A field experiment was conducted to determine the impact of low pH on the survival and settlement of dreissenid mussels. Water from Lake Ontario containing mussel larvae was pumped to a laboratory and divided into streams, with three streams having their pH adjusted to 7.3, 7.1, and 6.9 using phosphoric acid. The fourth stream served as a control. Adult mussels and settlement substrates were placed in tanks receiving each pH level or the control water. After 10 weeks, adult mortality reached 40% at pH 6.9. Adult mussels were significantly lighter at all pH levels compared to controls, indicating shell erosion and calcium loss. New settlement was essentially prevented at pH 7.1. The results suggest lowering pH
This study analyzed the relationship between land use and water quality in 4 lakes near West Milford, NJ: Greenwood Lake (heavily residential), Upper Greenwood Lake (also heavily residential), Wawayanda Lake (forested and protected), and Surprise Lake (remote and glacial, used as a control). Water samples from each lake were tested for dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, temperature, turbidity, phosphates, nitrates, trace metals, and bacteria. Results showed the residential lakes had higher levels of phosphates, nitrates, and some metals, likely due to runoff from septic systems and impervious surfaces. Buffer zones near lakes generally had the best water quality. The study suggests land use impacts water chemistry
ABSTRACT- This study is a comparative analysis of physicochemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water
intake in urban area of Patna District, Bihar state. A total of 68 drinking water samples randomly collected from 41
hand pumps, 14 municipal supply tap, 11 boring water and 2 well from 15 different locations of urban area of Patna
District. Samples were collected aseptically in 60ml sterile plastic container for bacteriological and in 1 liter sterile
plastic bottle for physicochemical parameter like pH, Total Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand,
etc and compared with BIS (IS -10500). MPN test was applied to detect the presence of coliform in the drinking water
samples. The total coliform count was detected in 57 out of 68 water samples. Most of the water samples were shown
compromising physicochemical parameters. Total hardness (TH) is above the permissible limits detected in 60 out of 68
samples. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) was also recorded below the standard for most of the samples .This results indicate
that drinking water is highly in jeopardy to bacterial contamination. Construction of septic tanks near with boring and
drinking water supply line short distance between water supply network and swage supply line poor constructed well
head, cross contamination with waste water, Leakage in pipe line are the main cause of water contamination.
Key-words- Drinking water, MPN count, Coliforms, Physico-chemical analysis, Bacterial, D.O., B.O.D., pH
Bridgewater (2013) Muddy River BiodiversityAngeline Chen
This study investigates the relationship between microbial biodiversity and sediment contamination in two ponds within the Muddy River system. Willow Pond downstream is known to be contaminated with oil, pesticides and heavy metals, while Ward's Pond upstream has little contamination. Sediment samples from both ponds will be analyzed chemically and microscopically to quantify contaminant levels and compare microbial populations. Previous studies have found microbial indicators can assess water quality and ecosystem health in a simple, inexpensive way. The researchers hypothesize microbial diversity will be lower in Willow Pond's more contaminated sediments.
Two sites along waterways in Bloomington, Indiana were tested on two occasions to analyze water quality. Physical, chemical, and biological indicators were used to test the Jordan River on campus and Cascades River northwest of campus. The data showed that water quality at both sites was healthy and safe, with proper chemical levels and biological presence. Some compounds were detected using mass spectrometry but below levels of concern. The study concluded that the natural water quality in the area is safe for all living organisms.
Designing of PoU Water Disinfection Unit using CopperSONAL GARG
Poster presented on "DESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF WATER DISINFECTION UNIT TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY USING COPPER" describing use of copper for disinfecting microorganisms and keeping water safe from recontamination
This document summarizes a study that evaluated two water quality labs at the University of Arkansas to determine if there were significant differences in their measurement of nitrate concentrations in surface water samples. Standards with nitrate concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 mg/L NO3-N were tested in each lab to examine precision and accuracy. Environmental samples from streams and lakes across Arkansas were also tested to evaluate performance over a broad range of concentrations. The goal was to ensure the labs could accurately measure nitrate levels near thresholds important for algal growth in surface waters.
This study examined the correlation between turbidity and microorganisms in two bodies of water - a duck pond and a garden pond. Water samples from each pond were tested for turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and colonies of E. coli, coliforms, and non-coliform bacteria. The garden pond had higher turbidity and more microorganism colonies than the duck pond. There was a strong correlation between increased turbidity and higher numbers of microorganisms. The results supported the hypothesis that turbidity is correlated with the amount of microorganisms in water, with more turbid water containing more microbes and lower water quality.
Natural radioactivity in drinking water and associated agedependent dose in L...IOSRJAP
The presence of Ra in drinking water may sometimes make important contribution to natural background radiation exposures. The paper describes the study of 226Ra and 228Ra content in drinking water of Luxor, a famous tourist city in Egypt. A total of thirty-five water samples were analyzed for 226Ra and 228Ra by gamma ray spectrometry with HPGe detector setup, coaxial type and 8192 channels MCA. The concentration of 226Ra was found in the range from 16 to 181 with arithmetic mean 85.6 mBq·L -1 and the concentration of 228Ra ranged from 8 to 98.4 mBq·L -1 with arithmetic mean 48.6 mBq·L -1 .The committed effective dose for the different age groups has been estimated and found to be not more than 0.038 mSv·yr -1 for adults and 0.149 mSv·yr -1 for critical age group (12-17 years old), for 226Ra. While it is not more than 0.05 mSv·yr -1 for adults and 0.29 mSv·yr -1 for critical age group, for 228Ra. The values obtained were compared with the reference values accepted for drinking water and doses resulting from consumption of these waters, due to their 226Ra and 228Ra contents, were calculated. The study showed that 226Ra content for investigated categories of waters is below the levels at which any unacceptable dose due to ingestion would arise
This study analyzed the relationship between land use and water quality in 4 lakes near West Milford, NJ: Greenwood Lake (heavily residential), Upper Greenwood Lake (also heavily residential), Wawayanda Lake (forested and protected), and Surprise Lake (remote and glacial, used as a control). Water samples from each lake were tested for dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, temperature, turbidity, phosphates, nitrates, trace metals, and bacteria. Results showed the residential lakes had higher levels of phosphates, nitrates, and some metals, likely due to runoff from septic systems and impervious surfaces. Buffer zones near lakes generally had the best water quality. The study suggests land use impacts water chemistry
ABSTRACT- This study is a comparative analysis of physicochemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water
intake in urban area of Patna District, Bihar state. A total of 68 drinking water samples randomly collected from 41
hand pumps, 14 municipal supply tap, 11 boring water and 2 well from 15 different locations of urban area of Patna
District. Samples were collected aseptically in 60ml sterile plastic container for bacteriological and in 1 liter sterile
plastic bottle for physicochemical parameter like pH, Total Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand,
etc and compared with BIS (IS -10500). MPN test was applied to detect the presence of coliform in the drinking water
samples. The total coliform count was detected in 57 out of 68 water samples. Most of the water samples were shown
compromising physicochemical parameters. Total hardness (TH) is above the permissible limits detected in 60 out of 68
samples. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) was also recorded below the standard for most of the samples .This results indicate
that drinking water is highly in jeopardy to bacterial contamination. Construction of septic tanks near with boring and
drinking water supply line short distance between water supply network and swage supply line poor constructed well
head, cross contamination with waste water, Leakage in pipe line are the main cause of water contamination.
Key-words- Drinking water, MPN count, Coliforms, Physico-chemical analysis, Bacterial, D.O., B.O.D., pH
Bridgewater (2013) Muddy River BiodiversityAngeline Chen
This study investigates the relationship between microbial biodiversity and sediment contamination in two ponds within the Muddy River system. Willow Pond downstream is known to be contaminated with oil, pesticides and heavy metals, while Ward's Pond upstream has little contamination. Sediment samples from both ponds will be analyzed chemically and microscopically to quantify contaminant levels and compare microbial populations. Previous studies have found microbial indicators can assess water quality and ecosystem health in a simple, inexpensive way. The researchers hypothesize microbial diversity will be lower in Willow Pond's more contaminated sediments.
Two sites along waterways in Bloomington, Indiana were tested on two occasions to analyze water quality. Physical, chemical, and biological indicators were used to test the Jordan River on campus and Cascades River northwest of campus. The data showed that water quality at both sites was healthy and safe, with proper chemical levels and biological presence. Some compounds were detected using mass spectrometry but below levels of concern. The study concluded that the natural water quality in the area is safe for all living organisms.
Designing of PoU Water Disinfection Unit using CopperSONAL GARG
Poster presented on "DESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF WATER DISINFECTION UNIT TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY USING COPPER" describing use of copper for disinfecting microorganisms and keeping water safe from recontamination
This document summarizes a study that evaluated two water quality labs at the University of Arkansas to determine if there were significant differences in their measurement of nitrate concentrations in surface water samples. Standards with nitrate concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 mg/L NO3-N were tested in each lab to examine precision and accuracy. Environmental samples from streams and lakes across Arkansas were also tested to evaluate performance over a broad range of concentrations. The goal was to ensure the labs could accurately measure nitrate levels near thresholds important for algal growth in surface waters.
This study examined the correlation between turbidity and microorganisms in two bodies of water - a duck pond and a garden pond. Water samples from each pond were tested for turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and colonies of E. coli, coliforms, and non-coliform bacteria. The garden pond had higher turbidity and more microorganism colonies than the duck pond. There was a strong correlation between increased turbidity and higher numbers of microorganisms. The results supported the hypothesis that turbidity is correlated with the amount of microorganisms in water, with more turbid water containing more microbes and lower water quality.
Natural radioactivity in drinking water and associated agedependent dose in L...IOSRJAP
The presence of Ra in drinking water may sometimes make important contribution to natural background radiation exposures. The paper describes the study of 226Ra and 228Ra content in drinking water of Luxor, a famous tourist city in Egypt. A total of thirty-five water samples were analyzed for 226Ra and 228Ra by gamma ray spectrometry with HPGe detector setup, coaxial type and 8192 channels MCA. The concentration of 226Ra was found in the range from 16 to 181 with arithmetic mean 85.6 mBq·L -1 and the concentration of 228Ra ranged from 8 to 98.4 mBq·L -1 with arithmetic mean 48.6 mBq·L -1 .The committed effective dose for the different age groups has been estimated and found to be not more than 0.038 mSv·yr -1 for adults and 0.149 mSv·yr -1 for critical age group (12-17 years old), for 226Ra. While it is not more than 0.05 mSv·yr -1 for adults and 0.29 mSv·yr -1 for critical age group, for 228Ra. The values obtained were compared with the reference values accepted for drinking water and doses resulting from consumption of these waters, due to their 226Ra and 228Ra contents, were calculated. The study showed that 226Ra content for investigated categories of waters is below the levels at which any unacceptable dose due to ingestion would arise
Multiple Use of Surface Water Resources and Bacteria Colonization of Water Bo...Editor IJCATR
Water samples collected along the water courses of surface water sources of domestic water supply in Ezinihite Mbaise were analyzed for bacterial species inventory and total viable count (TVC) using the multiple test tube technique and colony counters. The surface waters covered include Ariam River and other tributaries that constitute the bulk of surface water resources in the area. Eight species of bacteria including E-coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, and fecal streptococci among others were identified. Total viable counts gave alarming growth levels when compared o the standards as set by the world health organization (WHO). The microbial population explosion in the river is attributable to the multiple activities within and around the river also the uses including wash off from abattoirs carrying abattoir wastes directly into the river, domestic wastes dumped along the recharge path, others include in stream fermentation of food stuff and general laundry point for any for clothes, automobiles. All these make sufficiently available to enhance microbial growth. Surface water use should be monitored to ensure sustainability and proper management of watershed will control this trend of colonization of public water supply sources and in turn control the trends in water borne infections.
This document outlines a water quality field study to compare and contrast freshwater systems using various probes and tests. Students will measure temperature, conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen at multiple sites to analyze water health. They will also make visual observations and sample macroinvertebrates. The objectives are to understand factors affecting each measurement and how they indicate water quality. A hypothesis about site comparisons will be stated before collecting and analyzing data.
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing the physicochemical and bacteriological properties of sachet water samples from four depots in Kano, Nigeria. The samples were tested for pH, turbidity, conductivity, total solids, alkalinity, hardness, bacteria, heavy metals, and anions. Most parameters were within WHO guidelines, indicating the water was generally safe for consumption. While some samples contained low levels of metals like copper, zinc, and iron, concentrations did not exceed permitted limits. No bacteria or E. coli were detected, showing an absence of fecal contamination. In conclusion, the sachet water quality was found to meet recommended standards for potable water.
Kaniesha J. Baker- Bioinformatics - Spring 2015 -ThesisKaniesha Baker
This study analyzed changes in the water microbiome of New Orleans' Ninth Ward five and ten years after Hurricane Katrina by testing water samples from 2010 and 2015. No cultivable bacteria were found in the 2010 sample, but three isolates were cultured from the 2015 sample that tested Gram-negative. Biochemical tests identified the three 2015 isolates as likely being Alcanivorax borkumensis. Water quality tests showed improvements from 2010 to 2015 in dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and conductivity. The study aimed to monitor long term microbial impacts of Hurricane Katrina in this area.
Effect of zeolite types ltx and lta on physicochemical parameters of drinking...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this study, the effect of zeolite types LTX and LTA, assisted by laser light transmission experiment on the physico-chemical parameters of drinking water samples have been investigated. Water samples were collected from rivers, streams, and wells from Central and Volta regions of Ghana, and zeolite masses of 0.2 and 0.5 g were added to 100 ml portions of the samples in turn. Laser light intensities transmitted through the samples before and after zeolite addition were measured and recorded. The results obtained showed raw water turbidity of 33.8 NTU and treated water turbidity of 3.0 NTU (WHO recommends the limit of 5 NTU for drinking water); transmitted light intensity for the raw and treated water samples of 0.3122 AU and 0.3345 AU, respectively. Our results also showed that water turbidity highly correlates the transmitted light intensity, and water conductivity depends on dissolved metal concentrations and temperature. Key Words: Zeolite LTX, Zeolite LTA, turbidity, light transmission, colour
Effect of zeolite types ltx and lta on physicochemical parameters of drinking...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This study investigated the effects of elevated carbon dioxide levels on the anti-predator behaviors of bridled gobies (Coryphopterus glaucofraenum). Two groups of 10 gobies each were treated for 4 days - one group in current CO2 levels and one in elevated levels predicted for 2100. Both groups were then exposed to the chemical cue of an injured conspecific and their behaviors, such as time spent under shelter and motionless, were recorded and compared. Gobies treated with elevated CO2 spent less time motionless after exposure to the cue, supporting the hypothesis that elevated CO2 impairs anti-predator responses in fish. This has implications for fish survival and marine ecosystem stability as ocean acidification increases.
This document analyzes the seasonal bioaccumulation of copper in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) collected from the Butuanon River in Metro Cebu, Philippines. Water, sediment, and fish samples were collected from four stations along the river in both the dry and wet seasons. Copper levels in the water were within acceptable standards but exceeded limits in some sediment samples. Guppies from one station exceeded safe copper levels for fish. The bioaccumulation factor, which measures how much copper accumulates in fish from water, was higher in the wet season. The octanol-water partition coefficients, which indicate the form and levels of copper, varied between stations. Traces of thiodiazole were also
This study analyzed bacterial communities in drinking water biofilms using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Biofilm samples were collected from water meters and pipes in a drinking water distribution system in southern Sweden. Over 600,000 DNA sequences were obtained and classified. The bacterial communities differed between water meters from households with and without complaints about water quality. Water meters from complaining households had fewer Proteobacteria and more Nitrospira and Pedomicrobium. Biofilm communities also differed between water meters and pipes, with pipes containing more Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Desulfovibrio, and Sulfuricurvum. Next-generation sequencing resolved bacterial diversity and differences in communities associated with water quality
Effect of lethal concentrations of rubber extract (hevea brasiliensis) on the...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of varying concentrations of water soluble fractions of rubber extract (Hevea brasiliensis) on the survival of fingerlings of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) over 96 hours under laboratory conditions. Observations of moribund swimming, restlessness, respiratory difficulties, and depigmentation were seen in fish exposed to the rubber extract. The lethal concentration that killed 50% of the fish (LC50) was estimated to be 50.12 mg/L. No significant differences in mortality were found between replicate test groups. The study concluded that the water soluble fraction of rubber extract had toxic effects on the catfish in a concentration-dependent manner.
Microbiological quality of drinking water Mirko Rossi
Lecture on microbiological quality methods for drinking water for the faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki; Course in Environmental Health
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
1Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, Salt Lake Campus Kolkata, India
2Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, Salt Lake Campus, Kolkata, India
3Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 B.C. Road, Kolkata, India
*Address for Correspondence: Atanu Roy, Research Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University,
Salt lake Campus, Kolkata, India
ABSTRACT- Three decades data (1984 – 2015) was used to study the effect of surface water temperature, pH, dissolved
oxygen, nitrate, phosphate and silicate on chlorophyll a concentration in three water bodies meant for fish culture (locally
known as Bheries) in East Kolkata Wetlands. The data revealed significant spatio-temporal variations (p < 0.01). The
increasing trend of temperature, nitrate and phosphate reflects the effect of intense urbanization at local level. The
pronounced variation of dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a (decreasing trend) may be attributed to increased load of
sewage in the selected water bodies, which has posed an adverse impact on the phytoplankton standing stock as revealed
through decreasing chlorophyll a trend.
Key-words- East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW), Phytoplankton, Chlorophyll a, Nutrients, ANOVA
Cultivation of an Aquaponic Culture with Qualitative Estimates of Growth and ...Augustine Jaeger
This document summarizes a study conducted on an aquaponic system at Saint Martin's University over the winter of 2013-2014. The system consisted of two koi fish in a 17.5 gallon tank, with the output water flowing into a hydroponic system to grow various plants. Water quality, plant growth, and bacterial levels were monitored over the winter season. While some plants did not survive, others like rosemary and basil showed growth. Bacterial testing of the water found levels of total coliform to be within EPA standards of 240 CFU/100mL, though more testing is needed to make definitive conclusions. The system was able to function throughout the winter and provide nutrients for continued plant and bacterial growth while maintaining
This document analyzes heavy metal concentrations in sediments and fish from the Korle Lagoon estuary in Accra, Ghana. It finds that heavy metal levels in sediments were generally below guidelines, but ranked in the order of Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd. Heavy metal levels in the flesh of two fish species, Seriola dumerili and Pteroscion peli, were low for copper and zinc but higher for lead and cadmium compared to WHO standards. Both fish species accumulated higher levels of lead and cadmium regardless of size. The study concludes that consuming fish from the lagoon should be prohibited due to high levels of lead and cadmium that could be detrimental to human health.
This study found high concentrations of viruses in water samples from the Chesapeake Bay. Virus counts ranged from 2.6 x 106 to 1.4 x 108 viruses per ml and averaged 2.5 x 107 viruses per ml. Virus counts were usually at least three times higher than bacterial counts from the same samples. Virus concentrations were highest in August and October and lowest in April and September. The high virus counts suggest that viruses may be an important factor influencing bacterial populations in the Chesapeake Bay through infection.
Sulphate and Hardness_Elphick et al_ET&CGuy Gilron
This document presents the results of a study evaluating the chronic toxicity of sulfate in various aquatic organisms. A variety of test species, including invertebrates, fish, algae, moss, and an amphibian, were exposed to sulfate under different water hardness conditions. The results show that sulfate toxicity decreases with increasing water hardness. Based on these findings, the authors calculated water quality guidelines for sulfate separately for soft, moderately hard, and hard water. The guidelines ranged from 75 to 725 mg/L sulfate depending on the water hardness and calculation method. The study provides a robust dataset that can be used to establish scientifically defensible sulfate guidelines that account for the modifying effect of water hardness.
Tom PIT is a complete application environment and Industry 4.0 platform that enables enterprises to replace legacy systems and integrate new solutions within their budget. It provides standardized, simplified, and user-oriented solutions to help enterprises achieve higher efficiency with less resources, including up to 70% lower IT costs. Tom PIT offers features such as real-time dashboards, big data storage and processing, integration with IoT devices, and responsive web apps for business intelligence.
El documento habla sobre la biopsia hepática y la paracentesis como métodos diagnósticos para estudiar enfermedades hepáticas. La biopsia hepática puede ser útil para confirmar diagnósticos clínicos, evaluar la actividad necroinflamatoria y fibrosis, e identificar enfermedades concurrentes. La paracentesis permite la extracción de líquido ascítico para evaluaciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas, y sus características pueden indicar la causa subyacente de la ascitis. Ambos procedimientos, cuando están indicados
Multiple Use of Surface Water Resources and Bacteria Colonization of Water Bo...Editor IJCATR
Water samples collected along the water courses of surface water sources of domestic water supply in Ezinihite Mbaise were analyzed for bacterial species inventory and total viable count (TVC) using the multiple test tube technique and colony counters. The surface waters covered include Ariam River and other tributaries that constitute the bulk of surface water resources in the area. Eight species of bacteria including E-coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, and fecal streptococci among others were identified. Total viable counts gave alarming growth levels when compared o the standards as set by the world health organization (WHO). The microbial population explosion in the river is attributable to the multiple activities within and around the river also the uses including wash off from abattoirs carrying abattoir wastes directly into the river, domestic wastes dumped along the recharge path, others include in stream fermentation of food stuff and general laundry point for any for clothes, automobiles. All these make sufficiently available to enhance microbial growth. Surface water use should be monitored to ensure sustainability and proper management of watershed will control this trend of colonization of public water supply sources and in turn control the trends in water borne infections.
This document outlines a water quality field study to compare and contrast freshwater systems using various probes and tests. Students will measure temperature, conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen at multiple sites to analyze water health. They will also make visual observations and sample macroinvertebrates. The objectives are to understand factors affecting each measurement and how they indicate water quality. A hypothesis about site comparisons will be stated before collecting and analyzing data.
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing the physicochemical and bacteriological properties of sachet water samples from four depots in Kano, Nigeria. The samples were tested for pH, turbidity, conductivity, total solids, alkalinity, hardness, bacteria, heavy metals, and anions. Most parameters were within WHO guidelines, indicating the water was generally safe for consumption. While some samples contained low levels of metals like copper, zinc, and iron, concentrations did not exceed permitted limits. No bacteria or E. coli were detected, showing an absence of fecal contamination. In conclusion, the sachet water quality was found to meet recommended standards for potable water.
Kaniesha J. Baker- Bioinformatics - Spring 2015 -ThesisKaniesha Baker
This study analyzed changes in the water microbiome of New Orleans' Ninth Ward five and ten years after Hurricane Katrina by testing water samples from 2010 and 2015. No cultivable bacteria were found in the 2010 sample, but three isolates were cultured from the 2015 sample that tested Gram-negative. Biochemical tests identified the three 2015 isolates as likely being Alcanivorax borkumensis. Water quality tests showed improvements from 2010 to 2015 in dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and conductivity. The study aimed to monitor long term microbial impacts of Hurricane Katrina in this area.
Effect of zeolite types ltx and lta on physicochemical parameters of drinking...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this study, the effect of zeolite types LTX and LTA, assisted by laser light transmission experiment on the physico-chemical parameters of drinking water samples have been investigated. Water samples were collected from rivers, streams, and wells from Central and Volta regions of Ghana, and zeolite masses of 0.2 and 0.5 g were added to 100 ml portions of the samples in turn. Laser light intensities transmitted through the samples before and after zeolite addition were measured and recorded. The results obtained showed raw water turbidity of 33.8 NTU and treated water turbidity of 3.0 NTU (WHO recommends the limit of 5 NTU for drinking water); transmitted light intensity for the raw and treated water samples of 0.3122 AU and 0.3345 AU, respectively. Our results also showed that water turbidity highly correlates the transmitted light intensity, and water conductivity depends on dissolved metal concentrations and temperature. Key Words: Zeolite LTX, Zeolite LTA, turbidity, light transmission, colour
Effect of zeolite types ltx and lta on physicochemical parameters of drinking...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This study investigated the effects of elevated carbon dioxide levels on the anti-predator behaviors of bridled gobies (Coryphopterus glaucofraenum). Two groups of 10 gobies each were treated for 4 days - one group in current CO2 levels and one in elevated levels predicted for 2100. Both groups were then exposed to the chemical cue of an injured conspecific and their behaviors, such as time spent under shelter and motionless, were recorded and compared. Gobies treated with elevated CO2 spent less time motionless after exposure to the cue, supporting the hypothesis that elevated CO2 impairs anti-predator responses in fish. This has implications for fish survival and marine ecosystem stability as ocean acidification increases.
This document analyzes the seasonal bioaccumulation of copper in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) collected from the Butuanon River in Metro Cebu, Philippines. Water, sediment, and fish samples were collected from four stations along the river in both the dry and wet seasons. Copper levels in the water were within acceptable standards but exceeded limits in some sediment samples. Guppies from one station exceeded safe copper levels for fish. The bioaccumulation factor, which measures how much copper accumulates in fish from water, was higher in the wet season. The octanol-water partition coefficients, which indicate the form and levels of copper, varied between stations. Traces of thiodiazole were also
This study analyzed bacterial communities in drinking water biofilms using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Biofilm samples were collected from water meters and pipes in a drinking water distribution system in southern Sweden. Over 600,000 DNA sequences were obtained and classified. The bacterial communities differed between water meters from households with and without complaints about water quality. Water meters from complaining households had fewer Proteobacteria and more Nitrospira and Pedomicrobium. Biofilm communities also differed between water meters and pipes, with pipes containing more Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Desulfovibrio, and Sulfuricurvum. Next-generation sequencing resolved bacterial diversity and differences in communities associated with water quality
Effect of lethal concentrations of rubber extract (hevea brasiliensis) on the...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of varying concentrations of water soluble fractions of rubber extract (Hevea brasiliensis) on the survival of fingerlings of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) over 96 hours under laboratory conditions. Observations of moribund swimming, restlessness, respiratory difficulties, and depigmentation were seen in fish exposed to the rubber extract. The lethal concentration that killed 50% of the fish (LC50) was estimated to be 50.12 mg/L. No significant differences in mortality were found between replicate test groups. The study concluded that the water soluble fraction of rubber extract had toxic effects on the catfish in a concentration-dependent manner.
Microbiological quality of drinking water Mirko Rossi
Lecture on microbiological quality methods for drinking water for the faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki; Course in Environmental Health
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
1Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, Salt Lake Campus Kolkata, India
2Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, Salt Lake Campus, Kolkata, India
3Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 B.C. Road, Kolkata, India
*Address for Correspondence: Atanu Roy, Research Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University,
Salt lake Campus, Kolkata, India
ABSTRACT- Three decades data (1984 – 2015) was used to study the effect of surface water temperature, pH, dissolved
oxygen, nitrate, phosphate and silicate on chlorophyll a concentration in three water bodies meant for fish culture (locally
known as Bheries) in East Kolkata Wetlands. The data revealed significant spatio-temporal variations (p < 0.01). The
increasing trend of temperature, nitrate and phosphate reflects the effect of intense urbanization at local level. The
pronounced variation of dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a (decreasing trend) may be attributed to increased load of
sewage in the selected water bodies, which has posed an adverse impact on the phytoplankton standing stock as revealed
through decreasing chlorophyll a trend.
Key-words- East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW), Phytoplankton, Chlorophyll a, Nutrients, ANOVA
Cultivation of an Aquaponic Culture with Qualitative Estimates of Growth and ...Augustine Jaeger
This document summarizes a study conducted on an aquaponic system at Saint Martin's University over the winter of 2013-2014. The system consisted of two koi fish in a 17.5 gallon tank, with the output water flowing into a hydroponic system to grow various plants. Water quality, plant growth, and bacterial levels were monitored over the winter season. While some plants did not survive, others like rosemary and basil showed growth. Bacterial testing of the water found levels of total coliform to be within EPA standards of 240 CFU/100mL, though more testing is needed to make definitive conclusions. The system was able to function throughout the winter and provide nutrients for continued plant and bacterial growth while maintaining
This document analyzes heavy metal concentrations in sediments and fish from the Korle Lagoon estuary in Accra, Ghana. It finds that heavy metal levels in sediments were generally below guidelines, but ranked in the order of Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd. Heavy metal levels in the flesh of two fish species, Seriola dumerili and Pteroscion peli, were low for copper and zinc but higher for lead and cadmium compared to WHO standards. Both fish species accumulated higher levels of lead and cadmium regardless of size. The study concludes that consuming fish from the lagoon should be prohibited due to high levels of lead and cadmium that could be detrimental to human health.
This study found high concentrations of viruses in water samples from the Chesapeake Bay. Virus counts ranged from 2.6 x 106 to 1.4 x 108 viruses per ml and averaged 2.5 x 107 viruses per ml. Virus counts were usually at least three times higher than bacterial counts from the same samples. Virus concentrations were highest in August and October and lowest in April and September. The high virus counts suggest that viruses may be an important factor influencing bacterial populations in the Chesapeake Bay through infection.
Sulphate and Hardness_Elphick et al_ET&CGuy Gilron
This document presents the results of a study evaluating the chronic toxicity of sulfate in various aquatic organisms. A variety of test species, including invertebrates, fish, algae, moss, and an amphibian, were exposed to sulfate under different water hardness conditions. The results show that sulfate toxicity decreases with increasing water hardness. Based on these findings, the authors calculated water quality guidelines for sulfate separately for soft, moderately hard, and hard water. The guidelines ranged from 75 to 725 mg/L sulfate depending on the water hardness and calculation method. The study provides a robust dataset that can be used to establish scientifically defensible sulfate guidelines that account for the modifying effect of water hardness.
Tom PIT is a complete application environment and Industry 4.0 platform that enables enterprises to replace legacy systems and integrate new solutions within their budget. It provides standardized, simplified, and user-oriented solutions to help enterprises achieve higher efficiency with less resources, including up to 70% lower IT costs. Tom PIT offers features such as real-time dashboards, big data storage and processing, integration with IoT devices, and responsive web apps for business intelligence.
El documento habla sobre la biopsia hepática y la paracentesis como métodos diagnósticos para estudiar enfermedades hepáticas. La biopsia hepática puede ser útil para confirmar diagnósticos clínicos, evaluar la actividad necroinflamatoria y fibrosis, e identificar enfermedades concurrentes. La paracentesis permite la extracción de líquido ascítico para evaluaciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas, y sus características pueden indicar la causa subyacente de la ascitis. Ambos procedimientos, cuando están indicados
PAMAM/5-fluorouracil drug conjugate for targeting E6 and E7 oncoproteins in c...Arun kumar
In the present study, poly(amidoamine)/5-fluorouracil (PAMAM/5-FU) was prepared and used as
a conjugate system for delivering drugs to target E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which are predominant in
cervical cancers. Specifically, molecular docking analysis was used to investigate the interaction
between the PAMAM/5-FU and E6/E7 oncoproteins, which showed that the PAMAM/5-FU conjugate
had a higher affinity for the oncoprotein than for 5-FU. Different generations of PAMAM dendrimers
(0.5G, 1.0G, 1.5G, 2.0G, and 2.5G) were synthesized, characterized and tested as drug carriers for 5-
FU. The PAMAM and PAMAM/5-FU drug conjugate showed less toxicity over COS-7 and HeLa cell
lines. Laser confocal imaging and western blotting for tumor suppressor proteins pRb and p53 were
used to confirm the interaction of PAMAM/5-FU with E6/E7 oncoproteins. Hematological analysis of
PAMAM/5-FU using BALB/c female mice with cervical cancer confirmed the less toxic nature of this
material. Based on these results, the developed PAMAM/5-FU conjugate is a potential candidate for
the treatment of cervical cancer.
El documento proporciona información sobre la constipación, definiéndola como movimientos intestinales infrecuentes y sensación de evacuación incompleta. Explica que puede ser funcional o secundaria a enfermedades. Describe las clasificaciones, causas, síntomas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la constipación, incluyendo modificaciones dietéticas, laxantes y en casos graves cirugía. Resalta la importancia de la educación al paciente y cambios en el estilo de vida como primer tratamiento.
Este poema corto explora temas como el dolor, la añoranza, la tristeza, el miedo y la muerte a través del uso de palabras clave como "fin", "dolor", "lágrimas", "enfermedad" y "muerte".
Filip Boudrez vertelde tijdens de studiedag Een web van webarchieven (Beeld en Geluid, NCDD, Netwerk Digitaal Erfgoed) over webarchivering bij FelixArchief Antwerpen.
Please Very Sorry . Their's Zodiac Signs @ Different Astronomy Findings . Very Sorry All @ World-Wide . The Myths Likes Data are Stage - Activities . They Regain Life Again from Injuries .
( Please Communicate @Telecommuncation Terminal Messaging ; Its for the Astronomy-Data Need To Be Removed from Slideshare ).
To what extent did Geographical factors....docxSophie Raymond
Geographical factors significantly hindered Napoleon's 1812 campaign in Russia and expansion of his empire. The campaign was planned for a short duration but poor weather, vast distances with limited infrastructure, and inadequate supply planning led to supply lines breaking down. Troops faced extreme cold, snow, lack of food and supplies. Over 600,000 men with 250,000 horses marched through sparsely populated land with few roads. Poor weather damaged roads and supplies could not keep up, leading to starvation and the loss of hundreds of thousands of soldiers. The failure of the campaign halted Napoleon's expansion into Russia.
Este documento contiene instrucciones para programar el movimiento de un robot en diferentes formas geométricas como cuadrado y cubo. Las instrucciones incluyen girar, avanzar en cuadrado, avanzar en cubo y cambio de sentido.
The document teaches basic vocabulary about body parts like head, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, arms, hands, legs, and tummy. It also teaches about the 5 senses - sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing - and examples of using each sense like seeing with eyes, smelling with nose, touching with hands, tasting with mouth, and listening with ears. Short examples are provided asking if someone can use a sense like smell, see, touch, taste, or listen to something, and the response indicates using the corresponding body part for that sense.
This document summarizes a two-year study of the seasonal dynamics of endosymbiotic ciliates and nematodes in the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha. The study found that the prevalence and intensity of infection by three ciliate species (Conchophthirus acuminatus, Ophryoglena sp., and Ancistrumina limnica) and nematodes varied significantly over time. C. acuminatus and A. limnica infection intensities peaked in summer and correlated positively with water temperature, while Ophryoglena sp. and nematode infections were lower in summer and correlated negatively with temperature. The study also monitored body size and reproduction of C. acumin
Karatayev et al 2008 Aquatic invasions in BelarusSergey Mastitsky
This document summarizes the role of waterways in Belarus in the spread of aquatic exotic invertebrates through central Europe. It discusses how three interbasin canals constructed in the late 18th-early 19th century connecting the Dnieper River to other rivers became important pathways for species invasion. For over 100 years, only Ponto-Caspian species colonized Belarus, but new vectors emerged in the late 20th century. Currently 19 exotic aquatic invertebrates are known in Belarus, with the invasion rate increasing 7-fold in the late 20th century. The canals played a key role in species spread, and further invasions are predicted as canal reconstruction continues.
This document summarizes the findings of a survey of Ponto-Caspian amphipods in the Belarusian section of the Dnieper River. Five invasive amphipod species were found: Chaetogammarus ischnus, Chelicorophium curvispinum, Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, Dikerogammarus villosus, and Pontogammarus robustoides. The number of alien amphipod species and their abundance decreased in the upstream sections of the river. Chelicorophium curvispinum and Dikerogammarus villosus were the most abundant species observed, dominating communities at the downstream sampling station.
Penalties and prosecutions under income-tax: current developments - VKSD Murali ☆
This document summarizes recent developments related to penalties and prosecutions under India's income tax law. It discusses landmark court decisions related to concealment penalties, penalties for failure to comply with certain provisions, and prosecutions for late filing of tax returns. Key cases addressed include those related to concealment penalties for bogus purchases, revised returns, and debatable tax issues.
This study analyzed nutrient and bacterial concentrations in Bowne Park Pond over time. Algal blooms were previously observed, indicating potential eutrophication. Water samples were tested for nutrients and bacteria using various methods. Results showed high nutrient levels, likely due to surface runoff during heavy rainfall. Total coliform levels increased from 18 to 24 hours of incubation. Enterococcus levels remained relatively constant, suggesting it may be a more stable indicator of contamination than E. coli or total coliform. Future studies are needed to determine if the pond is prone to eutrophication, and if remedial actions are required to protect the marine habitat and public.
This document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical parameters and diatom populations in two freshwater ponds in Tamil Nadu, India. Water quality parameters like pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salinity were measured monthly at both a natural pond and a culture pond to understand how these factors influence diatom communities. Diatom samples were collected and processed using hydrogen peroxide to isolate the silica frustules for identification. The study aims to provide baseline data on the aquatic ecosystem balance in these ponds and support future research.
Bacteriological Investigation of Well Water Samples from Selected Market Loca...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study that assessed pollutant levels in Lake Tadie in Mampong Ashanti, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 5 points around the lake and analyzed for physicochemical and biological parameters in a laboratory. The results found that temperature, total dissolved solids, and levels of sulfate, nitrate and phosphate were within recommended limits. However, pH levels and concentrations of iron, lead and fecal coliform bacteria exceeded guidelines. The acidic pH is likely due to runoff of fertilizers and waste from surrounding agricultural and residential areas entering the lake. Overall, the lake water quality has been impacted by human activities in the area.
This study analyzed water quality at 5 sites that drain the University of Houston-Clear Lake campus. Water samples were tested for various physical and chemical parameters including conductivity, nitrogen levels, dissolved oxygen, pH, and total dissolved solids. Statistically significant differences were found for conductivity, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, pH and TDS between the sites. Ammonia levels exceeded state standards at all sites. High rainfall prior to sampling likely affected the results. Overall, the water quality meets standards for wildlife except for ammonia levels, though more testing is needed after rain events.
This study evaluated the microbiological and physicochemical quality of water from the Nzhelele River in South Africa, which is an important source of drinking water for rural communities. Membrane filtration and specialized equipment were used to analyze E. coli, enterococci, pH, conductivity, turbidity, and anion levels from January to June 2014. Results found high levels of fecal bacteria that exceeded limits for drinking water. However, measurements of pH, conductivity, and anions were within permissible limits. The study concludes that while chemical parameters of the river water meet guidelines, it is contaminated with fecal organisms and poses health risks if used for drinking without treatment.
This study evaluated the production of Pacific White Shrimp in zero-water exchange raceway systems using either foam fractionators or settling tanks to control particulate matter. Over 108 days, shrimp were grown to market size with high survival rates and yields up to 9.75 kg/m3. Water quality was maintained within acceptable levels and shrimp performance did not significantly differ between treatments. Continuous water monitoring helped optimize oxygen supplementation to produce shrimp sustainably with limited environmental discharge.
This experiment aimed to determine the minimum amount of phosphorus needed to support algal growth and the residual phosphorus remaining after growth. Five reactors with varying concentrations of phosphorus from 0-100% of the standard amount were inoculated with marine algae. Little growth was observed due to the algae being marine species in freshwater media. The wrong type of algae was used, invalidating the use of the Lineweaver-Burk model to analyze phosphorus utilization and algal growth kinetics. Ultimately, the experimental goals were not achieved due to inadvertent use of marine algae rather than freshwater algae.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF POLLUTION IN BELLANDUR LAKE DUE TO URBANIZATIONAmartya Jha
This document summarizes a study on the impact of pollution on Bellandur Lake in Bangalore due to urbanization. Water quality tests were conducted at 3 sites around the lake and showed high levels of pollution. A water quality index analysis classified the water quality as 'bad' at all sites. Additionally, a socio-economic survey found that local residents were concerned about the severe water contamination and its impacts on their health and livelihoods. In conclusion, urbanization has degraded the lake ecosystem through increased pollution and depletion of flora and fauna.
Quality assessment of some groundwater samples in ogbomosoAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of groundwater samples from 10 boreholes in Ogbomoso, Nigeria over a 5 month period. Key findings include:
- Several water quality parameters like total alkalinity, total hardness, BOD and COD exceeded permissible levels in some samples.
- Microbial analysis found all samples contaminated with heterotrophic bacteria and coliforms. Some also contained Salmonella-Shigella, staphylococci and molds/yeasts.
- Isolated bacteria exhibited multiple drug resistance.
- The study provides baseline data on underground water quality in Ogbomoso and suggests regular borehole cleaning
Toxicological Effect of Effluents from Indomie Plc on Some Biochemical Parame...IOSR Journals
1) The study examined the effect of effluent from an Indomie food company on biochemical parameters of fish in the New Calabar River in Nigeria.
2) Fish and water samples were collected from four stations - a non-point control station, the effluent discharge point, and stations 10m upstream and downstream.
3) Analysis found higher levels of potassium, sodium, urea and creatinine in the blood, gills, liver and muscles of fish sampled closest to the discharge point, indicating pollution has the greatest effect near the source of the effluent.
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between chlorophyll a concentration and various hydrological parameters like temperature, salinity, pH, transparency, nutrients etc. in and around the Indian Sundarbans. Significant positive correlations were found between chlorophyll a and salinity, pH and transparency, indicating that higher salinity, slightly alkaline conditions and water transparency favor phytoplankton growth. Negative correlations with nutrients like nitrate and phosphate suggest phytoplankton uptake of these nutrients. An insignificant relationship with silicate may be due to lower diatom abundance compared to flagellates in the study area. The findings confirm phytoplankton dependence on various environmental factors.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
2009 assessment effects of cage culture on nitrogenearambulm3
This document summarizes a study that investigated nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing periods for a fish cage farm located in a shallow lake in China. The study analyzed total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels in lake water and sediment during two fish rearing cycles from 2000-2001. Key findings include:
1) Nutrient levels increased more during the first rearing cycle than the second.
2) Impacts were greatest near the cages (underneath and at cage sides), with higher sedimentation of nitrogen and phosphorus observed at cage sides.
3) After 3 months of fallowing, water nutrient levels decreased significantly but sediment nutrient levels remained high, indicating recovery occurs during fallowing
This document summarizes a study on microcystin levels in raw and treated municipal drinking water sources in Alberta. Microcystin is a toxin produced by some cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can be harmful to human health. The study analyzed water samples from 18 municipalities over 10 weeks and found microcystin present in 67% of raw water samples, with concentrations up to 14.8 μg/L in some sources. Microcystin was detected less often and at lower levels in treated water, indicating conventional treatment removes some toxin. All samples complied with Health Canada guidelines. The study recommends further sampling of rural communities to fully evaluate microcystin occurrence in municipal surface drinking water supplies.
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
This study examined water quality in two streams - Apathy Creek and Erosion Creek - located in an urban forest preserve. Apathy Creek drains stormwater runoff from a parking lot, while Erosion Creek drains runoff from a housing development and receives discharge from a combined sewer overflow. Water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, temperature, chlorophyll-a, turbidity, nitrates and phosphates were measured at three locations along each stream. Preliminary results found that conductivity and dissolved solids were similarly high in both streams compared to natural streams, suggesting human impact. Erosion Creek also had higher concentrations of dissolved solids, possibly from de-icing salts, sewer overflow and
Samples were collected from four stations along the Rhode Island coast with varying depths and nutrient inputs. The Providence River estuary station exhibited the highest mean concentrations of organic matter and chlorophyll a, while Rhode Island Sound exhibited the lowest. Concentrations differed significantly between stations. Additionally, chlorophyll a and organic matter concentrations in Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound were higher than values from other nearby studies. The abundance of these variables in sediments relates to primary production levels in the overlying waters.
An Assessment on Drinking Water Quality and Management in Kakamega Municipalitypaperpublications3
Abstract: Drinking water must be free from components which may adversely affect the human health. Such components include minerals, organic substances and disease causing microorganisms. A large portion of the population in urban areas in developing countries suffers from health problems associated with either lack of drinking water or due to the presence of microbiological contamination in water. This research was conducted in Kakamega municipality with a broad objective to conduct assessment of water quality and management in Kakamega municipality. The Specific objective was to determine the chemical water quality parameters in water and to evaluate the management practices on water in Kakamega municipality. Four water quality parameters; two physical and two chemical were tested from the samples collected for this research work. Sampling technique was purposive where water samples from water sources and distribution points in densely populated areas of Kakamega municipality were taken. Data collection instruments that were used included sterilized bottles to collect water, delivery to the laboratory within six (6) hours of collection for reliable results and data quality control was achieved through immediate entry in the pre-designed data form. According to the results pH values at all the sources and house connections are well within the WHO desirable limit of 6.50-8.0. The sample from Sichirai had a pH of 7.8 that was the highest as compared to an Isiukhu river that had 6.6 pH. The samples from Isiukhu river, Savona Island River, fishpond at bridge and Shikhambi spring showed more than 5 NTU. The researchers recommended for water surveillance in Kakamega municipality in order to ensure consumers have safe water free from agricultural and industrial chemical pollution.
2. R. Claudi et al.
22
with one exception, have to be detoxified by
bentonite clay. Both chlorine and proprietary
products are non-selective and therefore toxic to
all forms of aquatic life.
When dreissenid mussels invade a new
system, calcium and pH are the two most
important environmental variables which will
determine the success or failure of the invasion.
As summarized by Cohen and Weinstein (2001),
a number of authors have examined the calcium
and pH limits of dreissenid mussels. Of
particular note is the study by Nierzwicki-Bauer
et al. (2000) documenting some adult mussels
survival in Lake George water (calcium 12 mg/L,
pH 7.15) but failure of veligers unless both
calcium and pH levels were raised. How low pH
at high calcium levels limits dreissenid success
has not been explored. The only exception is the
report by Smythe et al. (1998), who found that at
pH of 5, even with adequate calcium levels, adult
zebra mussels experienced significant mortalities
after one month of exposure. What happens to
veligers in water with sufficient calcium but low
pH has not been studied.
As dreissenid mussels have a relatively
narrow range of pH tolerance, with the optimum
range being 7.5 to 9.3, we hypothesized that by
manipulating this environmental variable it may
be possible to control the growth, settlement, and
survival of dreissenid mussels in raw water
systems with a single point addition of acid. A
proof of principle experiment was required to
verify this hypothesis and to collect data that
would allow for the comparison of the cost of
lowering pH with that of more conventional
methods of biofouling control.
Materials and methods
Study area
The experiment drew water from a relatively
shallow, sheltered bay in the eastern part of Lake
Ontario. This area has had a well established
population of dreissenid mussels for more than
15 years. At present, a mixed population of
quagga and zebra mussels is colonizing this area,
with quagga mussels now becoming more
populous (pers. observation by authors). All
industrial facilities in the area are, therefore,
dealing with mixed populations of dreissenid
mussels. The pH of the water in the bay
oscillates between 7.8 and 8.5 and the recorded
alkalinity is over 103 mg/L as calcium carbonate.
The alkalinity reading was obtained from the
local water treatment plant and a calcium level
was calculated using the following relationship:
Ca + CO3 = CaCO3 (1)
This relationship (1) assumes that all alkalinity is
due to calcium carbonate. The amount of calcium
predicted by this calculation may be higher than
the actual level as there will be some magnesium
(as magnesium carbonate) present. This,
however, has been ignored in the calculation. At
an alkalinity of 103 mg/L, the calcium level at
the research site was estimated to be
approximately 41 mg/L (40 mg/L of calcium is
the value assumed for Lake Ontario by majority
of publications). This level of calcium is
generally steady throughout the year due to the
large volume of Lake Ontario and its long
retention time. Having confirmed that the area
has plentiful calcium to support massive
dreissenid population, this variable was no
longer monitored, and the focus of the study was
on the effect of pH.
Research set-up
Water was withdrawn continuously from the bay
at a depth of 4.5 m located 60.6 m from the
shoreline. The water was pumped up through a
plastic foot valve into a 2.54 cm potable water
pipe which brought the water to the laboratory.
The rate of flow was approximately 6 L/min.
Once in the laboratory, the water was split into
four streams and directed to four separate mixing
tanks (Figure 1).
Each mixing tank had a volume of 175 L
(Figure 2). The water was introduced into the top
of each mixing tank. There was an overflow at
the top of each tank to maintain a constant level.
The flow was adjusted so that some overflow
was always present. In three of the tanks, diluted
phosphoric acid was added at a predetermined
rate to obtain the desired pH. Prominent brand
Beta-4 pumps were used for the addition of the
acid. The fourth tank was the control and
contained lake water only. All four tanks were
continuously mixed using stainless steel
propeller style paddles. Water exited each tank
on the bottom, through a housing containing a
flow sensor, temperature probe, and pH probe.
These probes, together with the control module
(Dulco Marin 2), monitored and recorded all pH
and temperature values and, if necessary, sent an
adjustment signal to the phosphoric acid addition
pumps.
3. Impact of pH on survival and settlement of dreissenid mussels
23
Figure 1. Schematic
representation of laboratory
set-up showing two of the
four streams in detail.
Water exiting each mixing tank was split into
three streams. Each stream was directed into a
175 L bio-barrel which contained settlement
substrates and mesh bags containing adult
mussels. In each bio-barrel, the water entered at
the top of the barrel and exited at the bottom.
This arrangement resulted in one control and
three treatments. Each treatment and the control
had three replicates.
Experimental protocol
The experiment was initiated on June 15, 2009.
Three pH treatment levels were chosen: 7.5, 7.3,
and 7.1. Each bio-barrel was equipped with a
string of five 1010 cm settling tiles made of
unglazed fired clay. The string was suspended in
the middle of the barrel from a metal crosspiece.
On July 16, 2009, clumps of adult mussels were
introduced into each of the bio-barrels. Adult
mussels were present at the study site; however,
no divers were available to collect mussels from
this area. As such, adult mussels were collected
by divers in Lake Huron during an underwater
cleaning operation and shipped to site in a
chilled container by courier. The adult mussels
received were a mixture of zebra and quagga
mussels. Lake Huron has average calcium levels
of 23 mg/L (Mackie 2004) and pH of 8.1 to 8.5.
At site, any crushed or damaged mussels were
removed, but clumped mussels were not
separated in order to have as robust a population
of adults as possible. Separating the mussel
would require cutting of the byssal threads and
might result in specimens more susceptible to the
pH treatment than they would be in real life
situations. Approximately 225 g of adult
dreissenid mussels were placed in a bag made of
1.51.5 mm mesh (Figure 3). Three mesh bags
were tied to a string and suspended from the
same crosspiece as the settling tiles in each bio-
barrel.
The flow through each barrel was
approximately 0.5 L/min. The experiment was
monitored daily. Temperature was verified in
each bio-barrel with a handheld thermometer and
compared to the values in the data logger. The
pH was verified in each barrel with a handheld
portable microprocessor-controlled pH meter and
probe with accuracy of ±0.01 supplied by
Prominent Controls. The measurements were
taken in the top 10 cm of each bio-barrel. The
probe was calibrated weekly against a known
standard. Weekly, plankton samples were taken
from the bio-barrels to verify that live veligers
were present and settlement tiles were visually
inspected for fresh settlement.
Lake
Drain to waste bed
Bio-barrels
Mixing tank
Float level controlled
Head tank
Metering pump
Acid
tank
pH Loop 1
pH Loop 2
pH Loop 3
Supply pump
Control Loop
4. R. Claudi et al.
24
Figure 2. Mixing tanks and bio-barrels. Photo by RNT
Consulting Inc.
Figure 3. Mesh bags with adult mussels at the end of the
experiment. Photo by RNT Consulting Inc.
On August 11, 2009, a mid-point evaluation
of the experiment was conducted. There was no
settlement on the tiles and no visible settlement
on the sides of the bio-barrel. However, there
was evidence of settlement on the adult shells in
the screen bags held at pH of 7.5 and in the
control. As settlement was taking place at pH of
7.5 the decision was made to lower the pH of 7.5
to pH of 6.9. Before this step was taken, all
barrels were emptied and pressure washed. Clay
tiles were also washed and dried. Caged adults
were placed in separate buckets filled with lake
water during this process. On August 12, 2009,
each mesh bag containing adult mussels was
opened and placed in a separate white metal tray.
Newly settled mussels (i.e. individuals less than
4 mm) were removed from the surface of adult
shells. Any new settlers found on the outside of
the bags, on the strings connecting the bags, and
on the bio-barrels were included in the counts.
Once the tanks were refilled and stabilized at the
desired pH, the clumps of adult mussels were
replaced in the mesh bags and returned to the
bio-barrel from which they were removed. All
bags appeared to contain adults which were in
good condition, no gaping shells were observed
and there was no de-clumping. Adults that were
in the pH 7.5 treatment were now in the
treatment kept at pH of 6.9. An additional string
of settlement substrate, this time small clay
flower pots, 3 flowerpots to a string, was placed
in each bio-barrel. This was done to maximize
the settlement substrate available. In addition,
several strings of settlement tiles (5 tiles to a
string) were placed on the lake bottom in the
vicinity of the intake to the experiment. The
experiment was re-started on August 13, 2009
and ran continuously until November 15, 2009.
The bio-barrels were tested weekly for larval
presence and level of settlement. Numerous live
veligers were present in the plankton but no
visible settlement was observed. In an effort to
boost settlement, oblique plankton tows, using a
50 micron mesh plankton net, were collected
from the bay. The individual plankton tow
samples were washed down into four separate
buckets and each mixing tank received the
contents of one bucket. This procedure was repe-
ated at least once a week, weather permitting,
beginning on August 23, 2009. Confounding the
plankton collection and re-introduction was a
heavy bloom of blue-green algae in the bay. At
the height of the bloom, in late August, the blue
green algae plugged the plankton nets and the
small diameter water delivery piping in the flow
laboratory had to be cleaned weekly to maintain
proper flow. The plankton collection continued
until November 7, 2009 when microscopic exa-
mination of plankton determined that the in-
coming veligers had dropped to very low levels.
On November 1, 2009 all bags containing
adults were removed from the bio-barrels. Each
bag was emptied into an individual tray. The
mussels were then divided into dead and alive
individuals. From the group of live adult
dreissenid mussels, 30 individuals with non-
perforated shells were selected for further
analysis. These 30 individuals were placed in an
aluminum tray and dried for 3 hours at 177C.
5. Impact of pH on survival and settlement of dreissenid mussels
25
Once dry, the mussels were measured (shell
length) using electronic calipers and were
weighed to the nearest milligram using an
electronic scale (GemPro-500).
On November 15, 2009 the experiment was
terminated.
Statistical analysis
As there were replicate counts of dead mussels
originating from the same experimental bio-
barrels (i.e. counts of dead mussels in the three
mesh bags in each barrel), a mixed-effects
logistic regression was fitted to test whether the
mortality differed among treatments:
logit pij = 0 + 1 Treatmentij + ai (2)
where logit pij = log[pij /(1 – pij)] is the log odds
of finding dead adults in bag j from bio-barrel i;
0 is the overall proportion of dead molluscs in
control group (on the logit scale); 1 is the effect
of pH treatment, and ai is the random intercept
that is assumed to be normally distributed with
mean zero and variance a
2
(see Zuur et al. 2009
for details). The analysis was carried out using the
MASS package (Venables and Ripley 2002) for
the R v2.12 statistical computing environment (R
Development Core Team 2011).
As there were multiple individuals measured
from the same bio-barrels, we fitted the
following linear mixed-effects model to account
for the possible barrel effect when assessing the
weight/shell length relationship:
logWeightij = 0 + 1logLengthij+2Treatmentij+
3logLengthij:Treatmentij+ai+εij (3)
logWeightij is the log-transformed dry weight of
mollusc j from bio-barrel i; 0 is the overall
mean weight of molluscs in control group (on the
log scale); 1 is the effect of shell length; 2 is
the effect of pH treatment, which is a nominal
variable with four levels; 3 is the effect of
interaction between shell length and pH
treatment. The term ai is a random intercept
associated with the effect of barrel; it is assumed
to be normally distributed with mean zero and
variance a
2
. The residuals εij are similarly
assumed to have a normal distribution with mean
zero and variance i
2
. The residual variance was
allowed to vary among experimental groups (see
Zuur et al. 2009 for details on this type of model
parameterization). Since the model included a
continuous predictor variable (length), a nominal
predictor variable (treatment group), and their
interaction, this model was analogous to the
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with mixed
effects. The analysis was conducted using the
functionality of the nlme v3.1-100 package for R
(Pinheiro et al. 2011).
Results
New settlement on caged adults from July 16,
2009 to August 12, 2009
The settlement observed during this period was
used to select the pH levels to be tested for the
remainder of the experiment. Adult mussels were
introduced into the bio-barrels on July 16, 2009.
The growth rate for new settlers is assumed to be
approximately 1 mm/week (Claudi and Mackie
1994). In just over 4 weeks, individuals smaller
than 4 mm represented new settlement which
occurred after the adult mussels were introduced
into the bio-barrels.
Figure 4 shows the size distribution of newly
settled mussels from July 16, 2009 to August 11,
2009 for each of the treatments and the control.
Based on the number of settlers found, it was
determined that a pH of 7.5 or 7.3 may not suffi-
ciently affect mussel settlement and survival. As
a result of these findings, the treatment using a
pH of 7.5 was lowered to a pH of 6.9.
Adult dreissenid mortality in the mesh bags
In the pH 6.9 and pH 7.1 treatments, many of the
mussels had perforated shells and the shells
appeared almost white (Figure 5). Although most
of the mussels with perforated shells were dead,
some were still alive. The average mortality of
adults (±standard deviation) varied on from 3.0 ±
2.5% in control group to 37.8 ± 7.4% in the pH
6.9 treatment (Figure 6).
The variance of the random intercept in the
mixed-effects logistic regression (Equation 2)
initially fitted to the mortality data appeared to
be close to zero (a
2
= 4.7 10-5
). This
suggested that the barrel effect was negligible,
and thus the model was refitted without this
random effect. The resultant logistic regression
was highly significant (null deviance 477.4 (d.f.
= 35) vs. model residual deviance 84.5 (d.f. =
32), P << 0.001, 2
-test), which, in addition to
Figure 6, provides a strong statistical evidence of
the effect of pH on survival of adult dreissenids.
The mortality in each of the pH treatments
was found to significantly differ from that in the
control treatment (P < 0.02 in all cases, z-tests).
6. R. Claudi et al.
26
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
<0.5 0.5-1 1-1.5 1.5-2 2-2.5 2.5-3
Counts
Mussel size (mm)
PH 7.1
PH 7.3
PH 7.5
Control
Figure 4. Size frequency distribution of the newly settled
dreissenid, July 16, 2009 to August 12, 2009.
Figure 5. Bleached and eroded shells of live individuals
from the pH of 7.1 treatment. Photo by RNT Consulting Inc.
Treatment
Percentmortality
0
10
20
30
40
50
Control pH 7.3 pH 7.1 pH 6.9
2.5 3.0 3.5
−4
−3
−2
−1
0
log Length
logDryWeight
Control
pH 7.3
pH 7.1
pH 6.9
Figure 6. Mortality of adults exposed to different pH
regimes from July 16, 2009 to October 31, 2009. The red
curve describes the change of average mortality across
treatments. Within a treatment, dots of the same color
represent replicate counts of dead mussels from the same
bio-barrel.
Figure 7. Log transformed data showing the length to
weight relationship of adult dreissenids exposed to different
pH regimes.
Length to weight relationship of adult
dreissenids exposed to different pH regimes
The length to weight relationship for each
measured mussel is shown in Figure 7. On the
original scale, the relationship between length
and weight follows a power function and,
therefore, for purposes of line fitting and
significance testing, the data were log-
transformed. The mixed-effects linear model
initially fitted to this data (Equation 3) appeared
to have a random intercept with negligible
variance (a
2
= 7.11 10-6
), suggesting that the
random bio-barrel effect could be ignored. All
terms in the model refitted without the random
intercept were highly significant (Table 1).
7. Impact of pH on survival and settlement of dreissenid mussels
27
Table 1. Results of ANCOVA to test the effects of shell length and pH regime on the dry weight of adult dreissenids (as fitted by
Equation 3, but with no random intercept included). Residual d.f. = 353.
Factor d.f. F-value P-value
Length 1 15062 << 0.001
Treatment 3 74.2 < 0.001
Length:Treatment 3 10.6 < 0.001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control pH 7.3 pH 7.1 pH 6.9
Countofsettledmussels
Figure 8. Dreissenid settlement under different pH regimes
in bio-barrels between August 12, 2009 and November 15,
2009. Values from three replicate barrels are shown under
each treatment.
The residuals were randomly distributed and
demonstrated homogenous variance across the
entire range of observations (not shown here),
suggesting that the model was valid. Treatment-
specific regression lines were estimated with that
model as follows:
Control: logWeigth = –10.106 +
2.942logLength
Treatment A (pH 7.3): logWeigth = –10.982 +
3.173logLength
Treatment B (pH 7.1): logWeigth = –11.235 +
3.241logLength
Treatment C (pH 6.9): logWeigth = –11.331 +
3.261logLength
The intercept in control group was statistically
significantly higher than in any of the pH treatments
(P < 0.001 in all cases, t-tests), indicative of a
considerably higher average weight per unit shell
length in control animals. At the same time, the
slope in control group was significantly lower than
in any of the pH treatments (P < 0.001 in all cases, t-
test), suggesting that the dry weight in control
animals increased faster per unit shell length.
To test differences in elevation of the
regression lines in the treatment groups, analysis
of covariance was similarly performed on the
three treatments alone. The analysis showed no
differences in the slopes (F = 0.659, d.f. = 2, P =
0.518) but the elevations were significantly
different between the three treatments (F = 5.853,
d.f. = 2, P = 0.003; Figure 7).
Evaluation of new settlement from August 12,
2009 to November 15, 2009
No settled mussels were found on any of the clay
tiles or clay flower pots in any of the bio-barrels.
All settlement found was on the walls of the bio-
barrels.
Mussel settlement between August 12, 2009
and November 15, 2009 is shown in Figure 8.
Although only minimal numbers of settlers were
found on the walls of the barrels, the counts did
differ significantly between the four
experimental groups (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA
by ranks, P = 0.024), specifically between the
control and the two lowest pH treatments (Tukey
HSD test, P < 0.03 in both cases).
Settlement tiles placed on the bottom of the
lake near the intake to the laboratory were clear
of any new settlement when examined in mid-
November. The submerged portion of the intake
pipeline was also examined and irregular patches
of new settlement interspaced with no settlement
at all were noted.
Discussion
The object of this study was to verify if pH
adjustment of calcium rich water could prevent
the settlement of dreissenid veligers and if
prolonged exposure to low pH would eliminate
adult mussels. The amount of settlement
recorded in the bio-barrels was low. It is not
clear why there was such a low settlement both
in the laboratory and in the bay that provided the
source water for this experiment. It is possible
that the blue-green algae bloom interfered with
8. R. Claudi et al.
28
settlement in the latter part of the summer in
both locations.
Despite overall low settlement in the
experiment, it would appear that a pH of 7.1 will
prevent the majority of dreissenid settlement
from occurring. Juvenile mussels settling at this
pH are not likely to survive to maturity. This
conclusion is based on the observed weight/shell
length relationships. The analysis shows that
adult shells experience significant loss of
calcium at a pH of 7.1. At a pH of 6.9 the loss of
calcium is further accelerated resulting in almost
40% mortality of adults in 11 weeks.
The relationship between the size and the
weight of a dreissenid mussel has been
frequently used as an index of condition; at any
given size, a heavier individual is normally
considered to be in better condition. Having a
population of organisms of various sizes, a
length-weight plot can similarly be used to
assess their condition. The elevation of the fitted
line provides an index of condition, with better
condition being indicated by higher elevation of
the line. The differences in shell/weight
relationship between treatments would have been
greater had live adults been selected at random
for this portion of the study. By selecting only
adults without shell perforations, some of the
differences between treatments may have been
masked.
The adults in the treatment using a pH of 6.9
were only exposed to that pH since August 13,
2009. Prior to this date, these adults were in
treatment using pH of 7.5 (July 16, 2009 to
August 11, 2009). At the end of that period, no
mortality, shell bleaching or perforations were
observed in these adults. Therefore, the almost
40% mortality which was recorded in this
treatment occurred in just over 11 weeks (August
12, 2009 to October 31, 2009). However, as the
pH of 7.5 is below that of the controls and below
that observed in Lake Huron, the prior exposure
may have contributed to the final mortality.
It is important to note that during the study
adult mussels exposed to low pH continued to
stay in their original clumps. Normally, when
mussels are placed in a “noxious environment”
such as water treated with a low level of oxidant,
they tend to break their byssal threads in an
effort to escape. This reaction has been observed
by one of the authors (RC) during numerous
industrial treatments of cooling water circuits
with sodium hypochlorite. De-clumping is
observed well in advance of any mortality. The
lack of de-clumping in the bagged adults in this
experiment suggests that the low pH was not
detected as a noxious.
Although a significant impact of low pH on
mussels was observed, the study was carried out
with background calcium levels of 41 mg/L. The
effect of low pH may be more profound when
background calcium levels are lower. This
hypothesis should be tested in future
experiments.
Overall, the proof of principle study suggests
that pH adjustment could be a credible
mitigation strategy both for large systems such
as aqueducts and for small cooling water systems
used by industry.
Acknowledgements
The experiment was carried out on behalf of the Central
Arizona Project and the authors gratefully acknowledge
their support and funding.
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