical methods like silver nitrate and ninhydrin staining to develop latent prints and make them visible for analysis.
Firearms identification experts can identify key details about firearms from ballistic evidence:
- Rifling marks on bullets can identify the specific gun used due to variations between firearms.
- Firing pin and breechblock markings on cartridge casings are also unique to each gun.
- The type of bullet, firearm, and presence of gunshot residue can provide important clues during investigations.
Firearms can cause injuries through their components. A firearm discharges a projectile such as a bullet or pellets. The components that produce injury are the gun flame, smoke, unburnt gunpowder particles, cards, and wads. The speed and shape of the projectile along with the density and vitality of the target also influence the extent of injuries. Gunshot wounds vary based on the distance between the firearm and target, ranging from contact wounds with scorching and tattooing to distant wounds without these effects. Exit wounds are generally larger than entry wounds and have everted edges.
Forensic Ballistics is a branch of forensic science which deals with shooting incidents for the purpose of justice. Matching and identification of cartridge cases and bullets plays a key role in identifying the firearm.
This document provides information on gunshot wounds and firearm identification. It discusses different types of gunshot wounds like souvenir bullets, bullet migration, and tandem bullets. It also describes how to document a gunshot wound and the information needed in court. Further, it discusses analyzing gunshot residue on skin and clothing. Finally, it outlines how to identify a firearm through factors like caliber, fingerprints, barrel fouling, serial number, and ballistics examination of marks left on bullets and cartridge cases.
This document provides information about firearms and toolmarks analysis in crime scene investigations. It describes key parts of guns like the barrel, cartridge case, slide, and firing pin. It explains how guns work and the components of cartridges, including the primer, smokeless gunpowder, and projectile. It also details characteristics of bullets like rifling impressions, striations, caliber and rifling number that can be analyzed to determine if a specific gun was involved. Firearms examiners analyze both class characteristics common to a brand and individual characteristics unique to a single firearm.
This document provides information about firearms and toolmarks analysis in crime scene investigations. It describes key parts of guns like the barrel, cartridge case, slide, and firing pin. It explains how guns work and the components of cartridges, including the primer, smokeless gunpowder, and projectile. It also details characteristics of bullets like rifling impressions, striations, caliber and rifling number that examiners analyze to determine if a specific gun was involved in a shooting. Class characteristics refer to marks that are common to a brand or type of firearm, while individual characteristics are unique to a single firearm.
This document summarizes key information about barrel manufacture and bullet and cartridge identification. It describes how rifling in gun barrels imparts spin to bullets, improving range and accuracy. It also details how bullets deform to seal in gases and obturate in the barrel. Furthermore, it outlines unique characteristics of gun barrels that can identify them like lands and grooves diameter, depth and twist rate. The document concludes by explaining how fired bullets and cartridge cases can be identified by marks from the gun like striations, firing pin, breech and ejector marks.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on firearms and explosive injuries. It defines firearms and their basic parts. It classifies firearms as rifled or smoothbore weapons and describes common types such as rifles, shotguns, pistols and machine guns. It discusses cartridges, powders, bullets and ballistics. It describes characteristics of entry and exit wounds and tests to detect gunshot residue. It also covers explosion injuries and their medico-legal importance in reconstruction of events.
1) Ballistics is the study of the motion of projectiles after being fired from a firearm. It includes exterior, interior, and terminal ballistics.
2) A firearm uses expanding gases from combustion of a propellant to propel a projectile out of the barrel. Firearms can be classified based on factors like intended use, barrel length, rifling, and firing mechanism.
3) In forensic investigations of firearm injuries, medical examiners seek to determine details of the shooting like the type of weapon, distance, number of shots, direction of fire, and whether injury was self-inflicted. Analysis of wound characteristics helps answer these questions.
This document discusses different types of cartridges used in firearms. It describes the components of shotgun and rifle cartridges, including the case, primer, gunpowder, wads, and bullets. It explains the mechanisms of how cartridges are discharged from firearms and the characteristics of firearm injuries. It also covers factors that affect wound shape, estimation of firing distance, and the medico-legal importance of examining firearm wounds.
1. A firearm discharges a missile using expanding gases from combustion in a closed space. It consists of a barrel, action, and grip.
2. Rifling imparts spin to bullets for stability and accuracy. Rifled weapons include handguns like pistols and revolvers, as well as rifles. Shotguns have smooth bores.
3. Cartridges contain propellant, primer, casing, and a bullet or shots. Propellant burns to produce gases that accelerate the projectile down the barrel.
Dr. Elias Bin Akber's Forensic Medicine PresentationFaisal Bin Akber
This document provides information on firearm injuries and related topics. It defines firearms and describes their classification based on bore. It also defines key related terms like bullets, pellets, rifling, choking, primers, gunpowder and their importance. The document discusses characteristics of gunshot wounds, differences between entry and exit wounds, and differences between suicidal and homicidal gunshot wounds. It also describes test procedures like dermal nitrate test and special bullet types.
This document summarizes key aspects of forensic ballistics including:
1. Ballistics is the study of firearms, ammunition, and their effects. Forensic ballistics deals with investigating firearms/ammunition and the injuries/medico-legal issues they cause.
2. Ballistics is divided into internal, external, terminal, and wound ballistics. Internal ballistics examines what happens inside the firearm during discharge. External ballistics examines what happens after discharge until impact. Terminal and wound ballistics study the projectile's motion upon impact and the resulting injuries.
3. Key parts of firearms include the chamber, barrel, magazine, and types. Rifled firearms have grooves cut into the barrel to
The document discusses the history and development of gunpowder, firearms, bullets, and ballistics technology from ancient China to the 19th century. It describes how gunpowder was refined for use in firearms and the development of matchlock, wheel lock, flintlock, and percussion cap firing mechanisms. It also discusses the introduction of rifling in gun barrels and how this improved accuracy. Finally, it summarizes different bullet types, construction methods, and how ballistics analysis can identify class and individual characteristics of firearms and bullets.
Explanation of ballistics, various fields of ballistics, Forensic Ballistics,Firearms and its components, Ammunition and its components, firing mechanism of firearm, Identification & individualization.
This document provides an introduction to firearms, including the basic parts and types of firearms like rifles, shotguns, pistols and revolvers. It covers safety rules, ammunition, how firearms operate, cleaning procedures and key terminology. The presentation is divided into multiple sections on topics such as actions, sights, safeties, gauges and chokes. It emphasizes safe and responsible firearm handling.
The document discusses cartridges and their components. A cartridge contains a bullet, propellant, and primer packaged in a metallic case. It summarizes that a cartridge has four main parts: the cartridge case, propellant, projectile, and sometimes wads. The cartridge case contains the primer and holds the contents. Propellant, usually smokeless powder, propels the projectile. Projectiles can be single bullets or multiple pellets/shots. When the trigger is pulled, the firing pin strikes the primer, igniting the propellant and forcing the projectile out of the barrel with substantial velocity.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2. FIREARMS
• Forensic analysis is vital
to solving a crime that
uses a gun.
• In 2004, there were 12,00
homicides in the US
3. FIREARMS: A QUICK HISTORY
1. Almost every gun is based on the same simple concept: You apply explosive
pressure behind a projectile to launch it down a barrel.
2. The earliest & simplest application of this idea is the cannon.
3. The 1st handheld guns were essentially mini-cannons; you loaded some
gunpowder & a steel ball & lit a fuse
4. 4. War typically resulted in the need for improved weapons technology.
5. In the late 1800s, the revolver quickly became popular due to its size & quick
loading.
• It only had to be reloaded every 5-6 shots instead of
after each shot.
5. 6. Handguns reigned supreme for the past 200 years & to this day,
remain the most popular & readily available firearm.
6. TYPES OF FIREARMS
1. Handguns (pistols)
– Revolver
– Semiautomatic
2. Rifles
3. Shotguns
4. Air or BB guns Handgun
8. BULLETS
• Made of lead, sometimes
jacketed with brass,
copper, or steel
• Bullet size—diameter
(caliber or gauge)
• Shapes
9. FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
1. Often confused with the term ballistics
2. Ballistics is the study of a projectile in motion.
• Inside the firearm
• After it leaves the firearm
• When it impacts the target
3. Identification of Firearms is based upon this basic
idea: A harder object marks a softer one &
imparts/transfers its microscopic irregularities
to that object.
10. FORENSIC FIREARMS EXPERT
1. Did a suspect use this gun to kill that
person?
2. Did these bullets come from that gun?
3. Was it really self-defense?
4. Is this a case of suicide, or is foul play
involved?
5. Bullet Comparison
6. Weapons Function
– Is it safe? Has it been modified?
7. Serial Number Restoration
8. Gunpowder Residue Detection
– on clothes, hands, & wounds
9. Muzzle-to-Target Distances
11. PULLING THE TRIGGER
1. Pulling the trigger releases the firing pin…
2. The firing pin strikes the primer…
3. The primer ignites the gun powder…
4. The powder generates gas that propels the bullet forward through
the barrel & ejects the spent cartridge case.
12.
13.
14.
15. BULLET CALIBER
1. Caliber: the diameter of the gun barrel.
2. Caliber is recorded in
• hundredths of an inch (.22 & .38)
• millimeters (9mm)
19. BULLET COMPARISONS
1. Each gun leaves distinct markings on a bullet passing through
it.
2. A gun barrel is made from a solid bar of steel that has been
drilled/hallowed out.
3. The drill leaves microscopic marks on the barrel’s inner
surface.
4. Gun manufacturers also add spiral grooves to the barrel. This
is known as rifling.
5. Lands: the space between the grooves.
6. As a spinning bullet passes through the barrel, it is marked by
these grooves.
20. RIFLING
1. The grooved spirals inside
the barrel of a gun that
produce lands and grooves
on a bullet
2. Lands & grooves are class
characteristics
21. STRIAE
1. Scratches on a fired bullet,
2. like a barcode
3. Can serve as individual
evidence
4. Matching bullets or bullets to
a firearm Scratch
22. CLASS CHARACTERISTICS
1. Class Characteristics: Once a manufacturer chooses a
rifling process, for a particular class of weapon, they
keep it consistent.
2. Lands & Grooves are the same for a model.
• .32 caliber Smith & Wesson has 5 lands & grooves twisting to
the right.
• .32 caliber Colt has 6 lands & grooves twisting to the left.
3. Class characteristics can eliminate certain makes but are
not enough to ID a particular gun.
23. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Imperfections in the manufacturing process make each barrel
unique.
2. Rifled barrels, even if made in succession will NOT have identical
striation (scratch-like marks).
24. BULLET COMPARISONS
1. To match bullets to a gun, test bullets
must be fired through a suspect barrel
for comparison.
2. Goddard & Comparison
• Examined bullets side-by-side (to
match striated markings).
25. CARTRIDGE CASE
1. Usually brass
or nickel-clad
brass
2. Class evidence
– Manufacturer
– Shape
– Caliber
– Composition
Head Stamps
Rimfire & Centerfire Cartridges
26. CARTRIDGE MARKINGS
1. All moving components contact the cartridge
rather than the bullet can leave useful
impressions on shell cartridges.
2. Cartridge Case Individual Characteristics:
• Breech face marks
• Firing pin impressions
• Chamber marks
• Extractor marks
• Ejector marks
28. BREECH MARKS
When a cartridge is fired, the explosion forces the
bullet down the barrel and the shell casing is forced
back against the breech. This leaves impressions
unique to the individual gun’s breech on the shell
casing.
Breech
1. When a cartridge is fired, the explosion forces the bullet down
the barrel and the shell casing is forced back against the
breech.
2. This leaves impressions unique to the individual gun’s breech
on the shell casing.
31. FIRING PIN MARKS
1. In order to fire the cartridge, the
primer must first be ignited. To
accomplish this a firing pin
strikes the center ring of the
cartridge.
2. This will in turn leave a distinct
impression that is unique to the
firing pin of that particular gun.
Firing Pin M
In
ca
mu
ac
pin
rin
Th
dis
is
of
37. EXTRACTING PIN & EJECTOR MARKS
1. The extracting pin and ejector
throw the spent shell casing from
the chamber of the gun.
2. These leave marks on the shell
casing that are unique to those
parts on that particular firearm.
Extracting Pin and Ejector Marks
The extracting pin
and ejector throw
the spent shell
casing from the
chamber of the
gun.
These leave marks
on the shell casing
that are unique to
those parts on that
particular firearm.
38. OTHER FACTORS
1. Perfect matches are sometimes difficult b/c:
• Presence of grit & rust in a barrel
• Recovered bullets too mutilated or distorted on impact
2. A spent bullet’s weight can sometimes determine the gun’s
make.
3. Microgrooves: 8-24 grooves; it’s not as common
4. General Rifling Characteristics File
• FBI database of known land/groove width for all weapons.
39. SHOTGUNS
1. Smooth barrel
– Projectile NOT marked as it passes through
2. Fire small lead balls or pellets
contained within a shell.
3. Characterized by:
– diameter of the shot
– size & shape of the wad
– Gauge: diameter of the barrel
( gauge diameter)
4. Identification can still be made by
comparison of extractor/ejector
markings on the shotgun shell.
41. FIREARMS EVIDENCE
Individual:
1. Stria
2. Firing pin marks
3. Breech marks
4. Extractor marks
5. Ejector marks
6. Chamber marks
Class:
1. Bullet type
2. Bullet caliber
3. Bullet weight
4. Lands and grooves
5. Rifling
6. Cartridge case
7. Head stamp
42. GUNSHOT RESIDUE (GSR)
1. When a weapon is fired:
- Primer and propellant particles
blow back toward the shooter.
- Combustion products (mostly
NO2
-), unburned propellant, and
particles of lead follow the bullet,
spreading out with distance.
43. 1. GSR Sources:
• victim, clothing, or target
• shooter’s hands
2. Gunpowder Chemistry
• Major detectable elements are: lead (Pb), barium (Ba) &
antimony (Sb)
• Virtually all cartridge cases are made of brass (copper
& zinc); also detectable.
44. GRIESS TEST
1. Tests for the presence of nitrates (partially burned or unburned
gunpowder)
2. Swab of the shooter’s hand
3. Must produce a pattern for a distance determination
• Test
45. RESULTS OF GSR HAND TEST
1. Negative results may be caused by:
• Washing the hands
• Shooter may have been wearing gloves
• Lead-free ammunition
2. A rifle or shotgun may not deposit GSR on hands
46.
47.
48. 3. GSR ON THE HAND OF A SUICIDE VICTIM,
PROVING HE WAS HOLDING THE WEAPON
WHEN IT WAS FIRED.
49. 4. With contact or a very close-range gunshot wound, it is possible to
have blood spatter as well as GSR on the hand of the person firing
the weapon.
50. CONTACT GUNSHOT WOUND
1. This is a contact gunshot
entrance wound.
1. Since the barrel contacts
the skin, the gases
released by the fired round
go into the subcutaneous
tissue & cause the star-
shaped laceration.
51. ABRASION RING
1. An abrasion ring, formed when the
force of the gases entering below
the skin blows the skin surface back
against the muzzle of the gun, is
seen here in this contact range
gunshot wound to the right temple.
2. The abrasion ring, and a
very clear muzzle imprint,
are seen in this contact
range gunshot wound.
52. ENTRANCE/EXIT
WOUNDS
3. This is a contact range gunshot
entrance wound with grey-black
discoloration from the burned
powder.
Displayed here is an entrance at the left and an exit at the right.
1. Exit wounds vary considerably in size and shape because
the bullet can be deformed in its transit through the
body.
2. There may be no exit wound at all if the bullet's energy
is absorbed by the tissues. Some bullets (such as a
"hollow point") are designed to deform so that all their
energy will be converted to tissue damage and not exit.
53. 4. Powder tattooing is seen
in this intermediate-
range gunshot wound.
The actual entrance site
is somewhat irregular
because the bullet can
tumble in flight.
54. 5. The surface of the skull demonstrates the heavy soot in
this contact range entrance wound, as well as radiating
fracture lines. The direction of fire was thus toward the
back of this picture.
55. SERIAL NUMBER RESTORATION
1. When a serial number is stamped into a gun, the metal
underneath the number is compressed & hardened.
2. If the number is filed-off, the hardened area may still be
present.
3. By using an acid solution the metal can be slowly eaten
away.
• In this process the softer metal will be eaten away first and the number
may reappear.
56. FIREARMS EVIDENCE COLLECTION
1. Make sure it is unloaded!!!!!
2. DO NOT put a pencil into a barrel
3. REVOLVERS
• Indicate the location of fired & unfired ammunition
4. AUTOMATICS
• Check the magazine for the number of rounds
• Fingerprint magazine
5. Place the ID tag on the trigger guard
57. 6. AMMUNITION
• Write on base or nose
• Package in pill box or envelope
• Wrap in tissue to protect
58. 7. CLOTHING
• Protect & preserve
any residue
• Air dry if wet
• Package separately
in paper bags
8. Establish CHAIN OF
CUSTODY