Worldwide demand for clean, reliable and affordable energy has never been greater. New technologies are needed to produce more oil and natural gas from remote or “stranded” locations. Gas to Liquids (GTL) conversion is an umbrella term for a group of technologies that can create liquid hydrocarbon fuels from a variety of feedstocks.
This study was commissioned by MARAD (US government) and conducted by DNV GL.
The study looks at the LNG bunkering of ships in US, so that LNG use as fuel for ships can be developed further.
The report was released to the public by MARAD in September 2014 and hence you can find it here.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Life Cycle; LNG a safe fuel? ; Quality of LNG ; Sales LNG/Gas Specifications ; NATURAL GAS VALUE CHAIN; LNG TRANSPORTATION; Global Movement of Natural Gas; Movement of Natural Gas; Movement: Pipelines and Storage; Natural Gas Infrastructure: Pipeline Systems; Types of Pipelines; Offshore Pipelines; Movement: LNG; Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG); LNG Markets (R)evolution; LIQUEFACATION; REGASIFICATION; PIPELINE NETWORK; Revolutionary LNG Technologies: FLNG and FSRU; FLOATING LNG (FLNG); FLOATING STORAGE AND REGASIFICATION (FSRU); Global Natural Gas Trade; Natural Gas Price Formation; Liberalizing Market Dynamics; Natural Gas Contracts
Liquefied Natural Gas has a number of major advantages as compared to current sources of energy. The major advantages of LNG would be: its ease of transport, its superb quality, its safety, its flexibility of use, and its sustainability.
LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) is used mainly for heating, cooking and electricity generation; it also has other industrial uses.
There has been active LNG trade in the Pacific region for many years. However, the opening up of LNG regasification plants in the North American and European markets have provided a much larger consumer base for LNG producers. This increased customer base allows aggressive investment into better liquefaction technology, in turn, spurring more demand. As a result, LNG is rapidly becoming a major factor in natural gas trading after several decades of relative obscurity.
This study was commissioned by MARAD (US government) and conducted by DNV GL.
The study looks at the LNG bunkering of ships in US, so that LNG use as fuel for ships can be developed further.
The report was released to the public by MARAD in September 2014 and hence you can find it here.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Life Cycle; LNG a safe fuel? ; Quality of LNG ; Sales LNG/Gas Specifications ; NATURAL GAS VALUE CHAIN; LNG TRANSPORTATION; Global Movement of Natural Gas; Movement of Natural Gas; Movement: Pipelines and Storage; Natural Gas Infrastructure: Pipeline Systems; Types of Pipelines; Offshore Pipelines; Movement: LNG; Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG); LNG Markets (R)evolution; LIQUEFACATION; REGASIFICATION; PIPELINE NETWORK; Revolutionary LNG Technologies: FLNG and FSRU; FLOATING LNG (FLNG); FLOATING STORAGE AND REGASIFICATION (FSRU); Global Natural Gas Trade; Natural Gas Price Formation; Liberalizing Market Dynamics; Natural Gas Contracts
Liquefied Natural Gas has a number of major advantages as compared to current sources of energy. The major advantages of LNG would be: its ease of transport, its superb quality, its safety, its flexibility of use, and its sustainability.
LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) is used mainly for heating, cooking and electricity generation; it also has other industrial uses.
There has been active LNG trade in the Pacific region for many years. However, the opening up of LNG regasification plants in the North American and European markets have provided a much larger consumer base for LNG producers. This increased customer base allows aggressive investment into better liquefaction technology, in turn, spurring more demand. As a result, LNG is rapidly becoming a major factor in natural gas trading after several decades of relative obscurity.
The Malampaya Gas to Power Project is the most significant industrial investment in the Philippine natural gas industry. It paved the way for the birth of the country’s natural gas industry and provides a supply of clean and environmental friendly fuel. However, since this is the only operational source of natural gas in the country it’s not really enough to meet the demand of energy in the country. This type of energy is only available in Luzon hence significant development for the industry must be made.
Introduction to Gas Transportation and Storage technology including pipeline, CNG, LNG, GTL, GTW, methane hydrate, and the importance of gas sales agreement in a gas value chain.
Join Dave for an overview of critical components of LNG fueling systems from re-fuelling vehicle storage to bulk transportation considerations and LNG technology capabilities. Overview will also include a brief history of NorthStar, currently the North American leader in LNG refueling projects with stations, bulk fueling and custom applications throughout North America. Most prominently, NorthStar’s LNG station solutions are found throughout Clean Energy’s America Natural Gas Highway and through nearly 70% of America’s other public & private LNG fueling stations.
Comparative Economic Analysis of Using Natural Gas For Liquefied Natural Gas ...IJRES Journal
Comparative economic analysis of the production of diesel through Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Technology and the production of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) both using natural gas was presented. The data for costs of constructing and running GTL and LNG plants were obtained for the study. Plant procurement costs, shipping and tanker facilities costs, the expected capacities of the GTL and LNG plants and the feed gas volume needed to produce those capacities of liquid products were gathered with which the costs analyses and revenue analyses were conducted. Two assumptions made were that the diesel would be the only product of the GTL project and LNG, the only product of the LNG plant. The 33000bbl/day of liquid product from the GTL plant was taken to be all diesel while the 5mmtpa of NGL got from the LNG plant was ignored. The 33000bbl/day of diesel and 22mmtpa of LNG were then used for the analyses. Concentration was on the profit indicators used to evaluate the advantage of one over the other. Figures were used to determine the pay-out of the projects which is 9.16years for GTL and 1.97years for LNG respectively. The Net Present Value (NPV) and Profit per Dollar Invested (P/$) that make up the project economics were estimated for GTL and LNG. The NPV over 15years and at an expected rate of return of 10% was $2.11billion for GTL and $45.17billion for LNG. For GTL, the P/$ was 2.02 and for LNG, it was 6.62. From the whole analysis done it is easily seen that the LNG project is more economically viable than the GTL project since the LNG project has higher NPV, lower pay-out and higher P/$ than the GTL project.
The Malampaya Gas to Power Project is the most significant industrial investment in the Philippine natural gas industry. It paved the way for the birth of the country’s natural gas industry and provides a supply of clean and environmental friendly fuel. However, since this is the only operational source of natural gas in the country it’s not really enough to meet the demand of energy in the country. This type of energy is only available in Luzon hence significant development for the industry must be made.
Introduction to Gas Transportation and Storage technology including pipeline, CNG, LNG, GTL, GTW, methane hydrate, and the importance of gas sales agreement in a gas value chain.
Join Dave for an overview of critical components of LNG fueling systems from re-fuelling vehicle storage to bulk transportation considerations and LNG technology capabilities. Overview will also include a brief history of NorthStar, currently the North American leader in LNG refueling projects with stations, bulk fueling and custom applications throughout North America. Most prominently, NorthStar’s LNG station solutions are found throughout Clean Energy’s America Natural Gas Highway and through nearly 70% of America’s other public & private LNG fueling stations.
Comparative Economic Analysis of Using Natural Gas For Liquefied Natural Gas ...IJRES Journal
Comparative economic analysis of the production of diesel through Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Technology and the production of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) both using natural gas was presented. The data for costs of constructing and running GTL and LNG plants were obtained for the study. Plant procurement costs, shipping and tanker facilities costs, the expected capacities of the GTL and LNG plants and the feed gas volume needed to produce those capacities of liquid products were gathered with which the costs analyses and revenue analyses were conducted. Two assumptions made were that the diesel would be the only product of the GTL project and LNG, the only product of the LNG plant. The 33000bbl/day of liquid product from the GTL plant was taken to be all diesel while the 5mmtpa of NGL got from the LNG plant was ignored. The 33000bbl/day of diesel and 22mmtpa of LNG were then used for the analyses. Concentration was on the profit indicators used to evaluate the advantage of one over the other. Figures were used to determine the pay-out of the projects which is 9.16years for GTL and 1.97years for LNG respectively. The Net Present Value (NPV) and Profit per Dollar Invested (P/$) that make up the project economics were estimated for GTL and LNG. The NPV over 15years and at an expected rate of return of 10% was $2.11billion for GTL and $45.17billion for LNG. For GTL, the P/$ was 2.02 and for LNG, it was 6.62. From the whole analysis done it is easily seen that the LNG project is more economically viable than the GTL project since the LNG project has higher NPV, lower pay-out and higher P/$ than the GTL project.
Plastics to oil report, Waste recycling machine defines an environmental equiment that waste rubber tyres , waste
plastics , waste oil(waste crude oil,waste diesel,waste oil,waste slag etc.), waste cable are heated
and pyrolysis, finally distillate the oil gas,and then cooled to the oil through the condensers as well
as the carbon black and steel wire.
converting petroleum coke (petcoke) to liquid fuels, energy products and various downstream products. Different petcoke conversion strategies investigated which can be competitive with current market prices with no adverse environmental impacts. The study investigated included scenarios with respect to the global situation and the current industrial challenges on energy efficiency and creating opportunities for downstream products.
DNV GL's long experience is now put on paper outlining the main issues as far as batteries use as fuel. Projects like the Viking Lady and the newly built NORLED vessels exhibit the vast experience we have in this field.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
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Economic Model In Exploiting Stranded Natural Gas In Niger Delta Offshore Fields
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 11, Issue 04 (April 2015), PP.12-18
12
Economic Model In Exploiting Stranded Natural Gas In Niger Delta
Offshore Fields
Nweke, I. Francis and Prof. Adewale Dosunmu
Abstract:- Worldwide demand for clean, reliable and affordable energy has never been greater. New
technologies are needed to produce more oil and natural gas from remote or “stranded” locations. Gas to
Liquids (GTL) conversion is an umbrella term for a group of technologies that can create liquid hydrocarbon
fuels from a variety of feedstocks.
This study reviews the conversion of natural gas into liquid fuels as an attractive option to commercialize
abundant gas reserves in offshore Niger Delta. GTL, with virtually unlimited markets, offers a new way to
unlock large gas reserves, complementary to other traditional technologies such as Liquefied Natural Gas
(LNG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and pipelines.
Natural gas utilization means (GTL, CNG and LNG) of exploiting some Niger Delta offshore associated gas
fields were compared economically to determine the best option for investors.
In essence, GTL has the potential to convert a significant percentage of the world's estimated proved and
potential gas reserves which today holds little or no economic value.
I. INTRODUCTION
A prevalent question in the oil and gas industry is what to do with the associated gas in fields where
there is no gas pipeline. The oil industry has seemingly come to a point where new field developments will not
be undertaken unless the associated gas problem is solved. Several such associated gas situations can be
identified. The term stranded gas has been used for situations where the field to be produced is remote or where
the field is located in deep water. The term marginal gas has been used for situations where the field is too small
to justify a gas pipeline for long-term production. These associated gas situations apply also to non-associated
gas.
The common practice of reinjecting stranded and marginal gas is increasingly being questioned. Ways
are being sought to bring stranded and marginal gas to market. The most common current method of bringing
non-associated gas to market from distant locations, is also being considered for stranded and marginal gas; that
is, LNG (liquefied natural gas) technology. Recent examples include studies reported by Naklie (1997) and
Hickman (1997). It was reported by Naklie (1997) that a floating LNG plant design has been developed, which
is technically feasible, economical, safe and reliable. However, it was stated by Hickman (1997) that the key
technical hurdle in offshore LNG is the development of a suitable safe and reliable loading system, for
transferring of LNG at -162 C from the production facility to LNG carriers.
For marginal fields in Norway it was stated by Helgøy et al. (1997) that offshore LNG was not considered a
competitive solution.
Converting stranded and marginal gas to liquid products other than LNG, has received considerable
attention in recent years. For offshore conditions in Norway, both methanol and syncrude are considered viable
to solve the marginal gas problem (Helgøy et al. 1997). Syncrude options for remote locations have been
presented by Singleton (1997). Gas-to-liquids (GTL) technologies and projects have been presented by Knott
(1997), Skrebowski (1998) and Thomas (1998).
Applying floating Gas-to-liquids (GTL) technologies will be a viable alternative to drastically
minimize gas flaring in Niger Delta offshore fields.
For the foreseeable future, automotive fuels will still be largely based on liquid hydrocarbons. The
specifications of such fuels will however continue to be adjusted as they have been and are still being adjusted
to meet changing demands from consumers. Tighter legislative requirements are enforced and an increasing
number of companies are subscribing to Responsible Care philosophies and practices.
Traditional crude oil refining underwent increasing levels of sophistication to produce fuels of
appropriate specifications.
Increasing operating costs continuously put pressure on refining margins but it remains problematic to
convert all refinery streams into products with acceptable specifications at a reasonable return.
2. Economic Model In Exploiting Stranded Natural Gas In Niger Delta Offshore Fields
13
The route of natural gas to synthetic automotive fuels, as practiced by i.a. Sasol, is technically proven
and products with favorable environmental characteristics are produced. As is the case in essentially all natural
gas to liquid conversion processes where air or oxygen is used for the utilisation or partial conversion of the
energy in natural gas, the CO burden is a drawback as compared to crude oil.
In this work, the Fischer-Tropsch route to synfuels and chemicals is presented as a method, which can
be used to utilize natural gas in an economical way. In doing so, under-utilized resources can be accessed and
products of a high degree of environmental acceptability can be produced.
Natural gas can be used to produce bulk petrochemicals, including methanol and ammonia, but these
are relatively small users of the gas reserves with limited markets. Liquid and other petroleum products are
cheaper to transport, market, distribute to large markets. These can be moved in existing pipelines or products
tankers and even blended with existing crude oil or product streams.
Further, no special contractual arrangements are required for their sale with many suitable domestic and foreign
markets.
New technology is being developed and applied to convert natural gas to liquids in gas to liquids
technology (GTL). The projects are scalable, allowing design optimisation and application to smaller gas
deposits. The key influences on their competitiveness are the cost of capital, operating costs of the plant,
feedstock costs, scale and ability to achieve high utilisation rates in production. As a generalisation however,
GTL is not competitive against conventional oil production unless the gas has a low opportunity value and is not
readily transported.
Gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology has the potential to convert a significant percentage of the world's
proved and potential natural gas reserves - estimated to be upwards of 14,000 trillion cubic feet - into several
hundred billion barrels of oil equivalent - enough to supply the world's needs for the next 25 years.
Emerging gas to liquid conversion (GTL) technologies may play a significant role in developing and monetizing
large quantities of remote and stranded undeveloped gas in offshore fields in Niger Delta.
Offshore GTL technology applications are important because approximately half of the stranded gas in Niger
Delta fields is located offshore.
GTL facilities can be used in small associated natural gas fields, for monetization of gas caps, short-
term use as an early production system on large fields while a large permanent GTL is being built, and as a
long-term solution for offshore gas in a range of water depths, including the expansion activity in deep water
regions of Niger Delta.
The mobility of the floating GTL facilities would permit their use at multiple offshore locations,
thereby providing access to fields that are otherwise too small to justify permanent GTL facilities. Such facilities
could also enable conversion and monetization of natural gas that is normally flared or wasted.
By converting natural gas into liquid fuels, the technology greatly reduces high transport costs, which
in the past has prevented its access to distant markets. This technology is destined to provide an important
element in the future landscape of the energy industry. Every major oil and Gas Company is now energetically
participating in further research and development of the technology." GTL not only adds value, but capable of
producing products that could be sold or blended into refinery stock as superior products with less pollutants for
which there is growing demand. Reflecting its origins as a gas, gas to liquids processes produces diesel fuel with
an energy density comparable to conventional diesel, but with a higher cetane number permitting a superior
performance engine design. Another ―problem‖ emission associated with diesel fuel is particulate matter, which
is composed of unburnt carbon and aromatics, and compounds of sulfur. Fine particulates are associated with
respiratory problems, while certain complex aromatics have been found to be carcinogenic. Low sulfur content,
leads to significant reductions in particulate matter that is generated during combustion, and the low aromatic
content reduces the toxicity of the particulate matter reflecting in a worldwide trend towards the reduction of
sulfur and aromatics in fuel.
II. STATEMENET OF THE PROBLEMS
As the development of oil and gas business continues to rise in Nigeria, investment in this sector is
expected to increase as well. This will require the feasibility of developing floating gas to liquid technology
(GTL) at Niger Delta offshore locations.
Operators need to be acquainted with the various gas to liquid plant on floating vessel techniques
before they can adequately be fit to work in such gas project.
This research will study in detail; the different gases to liquid on floating vessel techniques for Niger
Delta offshore stranded gas and serve as study guide to beginners and reference to experts.
3. Economic Model In Exploiting Stranded Natural Gas In Niger Delta Offshore Fields
14
III. OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF WORK
This project work will basically focus on the need of floating GTL technologies/facilities on offshore
field in Niger Delta, putting into consideration;
1.GTL technology becoming a viable alternative to offshore LNG plants
2.Comparing GTL technology to LNG and CNG technology as a better means of utilizing stranded gas
reserves in Niger Delta offshore areas with respect to economic and technical analysis – bottom line.
3.GTL technology, which can be marinized, i.e. put on a ship, which is economical and attractive to
operators of offshore fields in Niger Delta.
4.Means that will convert otherwise stranded natural gas from multiple offshore fields into
environmental friendly hydrocarbon products ranging from synthetic crude to finished fuels.
5.GTL technology will equally provide a huge strategic economic value for Niger Delta areas and
Nigeria in general where there is a willingness to avoid the environmental pollution and waste of
natural gas through flaring.
IV. METHODOLOGY
An analytical approach was dopted in carrying out this research. In writing the report, four steps were
taken to obtain the information required.
Information were taken from literatures, libraries and from major oil industry, example
(Chevron/Texaco GTL project in Nigeria)
Another source was GTL related information from the Internet with addresses provided by others.
SPE Journals and technical Papers on GTL technology.
In addition, interviews were solicited from experts within the oil and gas industries by securing permit
from the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) plus information that can be obtained from my
lecturers.
The information was reported and analyzed to meet up with the objective of this research.
BASIC GTL PROCESS
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ON GTL versus LNG
This section shows comparative economic evaluation of both the gas to liquid processing and the
liquefied natural gas processing. This is imperative in order to decide which processing method to accept or
4. Economic Model In Exploiting Stranded Natural Gas In Niger Delta Offshore Fields
15
reject in a given oil and gas field. Selecting the best transportation and utilization method for stranded gas that
will bring about maximum benefit and good return on investment.
ASSUMPTIONS AND ESTIMATES:
The following are the assumptions made in this section of the study:
(1) A fifteen-year service life is assumed.
(2) 15% discount is considered.
(3) Investment Cost of a GTL plant is estimated at $551 x 106
USD per B/D GTL product (Data from
Sasol/Chevron-lagos)
(4) Investment Cost (Pipeline and gas processing) of a LNG plant is estimated at $735 x 106
USD per
ton/yr of LNG product. (Data from LNG- Bonny).
(5) GTL operating cost is estimated at $2.25 x 106
USD per year.
(6) LNG operating cost is estimated at $3.40 x 106
USD per year.
FIELD DATA – from offshore field in Niger Delta
Two offshore fields in Niger Delta – Nigeria were compared which is operated using production-
sharing contract (PSC) between the two partners. Gas produced from the fields is flared presently.
The analysis performed here is to compare and decide between the two mentioned gas-processing
methods (LNG and GTL) that will maximize profit and have good return on investment.
The following are the field data gathered for the study:
A reasonable distance, such as Nigeria to the U.S gulf coast is assumed.
Gas reserve of 552MMMscf is estimated.
Natural gas price of $15 per MCF is assumed.
Oil reserved with associated gas of 19MMSTB is estimated.
A price of oil equal to $55/barrel is assumed.
DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC EVALUATION MODEL
Found below is a general model proposed to enable management compare the costs of investment in
the gas to liquid processing and the liquefied natural gas processing and take decision.
Cost, C = -CAPEX – OPEX ……………………………………………..…. (4.1)
That is, for Gas to liquid (GTL):
CGTL = -(CAPEX + OPEX) GTL ……………………………………………… (4.2)
And for Liquefied natural gas processing (LNG),
CLNG = -(CAPEX + OPEX) LNG. ……………………………………………. (4.3)
The cost, C is then discounted at 15% to obtain the present value,
PV given by:
n
i
C
PV )1(
……………………………………………… (4.4)
That is, for GTL
GTL
n
GTL iCPV )1( …………………………………… (4.5)
And that for LNG is given by:
.)1( LNG
n
iCPV ………………………………………. (4.6)
Where i = interest rate, n = number of the year
The Net incremental Present Value (NPV*) is then calculated.
This is done by using the model:
NPV* = PVGTL – PVLNG. …………………………………………………….. (4.7)
Hence, substituting for PVGTL and PVLNG. gives:
.
)1()1(
* LNGnGTLn
i
C
i
CNPV
………………………………… (4.8)
Since both denominators are expected to be the same, it is generally concluded that:
5. Economic Model In Exploiting Stranded Natural Gas In Niger Delta Offshore Fields
16
1
.
)1(
*
n
n
LNGGTL
i
CC
NPV ………………………………………………… (4.9)
Discount factor (D) is expressed as:
D = Present value (PV) …………………………………………… (5.0)
Future income
When the NPV* is calculated, decision is made as follows:
(i) If NPV* is positive or above the line, select Gas to liquid (GTL).
(ii) If NPV* is negative or below the line, select Liquefied natural gas (LNG).
(iii) If NPV* is zero or on the line, select either of them
Table 4.4 below is the table of undiscounted cost for GTL and LNG processing methods:
below is a table of discounted cost at 15% PV. This shall be used by substituting into equation 4.9 to make our
decision on which is more economical gas utilization between GTL processing and LNG processing.
CAPEX ($) x
10^6
OPEX ($) x
10^7 COST x 10^6
CAPEX ($) x
10^6
OPEX ($) x
10^7 COST x 10^6
0 551 0 (551.00) 735 0 (735.00)
1 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
2 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
3 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
4 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
5 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
6 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
7 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
8 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
9 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
10 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
11 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
12 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
13 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
14 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
15 0 2.25 (2.25) 0 3.4 (3.40)
(584.7500) (786.0000)
YEARS
FROM
START
GTL PROCESSING LNG PROCESSING
CAPEX ($) x
10^6
DISCOUNT
FACTOR
15% PV($) x
10^6
CAPEX ($) x
10^6
DISCOUNT
FACTOR
15% PV($) x
10^6
0 (551.00) 1 (551.0000) (735.00) 1 (735.0000)
1 (2.25) 0.8957 (1.9565) (3.40) 0.86957 (2.9565)
2 (2.25) 0.75614 (1.7013) (3.40) 0.75614 (2.5709)
3 (2.25) 0.65752 (1.4794) (3.40) 0.65752 (2.2356)
4 (2.25) 0.57175 (1.2864) (3.40) 0.57175 (1.9440)
5 (2.25) 0.49718 (1.1187) (3.40) 0.49718 (1.6904)
6 (2.25) 0.43233 (0.9727) (3.40) 0.43233 (1.4699)
7 (2.25) 0.37594 (0.8459) (3.40) 0.37594 (1.2782)
8 (2.25) 0.3269 (0.7355) (3.40) 0.3269 (1.1115)
9 (2.25) 0.28426 (0.6396) (3.40) 0.28426 (0.9665)
10 (2.25) 0.24718 (0.5562) (3.40) 0.24718 (0.8404)
11 (2.25) 0.21494 (0.4836) (3.40) 0.21494 (0.7308)
12 (2.25) 0.18691 (0.4205) (3.40) 0.18691 (0.6355)
13 (2.25) 0.16253 (0.3657) (3.40) 0.16253 (0.5526)
14 (2.25) 0.14133 (0.3180) (3.40) 0.14133 (0.4805)
15 (2.25) 0.12289 (0.2765) (3.40) 0.12289 (0.4178)
(584.75) (564.1565) (786.00) (754.8811)
YEARS
FROM
START
GTL PROCESSING LNG PROCESSING
6. Economic Model In Exploiting Stranded Natural Gas In Niger Delta Offshore Fields
17
Substituting parameters into equation 4.9 gives:
15
)15.01(
)00.786(.75.584
*
MM
NPV
Where M = 10^6.
15
)15.1(
00.78675.584
*
MM
NPV
13706.8
25.201
*
M
NPV
MNPV 73.24$*
Hence, since NPV* is positive, select the GTL processing.
V. ECONOMICS ANALYSIS RESULTS:
The results of the LNG versus GTL comparison are shown in Table 4 and 5. The analysis provides a
useful tool to compare relative returns from the two projects. For example, for an NPV of $564.16 x 106
, a gas
price of $3/MCF or a crude oil price of $55/bbl are required. At crude oil prices of ~$60/bbl and current gas
prices of ~$6/MCF, the LNG and GTL projects seem to offer equal economic returns. Lower oil prices may
render LNG more attractive, and higher gas prices may do the opposite. Besides, profitability of LNG
production and GTL is very close, and there is no clear economic preference. Both projects compete well with
each other. However, if LNG production already exists in a country – a case like Nigeria, a GTL project could
be more attractive because it provides the opportunity to diversify the use of gas reserves into other products.
VI. RESEARCH BENEFITS
The following are some of the benefits that can be derived from this project:
1. The project will serve as a source of information to those desiring to acquire knowledge in Gas to
liquid technology.
2. As a result of excellent processing of Natural gas using GTL technology, emission of harmful
substances to the environment can almost be eliminated.
3. Help in ensuring that best quality fuels from GTL technology meeting the required environmental
specification.
4. Utilizing the GTL technology as analyzed in this project will help in achieving the federal government
goal towards zero flare in the year 2008.
5. Choosing the best gas utilization means (LNG, CNG & GTL) for a given gas reserve, water depth and
offshore field distance to nearest land, using economic analysis.
VII. CONCLUSION
Nigeria is fortunate to have a large and balanced natural gas reserve base (associated and non-
associated natural gas) giving a producing life of many years for proven reserves and for all estimated likely
reserves should production rates remain at current levels. Should the Federal Government Nigeria (FGN) wish
to harness this reserve base and increase production to a higher level, yet maintain a prudent production life for
so many years for proven reserves, and then this is achievable, whilst still keeping to the flare out goals set for
2008 and positively change the lives and status of their population in the process. The issues facing the FGN are
mostly time and cost driven, and as such, a coordinated comprehensive plan can be made to implement a set of
building blocks that achieve maximum overall long-term benefit to Nigeria. Key institutional and regulatory
reform is needed to allow progress to be made, a program with strict timelines should be put in place as soon as
is practical to ensure the sustainability of the proposed solutions herein. It should be noted, however, that a
complete set of actions must be carried out across the whole supply chain for it to be successful as any link not
done breaks that chain.
The shortage of petroleum in Nigeria and in the whole world is a clear certitude for the next century.
Alternative energy sources are available but the exploitation technologies are in general not as mature as for
petroleum.
This has been shown to be the case of natural gas. Indeed, the feasibility of the upgrading of natural gas
to valuable chemicals, especially liquid fuels has been known for years.
7. Economic Model In Exploiting Stranded Natural Gas In Niger Delta Offshore Fields
18
However, the high cost of the steam reforming and the partial oxidation processes, used for the conversion of
natural gas to synthesis gas, has hampered the widespread exploitation of natural gas.
Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) gas to liquid (GTL) synthesis process was shown in this thesis to be an exciting
and economical technology for maximum utilization of stranded natural gas after comparing it with other non
pipeline options (LNG & CNG). This technology will increase the utilization of stranded natural gas reserves in
Niger Delta through the conversion to liquid fuels, forming a viable alternative to LNG and equally decrease the
Nigeria’s dependence on imported refined petroleum products like diesel, Jet fuel etc. In longer term, natural gas
can be substituted to petroleum.
BIOGRAPHY
1. Nweke, I. Francis, had a first degree in Petroleum Engineering from Federal University of Technology,
Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. He obtained his master’s degree in Gas Engineering from University of Port
Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria and currently a Ph D student in the same University of Port Harcourt, where he is
carrying out research on pore pressure prediction in planning HPHT wells.
He is currently working as an Assistant Manager Offshore projects co-ordination in Nigerian Agip Oil
Company (Eni International) with 13 years working experience in Drilling and Completion Engineering.
He is a member, Society of Petroleum Engineers, International (SPE). Membership number: 3001075.
Registered member- Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria - (COREN). Membership number:
R. 15,511
2. Adewale Dosunmu is a Professor of Petroleum Engineering in the Department of Petroleum & Gas
Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, and the Shell Aret Adams Chair in Petroleum Engineering at
the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. He is also a consultant to several E&P companies in Nigeria and
overseas. He is a recognized international expert in well engineering in the special area of wellbore stability.
Dosunmu has previously served as an SPE Distinguished Lecturer. He is a member of several professional
societies, including the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and the Nigerian Society of Engineers, and is a
professional registered engineer. He has been on accreditation teams at many universities and is a visiting
professor to several universities offering courses in petroleum engineering.
REFERENCES
[1] African Development Consulting Group Limited, (2000): The Nigerian Gas Industry Report, p. 111 –
131.
[2] Anderson, R.B., New York 1956, Catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, vol. 4, Van Nostrand
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[3] Chevron Nigeria, Nigeria Fact Sheet, http://www.chevrontexaco.com/operations/docs/nigeria.pdf
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