This document proposes developing a miRNA-based live attenuated vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. It involves genetically engineering the virus to contain a miRNA responsive element, like for miRNA-21, in its genome. This would attenuate viral replication in vivo by degrading or suppressing viral transcripts. The vaccine could provoke a strong protective immune response without harming host cells. It may confer long-lasting immunity after one or two doses through mucosal administration like intranasal spray. Some challenges include the time needed for development and potential for secondary mutations.
Creative Biolabs has extensive experience in coronavirus research. Provide comprehensive high-quality coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, etc.) related services and products.
This slide provides a brief introduction to SARS-CoV-2. If you need more knowledge, products and services related to SARS-CoV-2, please follow us.
Creative Biolabs is a global leader in vaccine development. Our dedicated scientists have extensive experience in the development of new vaccines and can provide our clients with comprehensive vaccine development services to prevent infectious diseases including SARS-CoV-2.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/
I was honored to be invited by Prof. Nasser Ghaly Yousif on behalf of Al Muthanna University Organizing Committee to have a talk in Al Muthanna International Trauma Conference, May 9-11, 2020, Iraq, about updates in immunopathophysiology of COVID19. Prof. Yousif chaired the first day of the conference with high level of dignity and royalty. This slideshow was to be presented at the conference. My article may be found through:
https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.12271865.v1
Creative Biolabs has extensive experience in coronavirus research. Provide comprehensive high-quality coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, etc.) related services and products.
This slide provides a brief introduction to SARS-CoV-2. If you need more knowledge, products and services related to SARS-CoV-2, please follow us.
Creative Biolabs is a global leader in vaccine development. Our dedicated scientists have extensive experience in the development of new vaccines and can provide our clients with comprehensive vaccine development services to prevent infectious diseases including SARS-CoV-2.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/
I was honored to be invited by Prof. Nasser Ghaly Yousif on behalf of Al Muthanna University Organizing Committee to have a talk in Al Muthanna International Trauma Conference, May 9-11, 2020, Iraq, about updates in immunopathophysiology of COVID19. Prof. Yousif chaired the first day of the conference with high level of dignity and royalty. This slideshow was to be presented at the conference. My article may be found through:
https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.12271865.v1
This video lecture is in continuation to the previous lecture: "Introduction to Coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, COVID-19): Hosts, Symptoms & History" uploaded on 16/04/2020. This lecture gives a detailed description of the difference between SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, relationship between the two, mode of infection used by the virus, different testing methods employed and description of the genome of this virus and related databases.
Right now the whole world is facing the covid-19 pandemic, and right now diagnosis and prevention of the spread of disease is the best option we have. This presentation includes methods that are currently in use for the identification of SARS-Co-V 2 / Covid-19. other than currently used methods this presentation also includes potential wearable devices that can be used for early detection of Covid-19.
Creative Biolabs has established a powerful AntInfect™ Platform for anti-virus biomolecular discovery, covering antibody and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) discovery.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/antinfect/antibody-peptide-discovery-for-viral-disease.htm
In this presentation, I talked about the new mRNA vaccine that is authorized for the prevention of coronavirus infection.
mRNA 1273 is developed by Moderna in the US and has shown almost 94% effectiveness
Unusual Features of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome Suggesting Sophisticated Laboratory Modification Rather Than Natural Evolution and Delineation of Its Probable Synthetic Route
https://zenodo.org/record/4028830#.X2EiXWhKiUn
Using SARS-CoV-2 to Teach Physiology and ScienceInsideScientific
Join Dr. Dee Silverthorn for a discussion on how the sudden appearance of the global pandemic of COVID-19 provides a unique opportunity to show students science in action as researchers and healthcare professionals around the world scramble to understand the virus and its effects on the human body. This is the third webinar in this 4-part series on how science education has evolved in the face of new challenges.
In this presentation we will explore some of the ways that we can incorporate today’s headlines into the curriculum by discussing the pathophysiology and pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and how it demonstrates the integration of body function across multiple organ systems. Teaching about the coronavirus pandemic also creates opportunities to have students critically analyze research studies and news reports, and to discuss ethical dilemmas such as the distribution of limited amounts of vaccine or the triage of critically ill patients when lifesaving equipment is limited. One important goal of teaching about the coronavirus pandemic is to have students learn to tolerate ambiguity, and to understand that today’s “facts” are simply our best models of what we know.
SARS Corona-virus 2: Genome Sequencing And Its ApplicationSarbajitRay2
This presentation encompasses the details of genomic sequencing of SARS CoV-2 and the applications of genomic sequencing.
Prepared By:
Adyasha Nayak
Sarbajit Ray
Sugata Lahiri
Badri Prasad Sarangi
CD Genomics provides viral genome sequencing service within Illumina and PacBio Platforms. We can create high-quality de novo assembly of large viral genomes and highest possible data quality at low cost.
Dr. Bob Nordgren - Mucosal Vaccination Principles & PracticesJohn Blue
Mucosal Vaccination Principles & Practices - Dr. Bob Nordgren, Aptimmune, from the 2018 Aptimmune Pre-AASV Symposium, March 2, 2018, San Diego, CA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2018-aptimmune-symposium-aasv
Introduction to SARS-CoV-2-Creative BiolabsCandySwift_NY
An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has raised global concerns. It is identified as the cause of pneumonia with unknown etiology. Since the early outbreak in Wuhan, China, it has subsequently spread to all provinces of China and many other countries. The urgent epidemic situation has spurred the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. As a leading service provider in the field of biological research and drug discovery, Creative Biolabs provides fast & elaborate therapeutic antibody discovery, drug candidates screening and vaccine development services to help combat this outbreak.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
The severity and emergency of SARS-CoV-2 infection spurs an urgent need for antiviral drug and vaccine discovery. Creative Biolabs has spent considerable efforts to provide scientific support and comprehensive services to promote the success of this combat.
Equipped with cutting-edge techniques and vast experience, Creative Biolabs is keeping up with current research hotspots and integrating all resources to guarantee high-quality services (including but not limiting to): Antiviral Drug Discovery, Vaccine Discovery, Evaluation Platforms, In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Immunoassays.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has raised global concerns. It is identified as the cause of pneumonia with unknown etiology. Since the early outbreak in Wuhan, China, it has subsequently spread to all provinces of China and many other countries. The urgent epidemic situation has spurred the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. As a leading service provider in the field of biological research and drug discovery, Creative Biolabs provides fast & elaborate therapeutic antibody discovery, drug candidates screening and vaccine development services to help combat this outbreak.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
Like MERS and SARS, SARS-CoV-2 can cause asymptomatic infections or severe acute respiratory diseases, including fever, cough, and shortness of breath.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
This video lecture is in continuation to the previous lecture: "Introduction to Coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, COVID-19): Hosts, Symptoms & History" uploaded on 16/04/2020. This lecture gives a detailed description of the difference between SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, relationship between the two, mode of infection used by the virus, different testing methods employed and description of the genome of this virus and related databases.
Right now the whole world is facing the covid-19 pandemic, and right now diagnosis and prevention of the spread of disease is the best option we have. This presentation includes methods that are currently in use for the identification of SARS-Co-V 2 / Covid-19. other than currently used methods this presentation also includes potential wearable devices that can be used for early detection of Covid-19.
Creative Biolabs has established a powerful AntInfect™ Platform for anti-virus biomolecular discovery, covering antibody and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) discovery.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/antinfect/antibody-peptide-discovery-for-viral-disease.htm
In this presentation, I talked about the new mRNA vaccine that is authorized for the prevention of coronavirus infection.
mRNA 1273 is developed by Moderna in the US and has shown almost 94% effectiveness
Unusual Features of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome Suggesting Sophisticated Laboratory Modification Rather Than Natural Evolution and Delineation of Its Probable Synthetic Route
https://zenodo.org/record/4028830#.X2EiXWhKiUn
Using SARS-CoV-2 to Teach Physiology and ScienceInsideScientific
Join Dr. Dee Silverthorn for a discussion on how the sudden appearance of the global pandemic of COVID-19 provides a unique opportunity to show students science in action as researchers and healthcare professionals around the world scramble to understand the virus and its effects on the human body. This is the third webinar in this 4-part series on how science education has evolved in the face of new challenges.
In this presentation we will explore some of the ways that we can incorporate today’s headlines into the curriculum by discussing the pathophysiology and pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and how it demonstrates the integration of body function across multiple organ systems. Teaching about the coronavirus pandemic also creates opportunities to have students critically analyze research studies and news reports, and to discuss ethical dilemmas such as the distribution of limited amounts of vaccine or the triage of critically ill patients when lifesaving equipment is limited. One important goal of teaching about the coronavirus pandemic is to have students learn to tolerate ambiguity, and to understand that today’s “facts” are simply our best models of what we know.
SARS Corona-virus 2: Genome Sequencing And Its ApplicationSarbajitRay2
This presentation encompasses the details of genomic sequencing of SARS CoV-2 and the applications of genomic sequencing.
Prepared By:
Adyasha Nayak
Sarbajit Ray
Sugata Lahiri
Badri Prasad Sarangi
CD Genomics provides viral genome sequencing service within Illumina and PacBio Platforms. We can create high-quality de novo assembly of large viral genomes and highest possible data quality at low cost.
Dr. Bob Nordgren - Mucosal Vaccination Principles & PracticesJohn Blue
Mucosal Vaccination Principles & Practices - Dr. Bob Nordgren, Aptimmune, from the 2018 Aptimmune Pre-AASV Symposium, March 2, 2018, San Diego, CA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2018-aptimmune-symposium-aasv
Introduction to SARS-CoV-2-Creative BiolabsCandySwift_NY
An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has raised global concerns. It is identified as the cause of pneumonia with unknown etiology. Since the early outbreak in Wuhan, China, it has subsequently spread to all provinces of China and many other countries. The urgent epidemic situation has spurred the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. As a leading service provider in the field of biological research and drug discovery, Creative Biolabs provides fast & elaborate therapeutic antibody discovery, drug candidates screening and vaccine development services to help combat this outbreak.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
The severity and emergency of SARS-CoV-2 infection spurs an urgent need for antiviral drug and vaccine discovery. Creative Biolabs has spent considerable efforts to provide scientific support and comprehensive services to promote the success of this combat.
Equipped with cutting-edge techniques and vast experience, Creative Biolabs is keeping up with current research hotspots and integrating all resources to guarantee high-quality services (including but not limiting to): Antiviral Drug Discovery, Vaccine Discovery, Evaluation Platforms, In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Immunoassays.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has raised global concerns. It is identified as the cause of pneumonia with unknown etiology. Since the early outbreak in Wuhan, China, it has subsequently spread to all provinces of China and many other countries. The urgent epidemic situation has spurred the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. As a leading service provider in the field of biological research and drug discovery, Creative Biolabs provides fast & elaborate therapeutic antibody discovery, drug candidates screening and vaccine development services to help combat this outbreak.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
Like MERS and SARS, SARS-CoV-2 can cause asymptomatic infections or severe acute respiratory diseases, including fever, cough, and shortness of breath.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
A pneumonia of unknown cause detected in Wuhan, China was first reported to the WHO
Country Office in China on 31 December 2019.In the last Nine months, almost Ten lakhs of
lives have already been Death, around three billion of people are in quarantine, and global
economies have been decreased. The outbreak of pandemic Covid-19 all over the world has
broken down the political, social, economic, religious and financial structures of the whole
world. The World’s top economies country such as the Australia, USA, India China, UK,
Germany, France, Italy, Japan and many others. The Stock Markets around the world have
been broken down and oil prices have fallen off a cliff. A report was published on BBC where
they describe every single week 3.3 million Americans have been unemployment and a week
later another 6.6 million people started searching for new jobs. The novel coronavirus is a
microscopic organism that has become an epidemic over time around the world. The United
States, Europe, Britain, Italy, Spain and France have already been hit by the virus. These
countries have already become mortal by Corona virus.
Mutation Prediction for Coronaviruses using Genome Sequence and Recurrent Neu...Christo Ananth
Christo Ananth, Pranav Pushkar, Preeti Nagrath, Jehad F. Al-Amri, Vividha, Anand Nayyar, “Mutation Prediction for Coronaviruses using Genome Sequence and Recurrent Neural Networks”, Computers, Materials & Continua, Tech Science Press, Volume 73, Issue 1, April 2022,pp. 1601-1619.
Description:
Christo Ananth et al. discussed that The study of viruses and their genetics has been an opportunity as well as a challenge for the scientific community. The recent ongoing SARSCov2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) pandemic proved the unpreparedness for these situations. Not only the countermeasures for the effect caused by virus need to be tackled but the mutation taking place in the very genome of the virus is needed to be kept in check frequently. One major way to find out more information about such pathogens is by extracting the genetic data of such viruses. Though genetic data of viruses have been cultured and stored
as well as isolated in form of their genome sequences, there is still limited methods on what new viruses can be generated in future due to mutation. This research proposes a deep learning model to predict the genome sequences of the SARS-Cov2 virus using only the previous viruses of the coronaviridae family with the help of RNN-LSTM (Recurrent Neural Network-Long ShortTerm Memory) and RNN-GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) so that in the future, several counter measures can be taken by predicting possible changes in the genome with the help of existing mutations in the virus. After the process of testing the model, the F1-recall came out to be more than 0.95. The mutation detection’s accuracy of both the models come out about 98.5% which shows the capability of the recurrent neural network to predict future changes in the genome of virus.
Vaccine Development for COVID-19 virus, ranging from all the technologies such as DNA Vaccine, mRNA Vaccine, Whole Inactivated Vaccine, Viral Vector Vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 viral pathology is also shared in this slide.
In vitro and animal models of SARS Cov-2DRMOHITKHER
Basic research on SARS-CoV-2 is essential to understand its detailed pathophysiology and identify best drug targets. Models that can faithfully reproduce the viral life cycle and reproduce the pathology of COVID-19 are required. Here, we briefly review the cell lines, organoids, and animal models that are currently being used in COVID-19 research.
ANTI-VIRAL HERBAL PHYTOCONSTITUENTS OF TULSI (OCIMUM SANCTUM) AGAINST COVID-1...Yamini Shah
A novel corona virus originated from Wuhan, China in 2019. Millions of people were affected due to this virus outbreak and quarantined for almost 2 years resulting in great loss in millions of lives in the world. This also resulted in a great impact in economy and health sector globally. After the outbreak the development of cure against SARS-CoV-2 is in full motion, less efforts have been spent on the prevention of rapidly spreading respiratory infectious agents. At present there is no effective treatment that could mitigate SARS-CoV-2. Available clinical intervention for covid-19 is only limited to support. Due to dreadful situation caused by COVID-19, there is an immediate need to discover potent therapeutic agents and targeted deliveries which can inhibit COVID-19 entry, progression and spread in human beings. Comprehensive understanding on the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2viruses and their interaction with hosts is important in the fight against these viruses. Thus, there is an urgent need for effective treatment. Intensive research on synthetic, semi synthetic, herbal, ayurvedic, siddha and unani drugs is necessary for this cause. In this review we focus on literature investigated on herbal drugs which might help in inhibition of COVID-19 via inhibition of angiotensinogen converting enzyme (ACE) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) through computational studies using AutoDockVina followed by their formulation development.
Few of the latest research findings on the novel corona virus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) have been compiled. The basic biology of corona virus, its life cycle and its evolutionary relationship with corona viruses derived from other animals (including bats and pangolin corona viruses) has been depicted highlighting it’s inter species transmission. One of the key pathogenicity and transmissibility determinants (i.e. a furin-like S1/S2 cleavage site in the S protein) unique to SARS-CoV-2 might be responsible for its distinct mechanism to promote its entry into host cells. The last slide leaves the readers with basic research questions pertaining to the genetic divergence and evolution of coronaviruses in bats, its pathogenesis and mechanism of disease transmittance. In these times of crisis due to the outbreak of novel corona virus 2019 in Wuhan and subsequently leading to a pandemic, it is important to understand the basic biology of corona virus and the latest research findings related to its cross species transmission and key pathogenicity determinant that allows the novel corona virus a distinct mechanism to gain entry into the host cells. The structural biology approach to study the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with receptor binding domain of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is underway and it is hoped that these findings will help in the design of new vaccines candidates targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
mRNA vaccines against emerging infectious diseases; A challenging approach of...AI Publications
Basic human biology is dealt with by mRNA, which creates instructions for making proteins that may aid in the fight against infectious illnesses using our bodies' own mechanisms. mRNA therapies are neither tiny compounds nor huge biological such as recombinant proteins or monoclonal antibodies. These are a series of instructions that assist our cells' machinery in producing proteins that protect us against a certain virus. Our bodies would be unable to perform their activities if mRNA was not introduced. mRNA, or messenger ribonucleic acid, is an important component of the living world, especially in the process of protein synthesis. mRNA is a single-stranded molecule that transmits genetic instructions from a cell's nucleus DNA to the ribosomes, which are the cell's protein-making machinery. The synthesis of an RNA copy from the coded sequence of DNA leads in the production of a particular protein. This copy of mRNA moves from the nucleus of the cell to the cytoplasm, where ribosomes reside. Ribosomes are a sort of sophisticated machinery organelle that aids and begins protein synthesis in cells. Ribosomes ‘read' the mRNA sequence and follow the instructions, progressively adding on various needed amino acids to make the intended protein during the translation process. The protein is subsequently expressed by the cell, and it goes on to execute its role in the cell or in the body. The use of mRNA as a medication offers up a whole new universe of possibilities in terms of illness treatment and prevention. This review contributes to the growing body of knowledge in the field of mRNA therapeutic delivery and the identification of appropriate antigens for mRNA target locations. Two major mRNA vaccines for protection against SARS-CoV-2 have recently been developed and approved for use in the general population by international health authorities. They've been demonstrated to defend against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is still active and evolving. This will draw attention to a variety of mRNA vaccines now being evaluated for infectious diseases in clinical studies. mRNA vaccines offer a number of advantages, including speedy design, fabrication, manufacturing, and administration, and they hold a lot of potential for future use against a wide range of diseases.
1. Genome of corona viruses
2. Comparative analysis of emergence and spreading
3. Entry Mechanism
4. COVID-19 Case Study
5. Face mask Case Study
6. Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease
7. BCG vaccine
Similar to vaccine development against COVID-19 by utilizing miRNA technique. (20)
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
vaccine development against COVID-19 by utilizing miRNA technique.
1. SARS-CoV-2
Antibody produce
in response to use
a vaccine
A rational design on Covid-19 vaccine development
Presented by:
Shotabdy Roy
Mehedi Hasan
Mahidol University, Thailand
Department Of Biochemistry
Masters(MSc)
2. Background
• Enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus
Adapted from Kumar et.al (2020)
Morphology of SARS-CoV-2
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global life-
threatening disease
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-Cov2)
3. • Beta coronavirus, Coronaviridae family
• SARS-CoV-2 belongs some of the largest genomes
among RNA viruses.(26 to 32 kb)
• Nested set of polyadenylated mRNA transcripts
• Non-structural proteins, four structural proteins and accessory
proteins
Genome organization of SARS-CoV-2
Adapted from Kumar et.al (2020)
5. • Non-coding ssRNA (17-24nt)
• ~60% of gene expression
• Maintenance of the
epithelial cell barrier in the
respiratory tract
• Regulation of anti-viral
host defence
• Altered miRNA expression
regulates viral replication,
immune responses, and
infection outcome
Adapted from: Richardson, et.al (2016)
Roles of microRNAs in viral acute respiratory infections
6. Objectives of the proposal
To develop a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus by conducting a potential candidate of
miRNA which will decay or translationally suppress the viral replication and enhance
innate immune response.
miRNA will be genetically engineered into positive sense RNA virus(SARS-CoV-2) as
a platform to improve live attenuated vaccine.
The proposed vaccine will also act on tissue specific and tissue non-specific
mechanism.
This vaccine could be elicited strong protective immunity without disturbing host cells.
This recombinant vaccine should have significance role on developing immunological
memory cells(B cell) which will protect against other flu-like virus.
7. Hypothesis of this proposal
• In vitro genetically engineered
SARS-CoV-2 virus containing
miRNA responsive element on
its viral genome which will
attenuate viral replication in
vivo. This can be designed a
novel miRNA-based live-
attenuated vaccine.
8. A data on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development(2020)
More than 165 vaccines against SARS-Cov-2 virus are now in the stage of
developing around the world by researchers of different institutes.
Among them only 31 vaccines are now processing for clinical trials at
various phases.
Preclinical
(135+)
Phase I (19)
Phase II (11)Phase III (8)
Approved (2)
Collected from ”The new York times”
9. Some categories of vaccines(2020)
1. Whole-virus vaccines: use of an inactivated version of the coronavirus to
stimulate immune response.
2. Protein-based vaccines: use spike protein and enveloped protein and
fragment proteins of the coronavirus to stimulate immune response.
3. Viral-vector vaccines: use a virus to deliver coronavirus genes into cells and
provoke an immune response(Can Sino BIO developed a vaccine using AD5)
4. Repurposed vaccines: vaccines that already use in other diseases which also
protect against coronavirus(Ex: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine)
5. Genetic vaccines: vaccines that use one or more of the coronavirus’s own
genes to provoke an immune response. It could be RNA-based and DNA-
based vaccine.
A novel design on microRNA-based live attenuated vaccine that may lead a
role on prevention against viral pathogenicity including safety and more efficacy
purpose.
10. Why choose the miRNA-based live attenuated vaccine
• There are four main classes of vaccine-killed, subunit, mRNA and live
attenuated.
• Several advantages-more robust, increase long-lasting immunity
compared to inactivated vaccines.
• Several different mechanisms- altering the temperature of the optimal
polymerase function and deleting or mutating viral immune
antagonists.
• In developing live attenuating vaccine for both positive and negative
RNA viruses by exploiting host endogenous miRNAs.
• Generating miRNA-targeted viruses which provides a known
mechanism for attenuation, can be applied across a diverse range of
viruses.
11. Analysis through bioinformatics, 80 SARS-CoV-2 encoded miRNA
that can target the virus genome.
2 miRNA targets at the 3’UTR, 2 at the S gene
SARS-CoV-2
28 human miRNA have been predicted to have 30 targets on the virus
genome
Human
Source:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/
Potential Candidate selection
Proposed Methodology
General information
12. By using bioinformatics tools, screening the appropriate miRNA candidate like
(miRNA-21)
miRNA-21 expression is highly conserved in mammalian and avian species
across most of the cells, making it an excellent candidate for conducting the
research
Proposed Research Design
SARS-CoV-2 Virus
Structure of Viral genetic material (RNA)
Why choose miRNA-21??
13. Designing of miR-21-MRE
Homology sequence of miR-21
1. Au rich
2. No RBP motif
3. Low secondary structure
complexity
4. High MRE accessibility at
3’UTR end.
Engineered miRNA responsive element
Inserted into specific site
of SARS-CoV-2 genome
miR-21-MRE
Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 genome structure
14. Tissue specific mechanism
Viral RNA with miRNA target sequence No virus produce
Tissue Non-specific mechanism
Virus will be retained the ability of replication
without producing disease and promote strong
protective immunity
15. miRNA in the antiviral innate immune response
Adapted from: Stephen A.et.al, microRNAs in viral acute respiratory infections: immune regulation, biomarkers, therapy,
and vaccines(2019)
16. Advantages
• Easy to administration via intranasal spray, So get rid of needle.
• This proposed vaccine are like the natural infection that they
prevent.
• Create a long-lasting and strong innate immune response against
SARS-CoV-2 virus.
• Only 1 or 2 dose will enough create to lifetime protection against
this virus.
Disadvantages
• Take long time to commercialize the proposed vaccine in market.
• Secondary mutation can take place during producing this kind of
vaccine and lead to reversion or gain of virulence properties like
before.
• Requirement for control condition .
