The document discusses the history and basics of fingerprint identification. It notes that in 1892, Sir Francis Galton established that fingerprints are unique and do not change over a person's lifetime. The basics section explains that fingerprints are formed before birth and contain friction ridges and pores that individualize each print. There are three main fingerprint patterns: arches, loops, and whorls, each with variations. The document also outlines methods for developing, collecting, and storing fingerprints.

1. FINGERPRINTING “dermatoglyphics”

2. History of Fingerprinting 1892 – Sir Francis Galton published that fingerprints are unique and invariable basis for modern fingerprinting science 1897 – Sir Edward Henry introduces the Galton-Henry classification system 1901 – 1910 widespread use of fingerprints begins

3. Basics of Fingerprints contact surfaces of hands and feet on humans and some other animals have a series of raised patterns called friction ridges identity, number and relative location of ridge characteristics individualize a fingerprint

4. Basics of Fingerprints friction ridges formed before birth between 6 th and 13 th week of development contain a single row of pores leading from sweat glands if finger is bruised or cut slightly, friction ridges not permanently altered or defaced serious injuries may form a permanent scar

5. Basics of Fingerprints prints are permanent for the life of the individual NO TWO PRINTS ARE IDENTICAL not even twins not even on the same person – you have 10 unique fingerprints

6. Transmission of Prints when a finger touches a surface, the perspiration and oils from the body are transferred to the surface imprints of fingerprints can be left in a soft surface a mark can be made by a substance like blood or paint on the finger

7. Patterns of Friction Ridges three general category patterns with variations among those groups arch loop whorl

8. Patterns of Friction Ridges arch – no delta(s) ridge lines start from one side of the fingertip, rise at the center and exit on the other side of the fingertip

9. Patterns of Friction Ridges loop – 1 delta ridge lines start and end on the same side of the fingertip

10. Patterns of Friction Ridges whorl – 2 or more deltas ridge lines are circles which do not begin or end on either side of the fingertip

11. arches plain arch – tends to flow across print tent arch – significant upthrust in print

12. loops radial loop – pattern area comes from the thumb side of the hand ulnar loop – pattern area comes from the little finger side of the hand you must know the hand on which the print comes from to label it radial or ulnar

13. whorls plain – delta line cuts the inner pattern area central pocket – delta line doesn’t cut the inner area

14. whorls double – contain two core areas (and two deltas) accidental – contain more than 2 deltas

15. Friction Ridge Details - Typica patterns of ridges that differ from one individual to the next are called the ridge details called “typica” or “minutiae” experts usually require 10-12 points of similarity in typica to establish that one print matches another two main kinds of typica ending lines bifurcations (splitting lines)

16. Friction Ridge Details - Typica examples of specific typica ending ridge bifurcation/fork short ridge dot bridge

17. Friction Ridge Details - Typica examples of specific typica hook/spur eye/island/lake crossover double fork triple fork

18. Friction Ridge Details - Typica

19. Friction Ridge Details - Typica

20. Friction Ridge Details - Typica

21. Identifying a Print make a preliminary match by looking at the general pattern (arch, loop, whorl) on the unknown print, identify at least 10 typica on the known print, attempt to find all 10 typica in the same relative positions as the ones on the unknown print if the typica correspond, the print is an identical match

22. Making Prints Visible dusting methods use powders dusted over a surface powder sticks to oils and perspiration that were left on the surface light powders on dark surfaces dark powders on light

23. Making Prints Visible developing methods use chemicals to make prints visible on surfaces where powder may not work nin-hydrin bonds to and colors amino acids left behind – works well on paper iodine vapors stick to fingerprint residue on surfaces like unpainted wood cyanoacrylate (super glue) vapors adhere to residue on surfaces like styrofoam, metal and plastic

24. Making Prints Visible developing methods use chemicals to make prints visible on surfaces where powder may not work fluorescence techniques

25. Collecting and Saving Prints dusted and developed prints should be photographed immediately most prints can be “lifted” with adhesive tape or ready made adhesive sheets to preserve them photographed or lifted prints can later be scanned into IAFIS

26. Fingerprint Data Banks 1924 – FBI Identification Division created and 750,000 prints were transferred there currently FBI possesses over 250 million sets of prints criminal prints –from individuals arrested or convicted of a crime civil prints – from government employees and applicants for federal jobs

27. Fingerprint Data Banks digital system has replaced the traditional fingerprint card called IAFIS – Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System allows officers anywhere to take suspect’s prints on electronic pad or scan a lifted print in order to make a comparison