Analysis and Weight Optimization of Split Dish Reactor Using Thermo-Structura...IJERA Editor
A vertical split dish reactor with leg supports is modeled using ansys workbench. Thereafter, external loads, such as self –weight, internal pressure and temperature are applied to the model. Pressure and temperature has been continuously a concern which may lead to structural failure if the resulting stresses are severe and excessive. It is a significant study which requires in-depth investigation to understand the structural characteristics. This paper presents and focuses on some Finite Element (FE) analysis of a split dish reactor will be carried out and maximum stresses in the structure will be determined.
REVIEW ON ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE CYLINDERijiert bestjournal
The steady state creep in Al- SiCP composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure was investigated. The creep
behavior of the material was described by threshold stress based creep law by assuming a stress exponent of 5.
The effect of size and content of the reinforcement (SiCP), and operating temperature on the stresses and strain
rates in the composite cylinder were investigated. The stresses in the cylinder did not have significant variation
with varying size and content of the reinforcement, and operating temperature. However, the tangential as well
as radial strain rates in the cylinder could be reduced to a significant extent by decreasing size of SiCP,
increasing the content of SiCP and decreasing operating temperature.
Stress Analysis of Functionally Graded Disc Brake Subjected To Mechanical Loa...IJMER
In this thesis, analytical investigation is to be done for functionally graded disc brake
subjected to internal pressure. Different models of the disc brake are considered i.e. disc brake with 40,
50 and 60 holes. In this thesis, comparison is to be done by varying materials for disc brake, the materials
are Cast Iron, FGM 1(Al2O3-Al) and FGM 2 (Zr-Al). FGM’s are considered for material variation profile
through the thickness for k =2, k =4 and k =6 .Theoretical calculations are done to calculate the material
properties for each layer up to 10 layers for FGM’s. Structural analysis and thermal analysis are done on
the three models by varying materials. 3D modeling is to be done in Pro/Engineer and analysis is to be
done in Ansys 14.5.
Analysis and Weight Optimization of Split Dish Reactor Using Thermo-Structura...IJERA Editor
A vertical split dish reactor with leg supports is modeled using ansys workbench. Thereafter, external loads, such as self –weight, internal pressure and temperature are applied to the model. Pressure and temperature has been continuously a concern which may lead to structural failure if the resulting stresses are severe and excessive. It is a significant study which requires in-depth investigation to understand the structural characteristics. This paper presents and focuses on some Finite Element (FE) analysis of a split dish reactor will be carried out and maximum stresses in the structure will be determined.
REVIEW ON ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE CYLINDERijiert bestjournal
The steady state creep in Al- SiCP composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure was investigated. The creep
behavior of the material was described by threshold stress based creep law by assuming a stress exponent of 5.
The effect of size and content of the reinforcement (SiCP), and operating temperature on the stresses and strain
rates in the composite cylinder were investigated. The stresses in the cylinder did not have significant variation
with varying size and content of the reinforcement, and operating temperature. However, the tangential as well
as radial strain rates in the cylinder could be reduced to a significant extent by decreasing size of SiCP,
increasing the content of SiCP and decreasing operating temperature.
Stress Analysis of Functionally Graded Disc Brake Subjected To Mechanical Loa...IJMER
In this thesis, analytical investigation is to be done for functionally graded disc brake
subjected to internal pressure. Different models of the disc brake are considered i.e. disc brake with 40,
50 and 60 holes. In this thesis, comparison is to be done by varying materials for disc brake, the materials
are Cast Iron, FGM 1(Al2O3-Al) and FGM 2 (Zr-Al). FGM’s are considered for material variation profile
through the thickness for k =2, k =4 and k =6 .Theoretical calculations are done to calculate the material
properties for each layer up to 10 layers for FGM’s. Structural analysis and thermal analysis are done on
the three models by varying materials. 3D modeling is to be done in Pro/Engineer and analysis is to be
done in Ansys 14.5.
Buckling Analysis of Cold Formed Steel Compression Members at Elevated Temper...IJMER
Abstract: Cold-formed steel members have been widely used in residential, industrial and commercial
buildings as primary load bearing structural elements due to their advantages such as higher strength to
weight ratio over the other structural materials such as hot-rolled steel, timber and concrete. However,
they are susceptible to various buckling modes including local and distortional buckling. Fire safety
design of building structures has received greater attention in recent times as fire events can cause loss
of property and lives. Therefore it is essential to understand the fire performance of light gauge coldformed
steel structures under fire conditions. The buckling behavior of cold-formed steel compression
members under fire conditions is not well investigated yet and hence there is a lack of knowledge on the
fire performance of cold-formed steel compression members. Therefore, this paper deals with behavior
of cold formed steel compression member under fire and to analyze the effect of fire on critical buckling
load of compression member. Eigen value analysis for Lipped channel sections made of various
thicknesses and both low and high strength steels was carried out through finite element method. The
ultimate load carrying capacity results from experimental investigation and finite element analyses were
then compared
Development of Quality Acceptance Sampling Plan for Imported Hot Rolled Steel...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A refined energy-based model for friction stir processing of Al- Zn-Mg alloyIJERA Editor
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a promising solid state surface modification technique. Also, considered as an
innovative technique that the FSPwas employed to modify the surface layer of aluminium alloy. The FSP passes
of only two passes were applied on aluminium alloy samples. A rotating tool with a pin and shoulder is inserted
into a single piece of material and results in significant microstructural changes in the processed zone, due to
intense plastic deformation. It has been proved to be an effective way to refine the microstructure of aluminium
alloys, and thereby improve the mechanical properties. In procedural phenomenon there are different parameters
adjustment have been worked out to refine microstructure and several properties characterised to TEM, SEM,
FESEM and mechanical properties. In this study, a refined energy based model that estimates the energy
generated due to friction and plastic deformation is presented with the help ofexperimental and theoretical
results available in many literatures. The model is applied to 7xxx series of aluminium alloys.
Finite Element Modeling for Effect of Fire on Steel Structure: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Fire performance of structural steel at elevated temperature includes the study of steel frame subjected to fire.
Also the effect of stress strain temperature on the fire performance of structural steel should be observed. The
behavior of a steel frame in a fire depends on many factors including the properties of the steel and the coating
material on it. The present paper shows reviews of various research works carried out by several researchers on
the effects of stress–strain relationships on the fire performance of steel frame exposed to uniformly increasing
temperature when steel is unprotected and protected with concrete using FEM.
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
Comparative study of behaviour of cold formed steeland hot rolled steel secti...eSAT Journals
Abstract Cold-formed steel is used in large number of products. For example in metal building construction, for wall coverings, floor decking etc. Cold-formed steel is a basic component in construction of lightweight prefabricated structures like stud frame panels, trusses and portal frames.The Cold formed steel term itself make it different from hot rolled steel due to difference in manufacturing methods. Typically columns, beams and angles etc. are different globally. At room temperature cold formed steel members are formed by bending flat sheets. Cold formed steel sections mainly created using two methods those are break press through and rolling. Where hot rolled steel members are precasted. Therefore cold formed steel sections can be easily available at any place where hot rolled sections are not available. The cold formed steel components can be used for larger and complex structures. The Comparison of cold formed steel section and Hot rolled steel section of equal cross sectional area is done in this research paper. Sections were experimentally tested under axial compression in universal testing machine. Simultaneously, ultimate compressive strength of cold formed members and hot rolled members has been investigated. Also, different properties of the sections such as stresses induced in the sections, strain in the section, axial deflection, and lateral deflection are obtained experimentally. For measuring strain experimentally strain gage foils were used. The validation of results is done by preparing finite element model in ABAQUS software. From experimental work it is observed that cold formed steel sections has more load carrying capacity as compared to hot rolled steel section. Keywords: Ultimate compressive strength, buckling, cold formed steel, deflection, stress, strain, ABAQUS
FEA based Dissipation Energy and Temperature Distribution of Rubber BushingIJERA Editor
Rubber bushings used in the vehicle or aerospace can reduce the noise and vibration and absorb the shocks. The
heat accumulation in the rubber components is attributed to the nonlinear mechanical behavior of rubber and
leads to degeneration of mechanical properties. The viscoelastic damping is treated as the major mechanism of
dissipation energy, which is heat source of temperature rising in bushing. A finite element method is expanded
from elastic structure to viscoelastic structure and computes the dissipation energy distribution in the rubber
core. Based on that heat source, the temperature distribution of rubber bushing under radial harmonic excitation
has been calculated using finite volume method. The frequency and amplitude effect on dissipation energy and
temperature distribution are described. The radial dynamic testing is carried out and the temperature is recorded
using thermal imager to evaluate the simulation. As complement, the dynamic torsional testing is also carried
out explore the possible failure zone of rubber bushing under different types of loading.
Effect of configuration on lateral displacement and cost of the structure for...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The choice of a cost effective lateral-force-resisting system for high-rise structures is challenging. There is no streamlined methodology to quantitatively compare the cost-effectiveness of each system beyond the more qualitative perception based evaluation of advantages or disadvantages. Developers currently base their decisions on architectural layout and structural integrity. Cost considerations are often primarily based on experience.
This decision making process has three primary shortfalls.
1) It may not incorporate factors which greatly affect the economy of a particular framing system.
2) It may not allow engineers to carryout designs at the least cost.
3) Comparison of framing systems may not address the specific building types.
This investigation proposes a prototype cost-effective model for selecting either a skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system for steel structural frames. A model for selecting cost-effective skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system will be a valuable tool for all decision makers. Engineers, in particular, will be able to select optimal steel framing faster, thus reducing design time and iterations. Furthermore, selection of economic framing system will also result in direct cost savings for steel structural frames.
The study involves the design and cost estimation of steel frames representing skeleton framing system and skeleton frame with bracingsystem. The cost effectiveness of the framing systems are compared based on lateral displacement requirements and cost.The preferred framing system should meet lateral displacement requirements and is lower in cost. The results of this pilot study showed that the Skelton framing system with bracing is the cost-effective choice for 30storeys steel space frames at wind speeds of 55m/sec, 50m/sec and 47m/sec.
Keywords: Bracings, SFS (Skeleton framing system), SFWB (Skeleton frame with bracing system) etc…
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
Effect of chromium powder mixed dielectric on performance characteristic of a...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of chromium powder mixed dielectric fluid on machining characteristics of AISI D2 die steel has been studied. Peak current, pulse on time, pulse off time, concentration of powder are the process parameters. The process performance is measured in terms of material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR). The research outcome will identify the important process parameters that maximize MRR, minimize TWR and SR. The design of experiment has been undertaken using Taguchi method. ANOVA analysis has been used to investigate the percentage contribution of each process parameter for optimizing the performance. The study indicates that all the selected parameters except pulse off time have a significant effect on MRR. Current is found to be the most significant factor for MRR and TWR. With increase in current, TWR increases. Also, surface roughness increases with increase in pulse off time.
Keywords: PMEDM, Material removal rate, Tool wear rate, Surface roughness, Taguchi method
Experimental investigation on triple blended scc filled steel tubes with and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Concrete filled steel tubular columns are gaining its popularity in engineering practice. However, local buckling is the main criteria which effects on strength and ductility for the composite columns. In order to enhance their overall performance, one of the most effective measures is to provide stiffeners for the steel tubes. In the present research, experimental studies have been devoted to investigating the behavior of self-compacting Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) stub columns strengthened by single or double stiffeners. A total of 36 stub columns specimen under monotonic compression load were tested in order to discover the best configuration of column system where (specimen having zero stiffeners, single stiffener, double stiffeners) each for hollow steel and with SCC in-filled are tested for 7 days, 28 days and 56 days strength with circular cross-sections of dimensions 300mm height x100mm diameter x 2mm thickness. The experimental results indicated that the use of Stiffeners strengthen the CFST has a significant effect on the overall behavior of CFST such as enhancement on its strength and ductility. Also the Stiffeners confinement delays local buckling of steel tube, prevents a sudden strength reduction caused by the local buckling of the steel tube, and increases lateral confinement of the concrete core. It is found that the best configuration of Stiffeners in the Steel tubes is providing it in transverse direction with single and double stiffeners at a height of h/2 and h/3 respectively.
Recrystallization is the process in which deformed grains of the crystal structure are replaced by a new set of stress-free grains that nucleate and grow until all the original grains have been consumed. The process is accomplished by heating the material to temperatures above that of crystallization.
Design Equation for CFRP strengthened Cold Formed Steel Channel Column SectionsIJASCSE
Carbon fiber reinforce polymer (CFRP) strengthened steel structural members such as beams, columns and bridge decks have become progressively popular as a result of extensive studies in this field. This paper presents the recent developments in CFRP strengthened steel channel sections and proposed conceptual model for prediction of column strength under pure axial loads per Indian standards-IS801-1975 and Euro code 3(EC 3)standards . Eight cold-formed steel circular lipped channel section columns with externally bonded CFRP were tested under pure axial compression. IS801/EC3 proposed methods were compared with experimental results. The results show that the proposed method gives around 11 percent increase in strength due to CFRP.
Buckling Analysis of Cold Formed Steel Compression Members at Elevated Temper...IJMER
Abstract: Cold-formed steel members have been widely used in residential, industrial and commercial
buildings as primary load bearing structural elements due to their advantages such as higher strength to
weight ratio over the other structural materials such as hot-rolled steel, timber and concrete. However,
they are susceptible to various buckling modes including local and distortional buckling. Fire safety
design of building structures has received greater attention in recent times as fire events can cause loss
of property and lives. Therefore it is essential to understand the fire performance of light gauge coldformed
steel structures under fire conditions. The buckling behavior of cold-formed steel compression
members under fire conditions is not well investigated yet and hence there is a lack of knowledge on the
fire performance of cold-formed steel compression members. Therefore, this paper deals with behavior
of cold formed steel compression member under fire and to analyze the effect of fire on critical buckling
load of compression member. Eigen value analysis for Lipped channel sections made of various
thicknesses and both low and high strength steels was carried out through finite element method. The
ultimate load carrying capacity results from experimental investigation and finite element analyses were
then compared
Development of Quality Acceptance Sampling Plan for Imported Hot Rolled Steel...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A refined energy-based model for friction stir processing of Al- Zn-Mg alloyIJERA Editor
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a promising solid state surface modification technique. Also, considered as an
innovative technique that the FSPwas employed to modify the surface layer of aluminium alloy. The FSP passes
of only two passes were applied on aluminium alloy samples. A rotating tool with a pin and shoulder is inserted
into a single piece of material and results in significant microstructural changes in the processed zone, due to
intense plastic deformation. It has been proved to be an effective way to refine the microstructure of aluminium
alloys, and thereby improve the mechanical properties. In procedural phenomenon there are different parameters
adjustment have been worked out to refine microstructure and several properties characterised to TEM, SEM,
FESEM and mechanical properties. In this study, a refined energy based model that estimates the energy
generated due to friction and plastic deformation is presented with the help ofexperimental and theoretical
results available in many literatures. The model is applied to 7xxx series of aluminium alloys.
Finite Element Modeling for Effect of Fire on Steel Structure: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Fire performance of structural steel at elevated temperature includes the study of steel frame subjected to fire.
Also the effect of stress strain temperature on the fire performance of structural steel should be observed. The
behavior of a steel frame in a fire depends on many factors including the properties of the steel and the coating
material on it. The present paper shows reviews of various research works carried out by several researchers on
the effects of stress–strain relationships on the fire performance of steel frame exposed to uniformly increasing
temperature when steel is unprotected and protected with concrete using FEM.
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
Comparative study of behaviour of cold formed steeland hot rolled steel secti...eSAT Journals
Abstract Cold-formed steel is used in large number of products. For example in metal building construction, for wall coverings, floor decking etc. Cold-formed steel is a basic component in construction of lightweight prefabricated structures like stud frame panels, trusses and portal frames.The Cold formed steel term itself make it different from hot rolled steel due to difference in manufacturing methods. Typically columns, beams and angles etc. are different globally. At room temperature cold formed steel members are formed by bending flat sheets. Cold formed steel sections mainly created using two methods those are break press through and rolling. Where hot rolled steel members are precasted. Therefore cold formed steel sections can be easily available at any place where hot rolled sections are not available. The cold formed steel components can be used for larger and complex structures. The Comparison of cold formed steel section and Hot rolled steel section of equal cross sectional area is done in this research paper. Sections were experimentally tested under axial compression in universal testing machine. Simultaneously, ultimate compressive strength of cold formed members and hot rolled members has been investigated. Also, different properties of the sections such as stresses induced in the sections, strain in the section, axial deflection, and lateral deflection are obtained experimentally. For measuring strain experimentally strain gage foils were used. The validation of results is done by preparing finite element model in ABAQUS software. From experimental work it is observed that cold formed steel sections has more load carrying capacity as compared to hot rolled steel section. Keywords: Ultimate compressive strength, buckling, cold formed steel, deflection, stress, strain, ABAQUS
FEA based Dissipation Energy and Temperature Distribution of Rubber BushingIJERA Editor
Rubber bushings used in the vehicle or aerospace can reduce the noise and vibration and absorb the shocks. The
heat accumulation in the rubber components is attributed to the nonlinear mechanical behavior of rubber and
leads to degeneration of mechanical properties. The viscoelastic damping is treated as the major mechanism of
dissipation energy, which is heat source of temperature rising in bushing. A finite element method is expanded
from elastic structure to viscoelastic structure and computes the dissipation energy distribution in the rubber
core. Based on that heat source, the temperature distribution of rubber bushing under radial harmonic excitation
has been calculated using finite volume method. The frequency and amplitude effect on dissipation energy and
temperature distribution are described. The radial dynamic testing is carried out and the temperature is recorded
using thermal imager to evaluate the simulation. As complement, the dynamic torsional testing is also carried
out explore the possible failure zone of rubber bushing under different types of loading.
Effect of configuration on lateral displacement and cost of the structure for...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The choice of a cost effective lateral-force-resisting system for high-rise structures is challenging. There is no streamlined methodology to quantitatively compare the cost-effectiveness of each system beyond the more qualitative perception based evaluation of advantages or disadvantages. Developers currently base their decisions on architectural layout and structural integrity. Cost considerations are often primarily based on experience.
This decision making process has three primary shortfalls.
1) It may not incorporate factors which greatly affect the economy of a particular framing system.
2) It may not allow engineers to carryout designs at the least cost.
3) Comparison of framing systems may not address the specific building types.
This investigation proposes a prototype cost-effective model for selecting either a skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system for steel structural frames. A model for selecting cost-effective skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system will be a valuable tool for all decision makers. Engineers, in particular, will be able to select optimal steel framing faster, thus reducing design time and iterations. Furthermore, selection of economic framing system will also result in direct cost savings for steel structural frames.
The study involves the design and cost estimation of steel frames representing skeleton framing system and skeleton frame with bracingsystem. The cost effectiveness of the framing systems are compared based on lateral displacement requirements and cost.The preferred framing system should meet lateral displacement requirements and is lower in cost. The results of this pilot study showed that the Skelton framing system with bracing is the cost-effective choice for 30storeys steel space frames at wind speeds of 55m/sec, 50m/sec and 47m/sec.
Keywords: Bracings, SFS (Skeleton framing system), SFWB (Skeleton frame with bracing system) etc…
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
Effect of chromium powder mixed dielectric on performance characteristic of a...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of chromium powder mixed dielectric fluid on machining characteristics of AISI D2 die steel has been studied. Peak current, pulse on time, pulse off time, concentration of powder are the process parameters. The process performance is measured in terms of material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR). The research outcome will identify the important process parameters that maximize MRR, minimize TWR and SR. The design of experiment has been undertaken using Taguchi method. ANOVA analysis has been used to investigate the percentage contribution of each process parameter for optimizing the performance. The study indicates that all the selected parameters except pulse off time have a significant effect on MRR. Current is found to be the most significant factor for MRR and TWR. With increase in current, TWR increases. Also, surface roughness increases with increase in pulse off time.
Keywords: PMEDM, Material removal rate, Tool wear rate, Surface roughness, Taguchi method
Experimental investigation on triple blended scc filled steel tubes with and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Concrete filled steel tubular columns are gaining its popularity in engineering practice. However, local buckling is the main criteria which effects on strength and ductility for the composite columns. In order to enhance their overall performance, one of the most effective measures is to provide stiffeners for the steel tubes. In the present research, experimental studies have been devoted to investigating the behavior of self-compacting Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) stub columns strengthened by single or double stiffeners. A total of 36 stub columns specimen under monotonic compression load were tested in order to discover the best configuration of column system where (specimen having zero stiffeners, single stiffener, double stiffeners) each for hollow steel and with SCC in-filled are tested for 7 days, 28 days and 56 days strength with circular cross-sections of dimensions 300mm height x100mm diameter x 2mm thickness. The experimental results indicated that the use of Stiffeners strengthen the CFST has a significant effect on the overall behavior of CFST such as enhancement on its strength and ductility. Also the Stiffeners confinement delays local buckling of steel tube, prevents a sudden strength reduction caused by the local buckling of the steel tube, and increases lateral confinement of the concrete core. It is found that the best configuration of Stiffeners in the Steel tubes is providing it in transverse direction with single and double stiffeners at a height of h/2 and h/3 respectively.
Recrystallization is the process in which deformed grains of the crystal structure are replaced by a new set of stress-free grains that nucleate and grow until all the original grains have been consumed. The process is accomplished by heating the material to temperatures above that of crystallization.
Design Equation for CFRP strengthened Cold Formed Steel Channel Column SectionsIJASCSE
Carbon fiber reinforce polymer (CFRP) strengthened steel structural members such as beams, columns and bridge decks have become progressively popular as a result of extensive studies in this field. This paper presents the recent developments in CFRP strengthened steel channel sections and proposed conceptual model for prediction of column strength under pure axial loads per Indian standards-IS801-1975 and Euro code 3(EC 3)standards . Eight cold-formed steel circular lipped channel section columns with externally bonded CFRP were tested under pure axial compression. IS801/EC3 proposed methods were compared with experimental results. The results show that the proposed method gives around 11 percent increase in strength due to CFRP.
GEORG Geothermal Workshop 2016 SESSION B2, Midstream. Presentation title: Feasibility study for utilizing an ORC cycle to cool medium temperature geothermal fluid to appropriate temperature for use at Seltjarnarnes district heating
Design and Preparation of Aluminium Nozzle Using Metal Spinning ProcessNitesh Sharma
This new technique comprises of single-piece production of nozzle i.e. convergent, and divergent parts without the involvement of welding these parts separately to bolster the strength of the nozzle and increasing the efficacy of the nozzle.
Hydration-Induced Stresses in Concrete Buttressing of Existing Concrete Gravi...Nihal Vitharana
The raising and/or stabilising of existing concrete gravity dams by continuous concrete buttressing is a viable solution and, in some cases, it is the only solution available. There are few medium-large dams in Australia currently under consideration for raising with continuous buttressing.
Two of the major issues to be surmounted are: (a) the existing dam should not be subjected to cracking (particularly on the upstream face) due to heat-hydration effects, and (b) the requirement for the two dam bodies to resist the hydrostatic and other loadings as a monolith (unified dam).
However, there is great need for understanding the mechanisms involved in selecting an appropriate heat-of-hydration model and in calculating thermal stresses rationally. Due to such lack of understanding, expensive precautions, mostly with compounding conservatisms, would be adopted in concept and detailed designs eg. shear-keys on the interface, artificial cooling, post-grouted interface, anchor bars at the interface, concrete with high cement contents. On the other hand, unsafe designs could be the result.
The paper discusses these issues highlighting that a rational approach can be adopted to economise the design and construction processes. An example is also presented to demonstrate how the potential for temperature-induced cracking in new and old dam bodies can be evaluated with reduced uncertainty by considering all the mechanisms involved in a holistic way.
Introduction to casting, Major classifications of casting, Casting terminology, Characteristics of molding sand, Constituents of foundry sand, Patterns and their types, Cores and types of cores, Gating system, Types of gates, Solidification, Riser system, Types of riser, Types of allowances, Directional Solidification, Defects in casting, Riser design(Chvorinov's rules), Advanced casting techniques:Shell molding, Permanent mould casting, Vacuum die casting, Low pressure die casting, Continuous casting, Squeeze casting, Slush casting, Vacuum casting, Die Casting, Centrifugal casting, Investment casting
Modeling and finite element analysis for a casting defect in thin wall struct...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The casting of pump impeller blades is a difficult operation due to its thin wall structure. In the casting process for thin wall impeller structure, the prediction of shrinkage defect is a one of the important issue and failure of such thin wall structure is a commonly encountered problem. The non-uniform heat transfer rate is the main cause of such failure. The uniformity of heat transfer rate may enhance by placing the runner at appropriate position and riser based on the geometrical attributes. The flow of liquid metal and its solidification has time based temperature variation, shrinkages and porosity distributions in such structures. An attempt is made for the analysis of optimization in the placement of runner and riser through this experimentation. The experiment contains the analysis of finite element simulation of fluid flow and solidification of metal execution at various temperatures, prediction of shrinkages based on the geometry of the casting and flow curvature and porosity distribution. This work also focuses on the prediction of casting defects in aluminum thin wall pump impeller structure using commercially available software (ANSYS-FLUENT). The experimental validation of the simulation result is also done to confirm the same.
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Litrature review on numerical analysis on residual stress on plate guiderTEJASKRIYA PRADHAN
In weld, Large amount of heat is generated. For which near the welding zone some are experienced tension and some experienced compression.
That zone is called Heat Affected Zone(HAZ).
In the material testing laboratory, a Charpy impact test was performed on three different types (hot,cold,and steel alloy)of steels testing each variety at four different temperatures (32°C(RT), 100°C,0°C and -22°C ). From results (shown below), we determined that the a transition is from ductile failures to brittle failures
GEORG Geothermal Workshop 2016
Presentation Title: Hydrogen Sulfide concentration in the vicinity of the Reykjavik Capital area due to two Geothermal Power Plants
GEORG Geothermal Workshop 2016
Presentation Title: Willingness to pay for the preservation of geothermal areas in Iceland – the contingent valuation studies of Eldvörp and Hverahl
GEORG Geothermal Workshop 2016
Presentation Title: Volcano-tectonostratigraphic characteristics of the Jan Mayen microcontinent and Iceland shelf area, lessons learned for geothermal exploration
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
1. Structural modeling of casings in high
temperature geothermal wells
12/20/2016
#GGW2016
Gunnar Skúlason Kaldal (gsk@isor.is)
PhD student at University of Iceland / Engineer at ÍSOR – Iceland GeoSurvey
Magnús Þór Jónsson, Halldór Pálsson and Sigrún Nanna Karlsdóttir
University of Iceland
2. Introduction
• PhD project at University of Iceland
• Structural models of casings for evaluating well integrity and casing
failure modes
• Examples FEM analyses and results
• Thermal expansion is one of the most severe structural concerns in
high temperature geothermal wells
• Cemented steel casings are constrained by the cement and high forces
generate plastic (permanent) deformations as the casings warm up
• Failure modes from thermal expansion (and contraction) include:
• Casing collapse (in the form of a bulge/pucker)
• Tensile rupture where the casing (pin) is teared out of the coupling (box) by the
threads or the pipe body
#GGW2016
3. High temperature
geothermal wells
• Typical casing program includes 3 casings (API grades)
• Conditions sometimes call for more casings
• Casings are cemented over their full length
• Perforated liner supports the wellbore in the
production section of the well
• Expansion spool is used to allow thermal expansion of
the production casing at the wellhead
Fig: Sigrún Nanna Karlsdóttir
#GGW2016
4. High temperature
geothermal wells
• The design of high temperature geothermal wells is
based on API materials and methods, and knowledge
gained over the past decades in the geothermal
industry
• The design procedure for typical high temperature
geothermal wells is good and failures are not very
common in conventional wells
• There are however several exceptions
• Many parameters influence success of wells
• “Structural success” is an important one, for usability
and overall reliability and safety
#GGW2016
5. Design challenges for the future
• Most casing failures that occur in wells are directly related to
large temperature changes and high annular pressure
• Typical wellhead temperatures in high temperature geothermal
wells is 200-300°C
• In IDDP-1, still the hottest recorded well to date, superheated
steam was produced at the wellhead with temperatures of
450°C
• Future aim is to produce from supercritical source where
temperatures could reach as high as 550°C – IDDP-2?
• This provides new challenges in casing design as design
standards do not account for these high temperatures
#GGW2016
7. FEM Modeling
• The nonlinear behavior of materials, displacements
and friction between contacting surfaces are solved
with numerical methods.
• The (Nonlinear) Finite Element Method is used.
• Thermal and structural models of the cased section of
the well.
• The models are used to evaluate the structural
integrity of the casings when subjected to transient
thermo-mechanical loads.
• Three models presented:
– Cased section of the well (2D axi-symmetric)
– Connection in concrete (2D axi-symmetric)
– Section of the well (3D collapse analysis)
i.
ii.
iii.
#GGW2016
8. FEM results 1 2
3 4
700m
100 m
• Production history modeled.
• T-P logs and wellhead data are used as load.
• Transient thermal analysis is performed and
the results used as load in the structural
analysis.
1. Cooling due to drilling.
2. Thermal recovery.
3. Discharge (12 min).
4. Discharge (3 months).
◦C
#GGW2016
9. • The wellhead rises as the casing suddenly
warms up during discharge.
• The production casing expands and slides
inside the wellhead (expansion spool). Wellhead displacement.
Temperature distribution
after 9 days of discharge.
Stress-strain curves are implemented for steel. Stress reduction at elevated
temperatures is accounted for by scaling E, σy and σu (acc. to Snyder). Friction is defined between
casings and concrete.
Karlsdottir, S.N. and
Thorbjornsson, I.O.,
2009
FEM results #GGW2016
10. Wellhead displacement survey
Photographic series of the wellhead of HE-46 during discharge.
52 mm40 mm
Merged photographs of the wellhead of RN-32 after 9 days of discharge.
26
mm
#GGW2016
11. • Wellhead displacement measured during discharge.
Kaldal, G.S., Jonsson, M.T., Palsson, H., Karlsdottir, S.N.,
2015. Structural modeling of the casings in high
temperature geothermal wells. Geothermics 55, 126 –
137.
Wellhead displacement survey
#GGW2016
12. • Modeled wellhead displacement compared to
data.
Model results
Kaldal, G.S., Jonsson, M.T., Palsson, H., Karlsdottir, S.N.,
2015. Structural modeling of the casings in high
temperature geothermal wells. Geothermics 55, 126 –
137.
#GGW2016
13. • Anchoring of couplings in concrete.
• Large stresses are produced near couplings.
Concrete failure
Model i. Cased section of the well Model ii. Coupling in concrete
#GGW2016
14. • Connection displacement in concrete.
• Upward displacement of 5 mm.
Damaged concrete
Concrete failure
15. • Case study: structural analysis of IDDP-1.
• Operation history modeled.
• Initial conditions.
• Warm-up.
• Discharge.
• Shut-in and quenching.
Kaldal, G.S., Jonsson, M.T., Palsson, H., Karlsdottir, S.N.,
2015. Structural modeling of the casings in high
temperature geothermal wells. Geothermics 55, 126 –
137.
Discharge history of IDDP-1
FEM results #GGW2016
Ingason et.al, Geothermics 2013:
16. • Stress and strain analysis. Discharge phase V of IDDP-1
Anchor casingProduction casing
FEM results #GGW2016
17. • Permanent strain is generated in the casings
during the operation history.
Anchor casing
Production casing
Discharges: Cyclic stress-strain and temperature of
the production casing at 50 m depth.
FEM results #GGW2016
18. • Collapse analysis of the production casing.
• Some instability needs to be introduced.
Collapse analysis
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
D/t ratio
K55Collapsepressure[MPa]
Yield strength collapse
Plastic collapse
Transition collapse
Elastic collapse
9 5/8 (47.0 lb/ft)
13 3/8 (68.0 lb/ft)
ISO/TR 10400:
Eigenvalue buckling analysis (theoretical collapse strength).
1
5
2
6
3
7
4
8
Casing: OD = 13 3/8 in, t = 12.2 mm
API collapse resistance: 13.4 MPa
Eigenvalue buckling analysis (theoretical collapse strength).
Nonlinear buckling analysis (includes nonlinearities).
Effect of initial geometry; mode shape perturbation, effect of
ovality and external geometric defect.
Collapse shape with and without external concrete support.
#GGW2016
19. Nonlinear buckling analysis.
Other defects:
Mode shape perturbation
Ovality
External defect
Water pocket in concrete
Casing: OD = 13 3/8 in, t = 12.2 mm
API collapse resistance: 13.4 MPa
• Limit load for a perfectly round casing: 38.4 MPa
• Limit load using mode shape perturbation: 21.6 MPa
• API collapse resistance: 13.4 MPa
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Load,externalpressure[MPa]
UX displacement [mm]
Perfectly round casing
1st mode shape perturbation (0.0005 scaling)
1st mode shape perturbation (0.001 scaling)
Collapse resistance, 13.4 MPa (API, ISO/TR)
Elastic collapse (Timoshenko 1961)
Mode shape perturbation
Dmax
Dmin
Effect of ovality
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Load,externalpressure[MPa]
UX displacement [mm]
Perfectly round
Ovality (0.1%)
Ovality (0.5%)
Ovality (1.0%)
Ovality (2.0%)
Ovality (3.0%)
Collapse resistance
Elastic collapse
Von Mises stress at collapse: 440 MPa
Collapse at 300°C and 20 bar (wall pressure)
Water pocket in concrete
Collapse analysis
20. Nonlinear buckling analysis
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Displacement [mm]
Load,externalpressure[MPa]
Concrete support (linear MP)
Without concrete support (linear MP)
Concrete support (non-linear MP)
Without concrete support (non-linear MP)
Collapse resistance, 13.4 MPa (API, ISO/TR)
Elastic collapse (Timoshenko 1961)
Casing: OD = 13 3/8 in, t = 12.2 mm
API collapse resistance: 13.4 MPa
Effect of external defect and concrete support
Collapse analysis #GGW2016
21. Summary and conclusions
• Analyses of the casings in high temperature geothermal wells were presented.
• High temperature and pressure differences generate many challenges in geothermal wells.
• Thermal expansion is one of the major cause of casing failures.
• Three models were presented here:
• (i) the cased well, (ii) detailed coupling in concrete and (iii) 3D model of a section (collapse analysis).
• The models are used to evaluate the structural integrity of casings.
• Can be used to analyze various load scenarios and material selections.
• Conclusions…
#GGW2016
22. Conclusions - Collapse
• Caused by excessive net external pressure
• Impurities and geometry (ovality, eccentricity, material..)
• Cement integrity and casing roundness (and other defects) have great
effect on collapse resistance of casings
• Cement is very important for lateral and radial support
• Collapse resistance can be increased by selecting proper materials (HC)
under strict quality control (casing roundness important)
• Biaxial loads affect collapse resistance
HS Orka / ÍSOR
#GGW2016
Dall‘Acqua et.al 2012 Burst and Collapse Responses of
Production Casing in Thermal Applications
Wu et.al 2008 Casing Failures in Cyclic
Steam Injection Wells
• Collapse strength reduction due to axial
tension is incorporated into API standards
(compression not)
• Axial compression plus net external
pressure probably also leads to reduction in
collapse resistance (is not well known or
standardized)
23. Conclusions – Tensile rupture
• Caused by excessive axial tensile stress when casings cool down
after production, i.e. due to long period shut-in or killing
operations
• The phenomenon is well understood, but limits of cooling rate
or limit in temperature variations ∆T remains unresolved
• The failure mode has occurred in several wells in Iceland in
connection to fast cooling while pumping cold water into a hot
well
• FEM analyses indicate that:
• Failures are more likely to form near changes in outer casings, e.g. at
material grade changes (T95-K55) and near casing shoes
• Thermal gradient between casing layers leads to thermal expansion
mismatch which generates stress/strain
• Slow temperature changes have less consequences than fast ones
• The thermal load is more severe for the innermost casing which is in direct
contact to the geothermal fluid than external casings (provided that
cementing in between is good)
HS Orka / ÍSOR
#GGW2016
Adopted from a diagram by Rahman & Chilingarian, 1995
24. What further information is needed?
• Material integrity at high temperatures >350°C
• Strength reduction
• Corrosion
• Creep and stress relaxation
• Can wells for 300°C+ be designed within the elastic
region of materials?
• Is it possible to quench/cool a >550°C hot well
without causing casing failures?
• What can we do to mitigate thermal expansion?
A well known problem of thermal expansion (ΔT day/night)
Conclusions – Looking ahead #GGW2016
25. Acknowledgements
• The University of Iceland research fund
• The Technology Development Fund at RANNIS –The Icelandic Centre
for Research
• Landsvirkjun – Energy Research Fund
• GEORG – Geothermal Research Group
• Reykjavik Energy, ON, HS Orka, Landsvirkjun, Iceland Drilling, Iceland
GeoSurvey (ÍSOR), Mannvit and the Innovation Center Iceland.
#GGW2016