Bacterial Community Profiling of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone Sediments using Cultivation Independent Approach by Baby Divya in Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography
Assessment of Natural Radioactivity in Soil and Water Samples from Aden Gover...paperpublications3
Abstract:The level of natural radioactivity in soils and water of 74 samples collected from locations at Aden governorate south of Yemen was measured. Concentrations of radionuclides in soils and water samples were determined by gamma-ray spectrometer using a NaI (Tl) detector with specially designed shield. The mean activity level of the natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K is 30.41 ±2.4, 36.26 ±2.9 and 358.12±26.54 Bq kg-1, respectively. These values are well within values reported elsewhere in the country and in other countries with similar environments. The study also examined some radiation hazard indices. The mean values obtained are, 215±37Bq kg-1, 50.10±6 nGy h-1, 0.34mSv y-1, 0.30 and 0.34 for Radium Equivalent Activity (Raeq), Absorbed Dose Rates (D), Annual Effective Dose Rates (Eff Dose), External Hazard Index (Hex) and Internal Hazard Index (Hin) respectively. All the health hazard indices are well below their recommended limits. The paper recommends further studies to estimate internal and external doses from other suspected radiological sources to the population in Aden governorate.
Keywords:Absorbed dose, south Yemen, Aden governorate, Water, Soil, Natural Radioactivity.
Unsteady state series CSTR modeling of removal of ammonia nitrogen from domes...IJECEIAES
This work shows simulation results for subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) using a series CSTR model. The VFCW considered received the outflow from a domestic wastewater treatment plant. In addition, it was planted with Cyperus sp. and filter media was unsaturated. The model was based on an unsteady state mass balance for ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates, using one to three series CSTRs. Nitrogen transformation mechanisms considered were ammonification, nitrification, plant uptake and denitrification. The following effects were evaluated: the number of reacting CSTRs from one to three; the occurrence of the reaction in second and third CSTRs for the case that three CSTRs hold; the use of either equal or different values of reaction rate parameters between CSTRs; and the discretization of the reaction rate parameters. The inflow and outflow measurements of ammonium, nitrites, and nitrates were used for model calibration. The estimated parameters included the reaction rate coefficients and reactor water volume. The coefficient of determination (R ) evidenced a satisfactory capability of simulating outlet pollutant concentrations. Two and three reacting CSTRs achieved similar R value (0.54-0.55), whereas one reacting CSTR achieved an R 2 of 0.39, and three CSTRs with reaction only in the first tank achieved an R of 0.42. Discretization of the nitrification rate for the case of two reacting CSTRs led to an R 2 of 0.94. The parameter sensitivity analysis revealed a significant effect of model parameters on the R 2 value. 2 2 2
ABSTRACT- This study is an attempt to analyze the water quality of river Ganga in Patna district. Water samples
were collected from 16 different Ghats during March-May 2017. Due to heavy discharge of municipal waste and
anthropogenic activities in the river the biological, chemical and physical characteristics of water have changed to a
considerable extent. The objectives of this study were to find out the changes in physicochemical nature as well as
biological health of river Ganga. Samples were analyzed on various physicochemical parameter i.e. Total Hardness, pH,
B.O.D., and D.O. by using the standard methods and procedures. The result shown that the average pH -7.95, average,
D.O.-2.91 mg/L, average B.O.D. -2.41 mg/L, average total hardness -114.72 mg/L. Microbial analysis was also
conducted in terms of Most Probable Number [MPN] of total coliforms in the water sample and it shown the highest
value for all samples. The presence and absence of the gas bubble in each tube were used to calculate an index known as
the Most Probable Number.
Key-words- Ganga, Patna, Physicochemical, Microbial, Coliforms, MPN, D.O., B.O.D., Hardness, pH
Assessment of Natural Radioactivity in Soil and Water Samples from Aden Gover...paperpublications3
Abstract:The level of natural radioactivity in soils and water of 74 samples collected from locations at Aden governorate south of Yemen was measured. Concentrations of radionuclides in soils and water samples were determined by gamma-ray spectrometer using a NaI (Tl) detector with specially designed shield. The mean activity level of the natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K is 30.41 ±2.4, 36.26 ±2.9 and 358.12±26.54 Bq kg-1, respectively. These values are well within values reported elsewhere in the country and in other countries with similar environments. The study also examined some radiation hazard indices. The mean values obtained are, 215±37Bq kg-1, 50.10±6 nGy h-1, 0.34mSv y-1, 0.30 and 0.34 for Radium Equivalent Activity (Raeq), Absorbed Dose Rates (D), Annual Effective Dose Rates (Eff Dose), External Hazard Index (Hex) and Internal Hazard Index (Hin) respectively. All the health hazard indices are well below their recommended limits. The paper recommends further studies to estimate internal and external doses from other suspected radiological sources to the population in Aden governorate.
Keywords:Absorbed dose, south Yemen, Aden governorate, Water, Soil, Natural Radioactivity.
Unsteady state series CSTR modeling of removal of ammonia nitrogen from domes...IJECEIAES
This work shows simulation results for subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) using a series CSTR model. The VFCW considered received the outflow from a domestic wastewater treatment plant. In addition, it was planted with Cyperus sp. and filter media was unsaturated. The model was based on an unsteady state mass balance for ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates, using one to three series CSTRs. Nitrogen transformation mechanisms considered were ammonification, nitrification, plant uptake and denitrification. The following effects were evaluated: the number of reacting CSTRs from one to three; the occurrence of the reaction in second and third CSTRs for the case that three CSTRs hold; the use of either equal or different values of reaction rate parameters between CSTRs; and the discretization of the reaction rate parameters. The inflow and outflow measurements of ammonium, nitrites, and nitrates were used for model calibration. The estimated parameters included the reaction rate coefficients and reactor water volume. The coefficient of determination (R ) evidenced a satisfactory capability of simulating outlet pollutant concentrations. Two and three reacting CSTRs achieved similar R value (0.54-0.55), whereas one reacting CSTR achieved an R 2 of 0.39, and three CSTRs with reaction only in the first tank achieved an R of 0.42. Discretization of the nitrification rate for the case of two reacting CSTRs led to an R 2 of 0.94. The parameter sensitivity analysis revealed a significant effect of model parameters on the R 2 value. 2 2 2
ABSTRACT- This study is an attempt to analyze the water quality of river Ganga in Patna district. Water samples
were collected from 16 different Ghats during March-May 2017. Due to heavy discharge of municipal waste and
anthropogenic activities in the river the biological, chemical and physical characteristics of water have changed to a
considerable extent. The objectives of this study were to find out the changes in physicochemical nature as well as
biological health of river Ganga. Samples were analyzed on various physicochemical parameter i.e. Total Hardness, pH,
B.O.D., and D.O. by using the standard methods and procedures. The result shown that the average pH -7.95, average,
D.O.-2.91 mg/L, average B.O.D. -2.41 mg/L, average total hardness -114.72 mg/L. Microbial analysis was also
conducted in terms of Most Probable Number [MPN] of total coliforms in the water sample and it shown the highest
value for all samples. The presence and absence of the gas bubble in each tube were used to calculate an index known as
the Most Probable Number.
Key-words- Ganga, Patna, Physicochemical, Microbial, Coliforms, MPN, D.O., B.O.D., Hardness, pH
Clouds in a crowd: deciphering individual contributions to the human microbia...Roxana Hickey
Presented by Roxana Hickey (Postdoctoral Scholar, University of Oregon) at the 16th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology (#ISME16) in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on August 21-26, 2016
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE TO USE IN ANALYSIS OF
PETROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF ROCKS
Edyta Puskarczyk
The University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and
Environmental Protection, Department of Geophysics; e-mail: puskarczyk@geol.agh.edu.pl
The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance has become a valuable tool in applied
geophysics, because of significant progress in computer technology. Using NMR as a
laboratory study with cores analysis and well-logging has been permitted to get information
about rocks, inaccessible with other methods. It allows to evaluate the several parameters as:
porosity, volume of water saturated pore space included clay bound water, capillary bound water and crystalline water of hydration, such as in gypsum - CaSO4*2H2O, permeability, pore size, oil viscosity
ABSTRACT- Ramgarh taal is an important water body of Gorakhpur, U.P, India, which received untreated effluents
from different sources of Gorakhpur city. The aim of the present study was to evaluated the toxic impact of these effluents
on water quality of water and its toxic effect on fish population present in this lake with two sets of experiments (1) Fish
caged in pollution free water i.e. control group and (2) Fish directly caught from different sites of water body. The
effluents discharged in this water body caused significant alterations in pollution parameters of water and significantly
altered the biochemical profile (total amino acid levels increased while total protein, Glycogen and nucleic acid levels
decreased from the levels of control group) and hematological parameters (PLTs, WBCs, RBCs, HGB, HCT, MCV,
MCHC etc) decreased from the levels of control group. Seasonally variations in Physico-chemical parameters
(Temperature, pH, DO, BOD and COD) of water body also measured. Which were much higher than the tolerance limit
recommended by General standard by Central Pollution Control Board of India.
Key-words- Ramgarh taal, Parameters, Biochemical parameters, Amino acid, Hematological, Physiological, Pollution,
Pesticides, Herbicides, Channa punctatus
Quality of Groundwater around Rewa-Gurh Region, Rewa District Madhya Pradesh ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Equilibrium and kinetic study on chromium (vi) removal from simulatedGJESM Publication
Gooseberry seed (Phyllanthus acidus) was used as an adsorbent to determine its feasibility for the removal of Cr(VI). Various parameters such as pH, temperature, contact time, initial metal concentration and adsorbent dosage were investigated to determine the biosorption performance. Equilibrium was attained within 60 minutes and maximum removal of 96% was achieved under the optimum conditions at pH 2. The adsorption phenomenon demonstrated here was monolayer represented by Langmuir isotherm with R2 value of 0.992 and the Langmuir constants k and q0 was found to be 0.0061 (L/mg) and 19.23 (mg/g). The adsorption system obeyed Pseudo second order kinetics with R2 value of 0.999. The results of the present study indicated that gooseberry seed powder can be employed as adsorbent for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium economically.
[23] morphometric parameters and total mercury in eggs of snowy egret (egrett...Diana Agudelo Frías
Parámetros morfométricos y mercurio total en huevos de garceta nevada (Egretta thula) de la Bahía de Cartagena y ciénaga del Totumo , al norte de Colombia
DNA Barcoding of Stone Fish Uranoscopus Oligolepis: Intra Species Delineation...journal ijrtem
Abstract: The present study addresses this issue by examining the patterning of Cytochrome Oxidase I diversity in the stone fish Uranoscopus oligolepis the structurally diverse group of Family Uranoscopidae. The sequences were analyzed for their species identification using BOLD’s identification engine. The COI sequences of U. oligolepis from different geographical regions were extracted from NCBI for intra species variation analysis. All sequences were aligned using Clustal W. The sequences were trimmed using software and phylogenetic tree was constructed with bootstrap test. The results showed that the cytosine content was high (31%). The least molar concentration was observed in guanine (19.5%) and Adenine (19.6%). Thymine was the second predominant in molar concentration next to thymine which is followed by adenine. The G+C content was found to be 49.6% and A+T content was 50.4%. Leucine and Alanine content was high in the amino acid composition. From the study it is assumed that the mitochondrial gene COI can be the potential barcoding region to identify an organism up to the species level. Keywords: COI, intra species, Uranoscopus oligolepis, barcoding, phylogenetic
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was applied to generate species-specific diagnostic fragment patterns for the molecular identification of the ornamental aquarium fish species Trichogaster lalia, more commonly known as dwarf gourami. The species were collected from various geographically distant locations of Assam. After initial screening, four primers having a length of 10 arbitary nucleotide sequence were used which generated the RAPD profile for Trichogaster species. The primers produced 39 bands in total. In the experiment 22 polymorphic bands and 7 monomorphic bands were produced. The genetic distance of an individual ranged from 0.03 to 0.38. The average genetic distance among the individuals showed that more than 0.03 species are genetically more similar
Clouds in a crowd: deciphering individual contributions to the human microbia...Roxana Hickey
Presented by Roxana Hickey (Postdoctoral Scholar, University of Oregon) at the 16th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology (#ISME16) in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on August 21-26, 2016
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE TO USE IN ANALYSIS OF
PETROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF ROCKS
Edyta Puskarczyk
The University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and
Environmental Protection, Department of Geophysics; e-mail: puskarczyk@geol.agh.edu.pl
The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance has become a valuable tool in applied
geophysics, because of significant progress in computer technology. Using NMR as a
laboratory study with cores analysis and well-logging has been permitted to get information
about rocks, inaccessible with other methods. It allows to evaluate the several parameters as:
porosity, volume of water saturated pore space included clay bound water, capillary bound water and crystalline water of hydration, such as in gypsum - CaSO4*2H2O, permeability, pore size, oil viscosity
ABSTRACT- Ramgarh taal is an important water body of Gorakhpur, U.P, India, which received untreated effluents
from different sources of Gorakhpur city. The aim of the present study was to evaluated the toxic impact of these effluents
on water quality of water and its toxic effect on fish population present in this lake with two sets of experiments (1) Fish
caged in pollution free water i.e. control group and (2) Fish directly caught from different sites of water body. The
effluents discharged in this water body caused significant alterations in pollution parameters of water and significantly
altered the biochemical profile (total amino acid levels increased while total protein, Glycogen and nucleic acid levels
decreased from the levels of control group) and hematological parameters (PLTs, WBCs, RBCs, HGB, HCT, MCV,
MCHC etc) decreased from the levels of control group. Seasonally variations in Physico-chemical parameters
(Temperature, pH, DO, BOD and COD) of water body also measured. Which were much higher than the tolerance limit
recommended by General standard by Central Pollution Control Board of India.
Key-words- Ramgarh taal, Parameters, Biochemical parameters, Amino acid, Hematological, Physiological, Pollution,
Pesticides, Herbicides, Channa punctatus
Quality of Groundwater around Rewa-Gurh Region, Rewa District Madhya Pradesh ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Equilibrium and kinetic study on chromium (vi) removal from simulatedGJESM Publication
Gooseberry seed (Phyllanthus acidus) was used as an adsorbent to determine its feasibility for the removal of Cr(VI). Various parameters such as pH, temperature, contact time, initial metal concentration and adsorbent dosage were investigated to determine the biosorption performance. Equilibrium was attained within 60 minutes and maximum removal of 96% was achieved under the optimum conditions at pH 2. The adsorption phenomenon demonstrated here was monolayer represented by Langmuir isotherm with R2 value of 0.992 and the Langmuir constants k and q0 was found to be 0.0061 (L/mg) and 19.23 (mg/g). The adsorption system obeyed Pseudo second order kinetics with R2 value of 0.999. The results of the present study indicated that gooseberry seed powder can be employed as adsorbent for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium economically.
[23] morphometric parameters and total mercury in eggs of snowy egret (egrett...Diana Agudelo Frías
Parámetros morfométricos y mercurio total en huevos de garceta nevada (Egretta thula) de la Bahía de Cartagena y ciénaga del Totumo , al norte de Colombia
DNA Barcoding of Stone Fish Uranoscopus Oligolepis: Intra Species Delineation...journal ijrtem
Abstract: The present study addresses this issue by examining the patterning of Cytochrome Oxidase I diversity in the stone fish Uranoscopus oligolepis the structurally diverse group of Family Uranoscopidae. The sequences were analyzed for their species identification using BOLD’s identification engine. The COI sequences of U. oligolepis from different geographical regions were extracted from NCBI for intra species variation analysis. All sequences were aligned using Clustal W. The sequences were trimmed using software and phylogenetic tree was constructed with bootstrap test. The results showed that the cytosine content was high (31%). The least molar concentration was observed in guanine (19.5%) and Adenine (19.6%). Thymine was the second predominant in molar concentration next to thymine which is followed by adenine. The G+C content was found to be 49.6% and A+T content was 50.4%. Leucine and Alanine content was high in the amino acid composition. From the study it is assumed that the mitochondrial gene COI can be the potential barcoding region to identify an organism up to the species level. Keywords: COI, intra species, Uranoscopus oligolepis, barcoding, phylogenetic
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was applied to generate species-specific diagnostic fragment patterns for the molecular identification of the ornamental aquarium fish species Trichogaster lalia, more commonly known as dwarf gourami. The species were collected from various geographically distant locations of Assam. After initial screening, four primers having a length of 10 arbitary nucleotide sequence were used which generated the RAPD profile for Trichogaster species. The primers produced 39 bands in total. In the experiment 22 polymorphic bands and 7 monomorphic bands were produced. The genetic distance of an individual ranged from 0.03 to 0.38. The average genetic distance among the individuals showed that more than 0.03 species are genetically more similar
Microbial DNA extracted from two soil samples collected from Beni-Suef and Kafr El-Sheikh were
subjected to PCR amplification with primers specific for 16S rDNA gene and cloned in linear pCR 2.1
plasmid vector. Recombinants were transformed into Escherichia coli competent cells. Sixty clone
inserts (30 from each soil sample) were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Forty
sequences of the sixty clones were affiliated with previously recognized bacterial groups. Thirty six of
these had closest relatives among cultured taxa and clustered primarily with three divisions containing
microrganisms commonly associated with soil: Proteobacteria, Gram-positive organisms, and
Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides group. The results also showed the presence of one clone related to
Nirospira retrieved from Beni-Suef soil, one clone from Archaea kingdom retrieved from Kafr El-Sheikh
soil, and three clones affiliated to the newly described Holophaga-Acidobacterium phylum in both Beni-
Suef and Kafr El-Sheikh soils. Seven sequences grouped with known divisions but had closest relatives
among soil taxa known only from rDNA sequences analysis. Twelve clone sequences were distantly
related to known sequences. Many of these sequences may represent new bacterial divisions.
Two-Phase Improves Performance of Anaerobic MembraneBioreact.docxjuliennehar
Two-Phase Improves Performance of Anaerobic Membrane
Bioreactor Treatment of Food Waste at High Organic Loading Rates
Yamrot M. Amha,† Michael Corbett,‡ and Adam L. Smith*,†
†Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los
Angeles, California 90089, United States
‡Divert, Inc., 23 Bradford Street, 3rd Floor, Concord, Massachusetts 01742, United States
*S Supporting Information
ABSTRACT: Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs)
are in use at the full-scale for energy recovery from food waste
(FW). In this study, the potential for two-phase (acid/gas)
AnMBR treatment of FW was investigated as a strategy to
increase microbial diversity, thereby improving performance.
Two bench-scale AnMBRs were operated in single-phase (SP)
and two-phase (TP) mode across incremental increases in
organic loading rate (OLR) from 2.5 to 15 g total chemical
oxygen demand (COD) L·d−1. The TP acid-phase (TP-AP)
enriched total VFAs by 3-fold compared to influent FW and
harbored a distinct microbial community enriched in
fermenters that thrived in the low pH environment. The TP methane phase (TP-MP) showed increased methane production
and resilience relative to SP as OLR increased from 3.5 to 10 g COD L·d−1. SP showed signs of inhibition (i.e., rapid decrease in
methane production per OLR) at 10 g COD L·d−1, whereas both systems were inhibited at 15 g COD L·d−1. At 10 g COD L·
d−1, where the highest difference in performance was observed (20.3% increase in methane production), activity of syntrophic
bacteria in TP-MP was double that of SP. Our results indicate that AnMBRs in TP mode could effectively treat FW at OLRs up
to 10 g COD·L day−1 by improving hydrolysis rates, microbial diversity, and syntroph activity, and enriching resistant
communities to high OLRs relative to AnMBRs in SP mode.
1. INTRODUCTION
As landfills rapidly reach capacity in the US and elsewhere,
diversion of organic wastes is expected to become the norm.
Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs), which combine
anaerobic treatment with membrane separation, have emerged
as a sustainable food waste (FW) management strategy with
reduced environmental footprint relative to landfilling and
composting, while also providing energy recovery via biogas
production.1 Compared to conventional anaerobic digesters
(ADs), membrane separation in AnMBRs decouples solid
retention time (SRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT),
enabling operation at longer SRTs. This can be advantageous
for FW management due to the high organic content and
temporal heterogeneity in waste characteristics. The long SRT
and membrane separation drastically improves effluent quality
relative to conventional AD, an important feature in
decentralized FW management where effluent discharge to
local publicly owned treatment works is necessary. AnMBRs
may also permit operation at higher OLR than ADs, a critical
parameter that dictates system capacity and reactor dimen- ...
Occurrence of cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus in the Al-Diwaniya River, ...Innspub Net
During a fish survey from 2016 to 2017, we captured 83 specimens of the cyprinid fish, Carasobarbus sublimus from the Al-Diwaniya River, Middle Euphrates, Iraq. This is the first report of the occurrence of this species in this locality. Fish were captured by gill nets and electro-fishing equipment. Twenty two morphometric and eleven meristic measurements were applied to describe the species. The range of total length in the present specimens (130.4-250.1mm) is larger than the range quoted for C. sublimus. The indices characters to standard length (SL) varied from 7.4 % to 121.0 %, and the head characters to head length (HL) from 27.4% to 93.2%. The growth rate between body characters and SL varied from 0.085 to 1.118 and between head characters and HL from 0.210 to 1.091.The numbers of scales in lateral line and around the least circumference of the caudal peduncle are 27-29 and 12, respectively. The biometric data were successful in identifying of C. sublimus and confirm the presence of the species in the Al-Diwaniya River. This is the second record of the species in the Iraqi freshwaters. Based on this finding, the case would be interesting and open to discussion about the distributions of C. sublime in the Tigris-Euphrates basin.
This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
Morphological adaptation of P. canaliculata shell to the different ecosystems...Open Access Research Paper
Different physiological, morphological, and behavioral adaptations of Pomacea canaliculata aided them in their survival to different adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, the said adaptations can be very vital in the control and management strategies that can be employed in the areas where their population posed a threat to food security. The study employed an explorative-investigative study design for the gathering of data. Eight hundred seventy-three Golden Apple Snails from different freshwater ecosystems, namely stream, irrigational canal, and rice field were collected, cleaned, and examined. To elucidate the different adaptations of the GAS to the various ecosystems, their shell characteristics were observed, recorded, and examined. Consequently, this study found out that those shells from snails sampled in streams had bigger length, width, width of the aperture, a higher number of bands, and whorls when compared to those shells from irrigational canals and rice fields. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between pH and dissolved oxygen to the height, width, and width of the aperture. There was also a significant correlation between the temperature and width, weight, and the number of bands. It was concluded that to control and manage the population of the GAS the area should have less palatable food sources and less anthropogenic activities so that environmental parameters like high pH, lower temperature, and higher dissolved oxygen can be achieved.
his study investigated the microbial community in a full scale anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor system for oil-produced water treatment in summer and winter. The community structures of fungi and bacteria were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand effluent concentration achieved lower than 50 mg/L level after the system in both summer and winter, however, chemical oxygen demand removal rates after anaerobic baffled reactor treatment system were significant higher in summer than that in winter, which conformed to the microbial community diversity. Saccharomycotina, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were detected in both anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor during summer and winter. The fungal communities in anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor were shaped by seasons and treatment units, while there was no correlation between abundance of fungi and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. Compared to summer, the total amount of the dominant hydrocarbon degrading bacteria decreased by 10.2% in anaerobic baffled reactor, resulting in only around 23% of chemical oxygen demand was removed in winter. Although microbial community significantly varied in the three parallel sulfide reducing bacteria, the performance of these bioreactors had no significant difference between summer and winter.
APPLICATION OF DNA ANALYSIS APPROACH CONTRIBUTES TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SEV...nguyenxuanhung16
DNA barcoding has been widely used to assess species diversity in a variety of ecosystems, including
temperate, subtropical, and tropical rain forests. However, due to the difficulties associated with field
exploration, most of the species in Truong Sa archipelago have never been barcoded. The purpose of this study
is to barcode five species of plants from the Truong Sa archipelago and to provide valuable evolutionary
information that will aid in future understanding of the plant community assembly on those particular islands.
Using DNA markers (ITS-rDNA), this study created a DNA barcode database for five plant species found on
the Truong Sa archipelago. We used the sequence similarity and a phylogenetic based method to the identify 15
samples from five plant species collected in Truong Sa archipelago, Vietnam. Results showed that the PCR
success rate for ITS-rDNA region was 100%. The success rate of bidirectional sequencing of PCR product was
100% for 650 bp long the ITS-rDNA region fragment. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood (ML)
indicated that five plant species (PB, BT, BV, NH and TR) had a close relationship with T. argentea, S.
taccada, B. asiatica, M. citrifolia, M. citrifolia and C. uvifera, respectively. The current study provided further
evidence for ITS-rDNA region as a useful molecular marker for species identification found on other tropical
coral islands
Similar to Bacterial Community Profiling of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone Sediments using Cultivation Independent Approach -Crimson Publishers (20)
On the Relationship between Digestive Gases and Buoyancy in Sharks by Erich K Ritter in crimson publishers: Journal of Oceanography
Digestive gases, which naturally occur inside marine animals, affect their buoyancy. Following Boyle’s law, any change in hydrodynamic pressure leads to a change in the volume of such gases. Therefore during an ascent from deep to shallow waters, decompressing gases can lead to a positive effect on buoyancy. It may be necessary to release these gases into the surrounding water for an animal to control its depth effectively. Here, two videos are presented on how sharks can get rid of excessive digestive gases and it is discussed how these observations fit with the general understanding of digestive gas production and buoyancy control.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimbo/fulltext/EIMBO.000531.php
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In this study, nutritional profiles and growth performances of yellow mealworm, Tenebriomolitor larvae (TML) were assessed cultivated using common food wastes i.e. watermelon rinds, broilers’ eggshells and banana peels. Nutritional profiles and growth performance of TML were evaluated after 28-day feeding trial. Post-feeding proximate analysis showed significant increment of nutritional contents compared to the control groups; whereby TML demonstrated highest level of crude protein (43.38%±2.71), moisture (9.74%±0.23) and ash (4.40%±0.22) in the group treated with watermelon wastes. On the other hand, TML showed highest level of crude fibre (8.73%±0.05) when treated with broilers’ eggshells; and higher level of crude fat (40.13%±4.66) with banana wastes. Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) contents were also noticed higher in the group treated with banana wastes (4.46%±5.30). In terms of growth performance, TML administrated with watermelon wastes demonstrated superior in specific growth rate (2.50%±0.43) and feed conversion efficiency (0.10%±0.01). Interestingly, TML grown with banana wastes showed highest survival rate (97.5%) among all. In short, TML cultivation using watermelon and banana wastes showed a promising result on nutritional fortification and growth enhancement.
Artificial Insemination and its Importance in Marine Crustaceans: A Review by Chandan Haldar*, Shyam Kumar and Raju Ram in crimson publishers: Journal of Marine Biology
Artificial Insemination (AI) is a tool for genetic manipulation in the crustacean stock including shrimp and crabs. It is seen as one of the means for propagating shrimp culture to new areas by controlled reproduction. But there are few studies on the reproduction and embryology of marine crustaceans whereas other groups of freshwater crustaceans have received much attention, and their embryology is better documented. So for the proper development of the marine production it is now necessary to focus on the artificial insemination technique in marine species also. In the current review we have discussed on the different tool and techniques used in artificial insemination of marine crustaceans In future, more number of research and development works must be conducted to increase the production of marine crustaceans by controlled reproduction through artificial insemination.
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Microalgae as a Potential Source of Biofuels and its Current Advances_ Crimson publishers
Microalgae as a Potential Source of Biofuels and its Current Advances by Chandan Haldar*, Raju Ram, Shyam Kumar and Lakan Lal Menna in crimson publishers: Journal of Marine Biology
Sustainable production of renewable energy is passionately debated worldwide since it is progressively understood that first-generation biofuels are primarily produced from food crops. Mostly oilseeds do not contain enough amount of fat content to achieve targets for biofuel production. These concerns have increased the attention in developing second-generation biofuels produced from non-food feed stocks such as microalgae, which potentially offer high-fat content. The advantages of biofuel over fossil fuel are they are less toxic, biodegradable and lower emission greenhouse gases. This article reviews the current status of microalgae use for biodiesel production, including their cultivation, harvesting, and processing. The economic development of the world is hugely dependent on fossil fuel supplies which are constrained not only by partial availability but also generate high levels of pollution.
Because of the limited fossil fuel, concerted efforts have been started to search for alternative bio fuels like biodiesel, bio ethanol and since the diesel is being used massively in industrial commercial, fisheries, agriculture, and other sectors. So, the production and consumption of biodiesel from oil seeds crops have been getting renewed interest in recent years in India to overcome the drawbacks of oil from oilseed crops. Biodiesel produced from micro-algae has several benefits over the above resources due to higher algal biomass and oil yields and the need of non-arable land for its growth. Industrial and municipal wastewaters can be applied for farming of microalgal oil that can be used for the production of biodiesel to entirely displace petro diesel. The micro algal biomass has been reported to yield high oil contents and has the diesel production. Accordingly, a lot of R & D work has been initiated for the growth, harvesting, oil extraction and conversion to biodiesel.
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Antibacterial Effect of Endophytic Actinomycetes from Marine Algae against Multi Drug Resistant Gram Negative Bacteria by Manoharan N in Examines in Marine Biology & Oceanography
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Huangmaohai Estuary, South China Sea by Dong XU in Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography: Open Access
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Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
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Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
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2. How to cite this article: Baby D, Annie F, Shanta N. Bacterial Community Profiling of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone Sediments using Cultivation
Independent Approach. Examines Mar Biol Oceanogr. 1(1). EIMBO.000505. 2017. DOI: 10.31031/EIMBO.2017.01.000505
Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography
2/7
Examines Mar Biol Oceanogr
Volume 1 - Issue - 1
DNA extraction from sediments
DNA was extracted using modification of earlier method [10].
ThepurifiedDNAwasestimatedusingNanodropspectrophotometer
(NanoDrop Technologies, Inc, USA).
PCR-DGGE analysis
Table 1: Coordinates of the sampling stations.
Transects Stations Depth (m) Latitude Longitude
Karwar
K1 50 14o
32’267” N 73o
54’477” E
K2 200 14o
32’145” N 73o
11’283” E
K3 500 14o
32’148” N 73o
07” E
K4 1000 14o
32’223” N 73o
03’042” E
Goa
G1 50 15o
26’088” N 73o
29’131” E
G2 200 15o
25’988” N 72o52’702” E
G3 500 15o
25’465” N 72o
47’215” E
G4 1000 15o
25’529” N 72o
40’877” E
Ratnagiri
R1 50 16o
17’491” N 73o
07’436” E
R2 200 16o
18’133” N 72o
21’941” E
R3 500 16o
18’201” N 72o
19’140” E
R4 1000 16o
16’25” N 72o
16’64” E
16S rRNA gene amplification of the purified DNA from all the
sites was performed using the primers, 341F-CCT ACG GGA GGC AGC
AG (59bp GC clamp attached) and 907R-ATT ACC GCG GCT GCT GG
respectively [9]. The reaction was carried out using the touchdown
protocol-5min at 94 ᵒC, 15 cycles with 1 cycle consisting of 40sec
at 94 ᵒC, decreasing of the annealing temperature from 65-55 ᵒC
for 40 sec and extension of 72 ᵒC for 40sec. In addition another
20 cycles (1 cycle consisting of 40sec at 94ᵒC, 40sec at 50 ᵒC and
1min 30sec at 72 ᵒC ) and a final extension at 72 ᵒC for 5min. The
PCR amplification was performed in a Thermal cycler (Eppendorf,
Germany). The amplicons were inspected on 1.5% (w/v) agarose
gel and visualized using the gel documentation system (Eastman
Kodak Company, USA). Sequencing was carried out by a commercial
company (Chromous Biotech Pvt. Ltd., India). 16S rRNA gene
amplicons were analyzed by DGGE using Dcode Universal Mutation
Detection System (Biorad, USA). The samples were mixed with
equal amounts of loading dye and loaded on to a 10% acrylamide
gel (acrylamide: bisacryamide 37.5:1) in 1X TAE buffer with a 20%-
80% denaturing gradient (100% denaturing gradient containing
7M urea and 40% formamide). Electrophoresis was performed at
a constant temperature of 60 ᵒC and a voltage of 100V for 17 hours.
The gel was stained with 1X SYBR Gold stain (Molecular Probes,
USA) for 15 minutes and photographed with a gel documentation
system (Eastman Kodak Company, USA) (Table 1).
Sequencing of DGGE bands and phylogenetic analysis
DGGE bands were excised with a sterile surgical blade,
transferred to 10ul of deionized water and incubated at 4 ᵒC for
12 hours. 0.5ul of the supernatant was used as a template after a
spin for re-amplification using the primers 341F-CCT ACG GGA GGC
AGC AG (GC clamp attached) and 907R-ATT ACC GCG GCT GCT GG
respectively [9]. The PCR products were run on 1.5% agarose gel.
Further, they were electrophoresed on a parallel gel along with the
environmental sample in order to make sure of its position and
distinction. The eluted products were also amplified using PCR
primer without GC clamp. The resulting PCR products were run on
1.5% agarose gel for assessment of quality and quantity. The PCR
products were cloned using TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen, USA).
Five positive clones were selected at random and plasmids were
extracted using Qiaquick plasmid extraction kit (Qiagen, USA). The
16S rRNA genes in the plasmids were amplified using the vector
primers M13F-GTA AAA CGA CGG CCA G and M13R-CAG GAA ACA
GCT ATG AC. The PCR products were then sequenced (Chromous
Biotech private limited, Bangalore). The sequences obtained were
edited using DNA baser (DNA Baser, USA) and compared with
sequences in GenBank using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
(BLAST). Phylogenetic tree was constructed using 22 sequences
obtained from DGGE analysis based on neighbour-joining method
using MEGA software [11].
Nucleotide sequence accession numbers
The partial 16S rRNA gene environmental sequences obtained
from this study were deposited in the Genbank database under
accession numbers GU968618-GU968638.
Results
DGGE analysis of bacterial community structure
The DGGE profiles obtained for the 12 sampling sites in the
three transects i.e. Goa, Karwar and Ratnagiri is shown in Figure
1. The total number of band positions detected was 82 and the
number of bands per sample ranged from 47-62 in the all the
samples. However, the maximum number of bands was obtained in
the OMZ sites 200m, 500m and 1000m at all latitudes. In control
sites, the number of bands was more or less similar with 47, 51 and
49 in Goa, Karwar and Ratnagiri respectively. Statistical analysis
of the DGGE data showed that at the level of 69% similarity two
clusters were formed, which did not show any clustering of similar
sites.
The diversity index was also calculated and all the indices
showed slight variation among transect and stations it was high
in the OMZ sites compared to the non-OMZ sites in all latitudes
(Table 2). The Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) was maximum
recorded in Goa 500m with a value of about 3.82. In the Goa transect
the Shannon-Weiner index (H’) ranged from 3.5 to 3.8, Karwar from
3.5 to 3.7, Ratnagiri 3.6 to 3.8 (Figure 2).
3. Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography
How to cite this article: Baby D, Annie F, Shanta N. Bacterial Community Profiling of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone Sediments using Cultivation
Independent Approach. Examines Mar Biol Oceanogr. 1(1). EIMBO.000505. 2017. DOI: 10.31031/EIMBO.2017.01.000505
3/7
Examines Mar Biol Oceanogr
Volume 1 - Issue - 1
Figure 1: Hierarchical cluster analysis of the 16S rRNA DGGE band profiles of three transects (G-Goa, R-Ratnagiri and K-Karwar)
and depths.
Figure 2: Variation in Shannon-Weiner diversity index at various depths (m).
Table 2: Diversity indices of three transect Goa (G), Karwar (K) and Ratnagiri (R).
Depth Abundance Richness Evenness Shannon Simpson
G 50m 47 9.9 0.92 3.55 0.97
G 200m 51 10.8 0.89 3.51 0.96
G 500m 61 13.02 0.92 3.82 0.98
G 1000m 50 10.6 0.89 3.5 0.97
K 50m 51 10.8 0.92 3.6 0.97
K 200m 52 11.1 0.9 3.57 0.97
K 500m 54 11.5 0.89 3.58 0.97
K 1000m 54 11.5 0.93 3.7 0.98
R 50m 49 10.4 0.92 3.6 0.97
R 200m 60 12.8 0.92 3.7 0.98
R 500m 56 11.9 0.89 3.6 0.97
R 1000m 62 13.2 0.92 3.8 0.98
4. How to cite this article: Baby D, Annie F, Shanta N. Bacterial Community Profiling of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone Sediments using Cultivation
Independent Approach. Examines Mar Biol Oceanogr. 1(1). EIMBO.000505. 2017. DOI: 10.31031/EIMBO.2017.01.000505
Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography
4/7
Examines Mar Biol Oceanogr
Volume 1 - Issue - 1
Phylogenetic analysis of excised bands
Figure 3: Neighbor-joining tree showing the phylogenetic affiliations of bacteria derived from the sequences of excised DGGE
bands. The sequences obtained in this study are shown in bold. The bar represents 5% sequence divergence. Planctomyces maris
was used as the out group.
5. Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography
How to cite this article: Baby D, Annie F, Shanta N. Bacterial Community Profiling of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone Sediments using Cultivation
Independent Approach. Examines Mar Biol Oceanogr. 1(1). EIMBO.000505. 2017. DOI: 10.31031/EIMBO.2017.01.000505
5/7
Examines Mar Biol Oceanogr
Volume 1 - Issue - 1
Twenty two bands were excised from gels corresponding to
the different stations in the three transect based on the relative
band intensity. Same results were obtained for the bands that
were excised from the same position, but in different lanes. Unique
bands detected at different sites were also excised. Only dominant
bands were sequenced that produced good results, suggesting the
presence of other bacteria that may be present in lower numbers.
The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences belonged
to Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi,
NitrospiraandBacteriodetes(Figure3).Thenumberofphylogenetic
groups (> 4) was higher in the OMZ region. Proteobacteria was
the dominant phylum at all depths with deltaproteobacteria
and gammaproteo bacteria forming the major classes. All the
groups were invariably observed at all the depths without any
differentiation of the OMZ and non-OMZ regions. In the OMZ
region the density of the phyla such as Proteobacteria, Nitrospira
and Chloroflexi were higher than the non-OMZ region (Figure 4).
Proteobacteria accounted for 44% of the population in the OMZ
as compared to 39% in the non-OMZ. Nitrospira and Chloroflexi
comprised of 9% and 4% respectively in the OMZ and 6% and
3% respectively in the non-OMZ region. However, in the non-OMZ
region Bacteriodetes and Acidobacteria, each contributing to 5%
of the population. The abundance of Actinobacteria was similar
(15%) in both the regions.
Figure 4: Percentage of phylogenetic groups in OMZ and non-OMZ sites.
Discussion
The sampling stations in the present study form a spatial
gradient along the continental margin. The site at 50m is located in
the continental shelf while the sites at 200m, 500m and 1000m are
situated in the continental slope. In this region there is a vertical
decrease in the dissolved oxygen concentrations from 0.5mlL-1 to
as low as 0mlL-1. On the other hand, the site in the continental shelf
is well ventilated with dissolved oxygen concentrations 3-5mlL-1.
Oxygen is a strong evolutionary force and the dominating factor
determining functional interactions and spatial structure of many
microbial communities [12]. Though studies have been carried out
on the diversity of bacteria in the OMZ water systematic studies on
the bacterial diversity in the sediments is very low [12-16]. Few
studies have been conducted in the OMZ sediments of Pacific and
Atlantic Ocean [17,18]. Bacterial diversity of the Arabian Sea OMZ
water column using cultivation-independent methods have been
conducted [13,14,16], but those in Arabian Sea OMZ sediments is
meagre [19]. This is the first report of the bacterial diversity in the
surficial sediments using PCR-DGGE analysis.
The important groups obtained from this study were
Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi,
Nitrospira and Bacteriodetes. Proteobacteria was the dominant
group observed in all sites and transects. Proteobacteria is
ubiquitous in distribution and their dominance has been reported
in AS OMZ water [16]. The Deltaproteobacteria, which includes
the anaerobic sulphate reducing bacteria, were the most abundant
class, suggesting the prevalence of sulphate reduction in this
region. Sulphate reducing bacteria falling in genera Desulfosarcina
and Desulfofrigus have been retrieved from the OMZ waters
of Arabian Sea [13,20]. 73% of the sequences showed close
affiliation to Syntrophobacterales and Desulfovibrionales. Sulphate
concentrations varied from 39.8 to 12.7mm in the pore waters of the
eastern AS indicating sulphate reduction [21]. Similar occurrence
of high sulphate reducers has been reported in other marine
sediments [22]. The dominance of this group was not restricted
only to Mid Atlantic Ridge [23] but also in Tokyo and Sagami bays
[24,25]. However, a few did not show any resemblance to cultured
representatives but were closely related to clones detected at cold
seeps and mud volcano [26,27].
Gammaproteobacteria formed a major group after
Deltaproteobacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria in the both
the sites with higher occurrence in the OMZ. Occurrence of this
has been reported among culturable and non-culturable bacteria
of pelagic waters and sediments [28,29]. There have also been
reports of active diastrophic planktonic Gammaproteobacteria
in the Arabian Sea [30]. Thus the possibilities of the presence
of sediment diazotrophic gammaproteobacterial communities
cannot be ruled out and future studies should be conducted using
functional probes. Also the largest bacteria which have been
reported such as Thioploca sp. falling in the Gammaproteobacteria
in the OMZ sediments off Oman have not been observed in OMZ
6. How to cite this article: Baby D, Annie F, Shanta N. Bacterial Community Profiling of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone Sediments using Cultivation
Independent Approach. Examines Mar Biol Oceanogr. 1(1). EIMBO.000505. 2017. DOI: 10.31031/EIMBO.2017.01.000505
Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography
6/7
Examines Mar Biol Oceanogr
Volume 1 - Issue - 1
sediments in the present study [31]. Actinobacteria have been
found both in the photic zone and in deep water, and seem to be
more frequently recovered in deep water [32]. The presence of
Actinobacteria in marine ecosystems has been attributed by some
to run off from fringing terrestrial habitat [33]. Other studies have
reported a widespread and persistent occurrence of indigenous
actinobacterial populations in marine sediments due to their
physiological adaptations for growth in the marine environments
[34,35]. These results suggest that Actinobacteria are adapted
to marine environment and may be a dominant group in this
ecosystem as they are in soils.
Chloroflexi was restricted to the deeper two OMZ sites. The
presence of Chloroflexi related SAR 202 cluster, which forms
a monophyletic subgroup in the phylum, has been reported in
the oxic and the oxygen minimum zone waters although these
were not found in the present study [14,36]. The members of
this phylum exhibit unusual metabolic diversity like anoxygenic
photosynthesis, organotrophy and reduction of chlorinated
hydrocarbons [37]. Schafer et al. [18] in their work on the microbial
diversity of the sediment of Benguela upwelling system reported
the presence of this phylum in sulphate-depleted depths [18].
Their presence seems to be a common feature of many deep sub-
seafloor sediments [38,39]. Thus the present studies demonstrate
that eastern AS OMZ region possesses a phylogenetically distinct
bacterial community that may be playing an important role in
the prevailing biogeochemical processes. The data obtained from
DGGE profiling is more accurately considered as the structure of
dominant populations rather than a general measure of bacterial
diversity [40]. The deeper depths i.e., OMZ region lodged more
bacterial populations than non-OMZ region suggesting that the
environmental conditions prevalent in these regions provide a
favorable condition for the survival of bacteria.
Acknowledgement
We are grateful to the captain and crew of ORV Sagar Sampada
for the collection of samples. This work was supported by the grant
in aid from Central Marine Living Resources and Ecology (CMLRE),
Kochi and laboratory facilities of Marine Microbial Reference
Facility of NIO RC, Kochi funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences,
New Delhi. BD and AF thank Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research, New Delhi, for the award of Junior and Senior Research
Fellowship.
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7. Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography
How to cite this article: Baby D, Annie F, Shanta N. Bacterial Community Profiling of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone Sediments using Cultivation
Independent Approach. Examines Mar Biol Oceanogr. 1(1). EIMBO.000505. 2017. DOI: 10.31031/EIMBO.2017.01.000505
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