ABSTRACT: A residential building is a dynamic system in which the internal heat gains occur mainly through
roof and walls. The heat transmission to the inside of a building is primarily based on the outdoor temperature.
The indoor environment of a building consists of two primary variables. One is indoor temperature (IT) and the
other is indoor relative humidity (IRH). The indoor temperature is a combination of radiations received through
the roof and walls of the building. If the indoor temperature is too high (summer), or too low (winter) then the
building is said to be thermally uncomfortable.In the above two,cases thermal performance of the building is
said to be poor. Increasing or decreasing the indoor temperature to a satisfactory level of the occupants leads
to comfort temperature. The comfort temperature is the critical state of the indoor temperature. In this study, a
new design of roof, based on passive cooling has been constructed, in which hybrid techniques were
incorporated to bring down the indoor temperature.The daily mean indoor temperatures obtained were very
close to the comfort temperature in summer and is within the comfort band in the other seasons of the year.
Thermal comfort is affected by factors like air temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiant heat. Over time, indices have been developed to quantify thermal comfort, including effective temperature and corrected effective temperature. Properly measuring factors like air temperature, humidity, air velocity, and radiant heat is necessary to evaluate thermal conditions and design appropriate heating/cooling systems. Key instruments used in measurement include dry bulb thermometers, wet bulb thermometers, psychrometers, globe thermometers, and Kata thermometers. Common heat stress indices are effective temperature and the wet bulb globe temperature index.
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to compare natural cross ventilation and hybrid ventilation systems for cooling indoor spaces in hot climates. Three models were analyzed: 1) natural cross ventilation, 2) cross ventilation with a ceiling fan, and 3) cross ventilation with a wall fan. The study found that both hybrid systems decreased indoor temperatures in Aswan, Egypt by 5-8.5°C compared to only natural ventilation, with the wall fan providing better air distribution at sitting level. Hybrid ventilation can more effectively cool indoor spaces in hot climates compared to natural ventilation alone.
Thermal comfort for bohs version for slideshare notesMike Slater
This document discusses thermal comfort and strain in the workplace. It defines thermal comfort as a psychological state regarding a person's satisfaction with their thermal environment, as opposed to thermal strain which refers to physiological stress on the body from an extreme thermal environment. The document outlines factors that influence thermal comfort, including air temperature, radiant heat, humidity, air velocity, activity level, and clothing. It describes qualitative and quantitative approaches to evaluating thermal comfort, with quantitative assessment involving measuring the environmental parameters and human factors that determine heat balance and comfort.
Thermal comfort is affected by various environmental and personal factors including air temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity, humidity, clothing insulation, and metabolic heat. The document discusses these six factors of thermal comfort and how the body maintains heat balance. Various approaches to achieving thermal comfort through textiles are also presented, such as using moisture wicking fibers, breathable fabrics, and wearable cooling devices.
Natural Climatic Control using Conceptual Elements in a Building for Human Co...YogeshIJTSRD
With respect to comfort inside the building to distinguish between thermal comfort lighting important of these effects is thermal comfort which is primarily compared by four major factors the air temperature, Maine radiant temperature, Humidity and Air flow. An extended work of the American society of heating, refrigerating and accordingly engineers ASHRE. The thermal comfort is that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction in the thermal environment. Basic physical and physiological measurements of temperature and heat flux of represent location of a human body have yielded the following results. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Natural Climatic Control using Conceptual Elements in a Building for Human Comfort" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43783.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/43783/natural-climatic-control-using-conceptual-elements-in-a-building-for-human-comfort/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
Exploring the preferred temperature on occupants thermal comfort in the humid...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The presentation shows the various measures to calculate the thermal comfort in buildings from ASHRAE to IMAC and also provides low energy methods to improve thermal comfort.
Thermal comfort is affected by factors like air temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiant heat. Over time, indices have been developed to quantify thermal comfort, including effective temperature and corrected effective temperature. Properly measuring factors like air temperature, humidity, air velocity, and radiant heat is necessary to evaluate thermal conditions and design appropriate heating/cooling systems. Key instruments used in measurement include dry bulb thermometers, wet bulb thermometers, psychrometers, globe thermometers, and Kata thermometers. Common heat stress indices are effective temperature and the wet bulb globe temperature index.
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to compare natural cross ventilation and hybrid ventilation systems for cooling indoor spaces in hot climates. Three models were analyzed: 1) natural cross ventilation, 2) cross ventilation with a ceiling fan, and 3) cross ventilation with a wall fan. The study found that both hybrid systems decreased indoor temperatures in Aswan, Egypt by 5-8.5°C compared to only natural ventilation, with the wall fan providing better air distribution at sitting level. Hybrid ventilation can more effectively cool indoor spaces in hot climates compared to natural ventilation alone.
Thermal comfort for bohs version for slideshare notesMike Slater
This document discusses thermal comfort and strain in the workplace. It defines thermal comfort as a psychological state regarding a person's satisfaction with their thermal environment, as opposed to thermal strain which refers to physiological stress on the body from an extreme thermal environment. The document outlines factors that influence thermal comfort, including air temperature, radiant heat, humidity, air velocity, activity level, and clothing. It describes qualitative and quantitative approaches to evaluating thermal comfort, with quantitative assessment involving measuring the environmental parameters and human factors that determine heat balance and comfort.
Thermal comfort is affected by various environmental and personal factors including air temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity, humidity, clothing insulation, and metabolic heat. The document discusses these six factors of thermal comfort and how the body maintains heat balance. Various approaches to achieving thermal comfort through textiles are also presented, such as using moisture wicking fibers, breathable fabrics, and wearable cooling devices.
Natural Climatic Control using Conceptual Elements in a Building for Human Co...YogeshIJTSRD
With respect to comfort inside the building to distinguish between thermal comfort lighting important of these effects is thermal comfort which is primarily compared by four major factors the air temperature, Maine radiant temperature, Humidity and Air flow. An extended work of the American society of heating, refrigerating and accordingly engineers ASHRE. The thermal comfort is that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction in the thermal environment. Basic physical and physiological measurements of temperature and heat flux of represent location of a human body have yielded the following results. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Natural Climatic Control using Conceptual Elements in a Building for Human Comfort" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43783.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/43783/natural-climatic-control-using-conceptual-elements-in-a-building-for-human-comfort/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
Exploring the preferred temperature on occupants thermal comfort in the humid...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The presentation shows the various measures to calculate the thermal comfort in buildings from ASHRAE to IMAC and also provides low energy methods to improve thermal comfort.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer by Electrically Heated Rectangula...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation of heat transfer from an electrically heated rectangular surface by natural convection. The experiment measured the temperature distribution of air around a flat aluminum plate heated to temperatures between 347-365K at various angles from vertical. As the plate angle increased, the slope of the dimensionless temperature curve decreased, showing angle affects heat transfer. The Nusselt number also varied with angle. The experimental data agreed with previous work for vertical plates and showed temperature was independent of distance horizontally. The results provide insight into heat transfer behavior from inclined surfaces.
IRJET- Effect of Wavy Tube on Heat Transfer in a Concentric Tube Heat Exch...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on using a wavy inner tube in a concentric tube heat exchanger to enhance heat transfer. It first discusses different heat transfer augmentation techniques, including active, passive and compound methods. It then reviews several previous studies that experimentally and numerically examined heat transfer performance of wavy tube heat exchangers. These studies found that a wavy inner tube could increase heat transfer by over 100% compared to a plain tube by generating swirl flow and turbulence. The document also reviews research on other passive techniques like wire coil inserts and their effects on heat transfer and pressure drop. Overall, the review shows that wavy tube and other passive inserts can significantly enhance heat transfer in heat exchangers.
This document summarizes a study that examines the response of the Indian summer monsoon circulation to diabatic heating anomalies during strong El Niño events, using an atmospheric general circulation model. The study finds that adding diabatic heating anomalies based on 1972 and 1987 produces an anomalous anticyclonic circulation over the Indian region. When diabatic heating over both the Pacific and Indian Oceans are included, the anomalous circulation weakens. This suggests diabatic heating over the Indian Ocean influences the monsoon circulation response to El Niño, though more analysis is needed to fully explain the relationship.
Mhd effects on non newtonian micro polar fluid with uniform suctioneSAT Journals
Abstract In this present work, the problem of heat and mass transfer on the flow of Non-newtonian micropolar fluid with uniform suction/blowing with heat generation, radiation, thermophoresis and chemical reaction effects are studied. The non-linear partial differential equation arising from the flow modeling were transformed into coupled non linear ordinary differential equations and subsequently solved by using the implicit finite difference method. The effect of relevant thermo physical parameters such as material parameter K, suction parameter A, heat generation/absorption parameter B, Prandtl number Pr, radiation parameter R, thermophoretic parameter τ, chemical reaction parameter δ , magnetic parameter Ha and Schmidt number Sc are also being numerically investigated and analyzed. Keywords: MHD, micro polar fluid, heat generation, thermophoresis, radiation and finite difference scheme.
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
PRINCIPLES OF FOOD ENGINEERING
DETAILED CONTENTS
1. Introduction (08 hrs)
Units of measurement and their conversion
Physical properties like colour, size, shape, density, specific gravity, thousand grain weight/bulk density, porosity, Rheological properties of food materials and their importance
Thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and other physical properties of foods
2. Materials and energy Balance (08 hrs)
Basic principles, total mass & component mass balance, system boundaries, material balance calculations, principle of energy balance, Heat, Enthalpy, calculations of specific heat.
3. Fluid Mechanics (10 hrs)
Manometers, Reynolds number, fluid flow characteristics, pumps – principles, types, and working of most common pumps used in food industry
4. Heat and Mass Transfer during food processing – Modes of heat transfer i.e. conduction, convection and radiation. Different heat exchangers. Principle of mass transfer, diffusion. (10 hrs)
5. Thermal Processing of Foods (08 hrs)
Selection, operation and periodical maintenance of equipments used in food industry viz. pasteurizer, autoclave, heat exchangers, evaporators, driers, boilers etc.
6. Psychrometry (04 hrs)
Principle of psychrometry and its application
This document presents a case study on the PAM Centre office building in Malaysia. The study examines the effects of natural ventilation on the building in the tropical climate. Experimental research was conducted to measure temperature and relative humidity at different levels of the building on a cloudy day. The results showed that natural ventilation was more effective on higher floors where the temperature difference between interior and exterior was larger, promoting cross ventilation. Stack ventilation was also effective as relative humidity decreased on lower floors. A post-occupancy survey found that passive ventilation was efficient. As a result, the building received platinum rating from the Green Building Index and complied with ventilation standards.
The document summarizes the experimental study of a solar air heater. A solar air heater was designed, fabricated and tested under forced convection mode in Allahabad, India. The air heater's performance was evaluated at different air mass flow rates between 0.023-0.046 kg/s. A maximum efficiency of 85% was achieved at the lowest mass flow rate of 0.023 kg/s. Outlet air temperature was highest for the lowest mass flow rate, with a maximum temperature gain of 28% observed. The study found that the fabricated solar air heater was simple to build with locally available materials and was able to effectively heat air for potential applications.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
THE EFFECT OF TRANSVERSE VIBRATION ON THE NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN...IAEME Publication
The effect of transverse vibration on the natural convection heat transfer in a
rectangular enclosure with an aspect ratio of 0.5 filled with air as a working fluid
aligned horizontally on a mechanical shaker generating a sinusoidal transverse
vibrational displacement was studied experimentally. The study was carried for a
Raghiely number between (3.77 - 10.8)*107 with applied heat flux between (20 - 45)
Watt. The vibrational experimental measurements were carried out for different
frequency ratio (0.87-1.6) and vibrational Rayleigh number ranged between (0.12 -
2.7)*107. The results of the heat transfer inside the enclosure without vibration show
a very close agreement with the published one. The vibrational heat transfer results
show that the behavior of different heat transfer convection parameters can be
affected by applying a forced vibration condition. It is shown that the high heat
transfer can be achieved at frequencies near to the system natural frequency at
constant heat flux. Also, it is concluded that a careful attention should be given to the
proper selection of heat flux and frequency ratio results in obtaining maximum values
of heat transfer parameters with low cost of power consumption.
This document discusses the design and analysis of an air-conditioned tricycle that uses thermoelectric cooling. The system uses multiple thermoelectric Peltier modules to absorb heat from the air and provide cooling. Rectangular fins and fiber sheets are used to improve heat transfer from the modules. The design is intended to provide cooling without using ozone-depleting refrigerants. Experimental results showed the thermoelectric system was able to achieve a cooling power of 50W per module with a coefficient of performance between 1.5-2. The document reviews several other studies on thermoelectric cooling systems and their advantages over traditional vapor-compression air conditioners.
This document discusses thermal comfort in clothing. It begins by defining comfort and thermal comfort, noting that comfort is influenced by both external environmental factors and internal individual factors. It then discusses the six main factors that influence thermal comfort: air temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity, humidity, clothing insulation, and metabolic heat. The document also discusses approaches to improving thermal comfort through appropriate textile material selection, garment design focused on ventilation, and use of technologies like phase change materials. It emphasizes that thermal comfort is an important consideration in clothing design.
The document discusses a mobile phone app called PHS (Predicted Heat Strain) that allows users to conduct heat stress risk assessments based on environmental and worker parameters. The app was developed based on algorithms from ISO 7933 and allows users to input data to predict a worker's heat strain and core body temperature rise. It can be used to assess heat stress risks, analyze the impact of different controls or work/rest schedules, and provide guidance on managing risks from heat exposure.
Natural convection heat transfer in inclined open annulus passege heated from...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on natural convection heat transfer in an open cylindrical annulus heated from both the inner and outer sides. The study examines the effects of inclination angle (0°, 30°, 60°, 90°) and heat flux (70-600 W/m2) on the local and average Nusselt number. The results show that the Nusselt number increases with both increasing heat flux and inclination angle from horizontal to vertical. Empirical correlations between the average Nusselt number and Rayleigh number are developed from the results.
This document discusses indoor temperature standards and the potential for higher indoor temperatures in offices. It notes that international standards, like ISO 7730, predict thermal comfort can be achieved at temperatures up to 26°C if clothing is adjusted. National guidance also recognizes people can adapt to higher temperatures through changes in workstyle and building design features that allow adaptive opportunities. Allowing higher indoor temperatures could significantly reduce energy usage for cooling and make buildings more sustainable. The document also examines how reducing commuting travel, through flexible working arrangements and better use of existing office space, could lower individual carbon footprints.
IRJET - Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer through Rectangular and ...IRJET Journal
1. The document experimentally investigates heat transfer through rectangular and trapezoidal fins made of aluminum 6063 alloy with variable cross-sections. Rectangular fins measuring 110x50x10mm and trapezoidal fins measuring 110x30x10mm were fabricated and their heat transfer coefficients were measured under different heat input conditions.
2. Several studies on heat transfer through different fin geometries are reviewed. One study found that sideward vertically oriented trapezoidal fins performed best for natural convection cooling. Another study computationally analyzed heat transfer from vertical trapezoidal and rectangular fins and found trapezoidal fins performed better.
3. The document aims to compare heat transfer through rectangular, trapezoidal and parabolic
The document discusses thermal comfort and the factors that affect it. Thermal comfort is defined as the condition of satisfaction with one's thermal environment and is influenced by factors like air temperature, humidity, air movement, clothing, activity level, and radiant temperature. Maintaining thermal comfort is important for productivity, health, and reducing sick building syndrome symptoms. Adaptive models allow for more flexible and energy-efficient building designs that can still provide thermal comfort.
Performance Analysis of Single Pass Earth Tube Heat Exchanger for Cooling in ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of a single-pass earth tube heat exchanger (ETHE) for cooling applications in the summer season. The ETHE consists of a 30-meter long pipe buried 3 meters underground. When ambient air is pumped through the pipe, it exits at a temperature up to 15 degrees Celsius cooler. The maximum coefficient of performance measured was 2.5. Testing was conducted over one month to evaluate the ETHE's ability to reduce air temperature through utilizing the stable underground temperature.
FINITE ELEMENT THERMAL ANALYSIS OF DEEP BOX-GIRDERSIAEME Publication
A three-dimensional thermal analysis using the finite element method was conducted in this research to evaluate the heat conduction in deep concrete box-girder bridges considering the temperature change of air, the thermal radiation from the sun and the speed of the wind. The current finite element analysis has predicted the concrete temperatures effectively with temperature errors ranged between 0.1 oC and 1.7 oC. The proposed finite element model was then used to evaluate the distribution of temperature in deep concrete box-girders considering the weather conditions of Gaziantep, Turkey. The weather data including solar radiation, air temperature and wind speed for a hot summer day were recorded from a specially installed weather station in the campus of the University of Gaziantep. The results showed that the AASHTO's gradient model was almost identical with the predicted temperature gradients at the top and the bottom surfaces and along the clear depth of the webs. However, the behavior along the top 1 m was different.
Investigating the applicability of pm ve ppde model in non air-conditioned ho...Alexander Decker
This document investigates the applicability of the PMVe-PPDe thermal comfort model in a non-air conditioned hostel building in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Physical measurements of indoor environmental variables like air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity were taken in the hostel and used to calculate PMVe and PPDe values. Most of the calculated PMVe values fell within the comfort range recommended by standards. The obtained PPDe results showed slight overestimation of dissatisfaction under neutral conditions. The study concluded that the PMVe-PPDe model is applicable in the non-air conditioned hostel building in this climate when the proper expectancy factor is used.
An Estimate of Thermal Comfort in North-Central Region of NigeriaIOSR Journals
This document analyzes thermal comfort levels in five urban areas in Nigeria's North-Central region from 1980-2009. Temperature, humidity, and wind speed data were used to calculate temperature-humidity indices and wind chill indices monthly. Results showed severe heat stress in April, May, and March in Abuja, Minna, Lokoja, and Bida, while moderate heat stress occurred other months. Jos experienced comfortable conditions year-round except November-January. Extreme heat was most frequent in April for areas other than Jos. Moderate heat stress was most common in transition months. Jos remained relatively comfortable due to its high elevation.
Control of tropical_microclimates_through_landscape_designShatabdi Mahanta
This document summarizes concepts and methods for controlling tropical microclimates through landscape design. It discusses how landscape design can be used to moderate microclimate variables like temperature, humidity, wind speed, and radiation levels to maintain thermal comfort. Key concepts covered include the greenhouse effect, almond tree effect, urban heat islands, wind flow patterns, and how factors like ground cover, topography, and altitude affect local climate conditions. The goal of microclimate control through landscaping is to buffer indoor environments from outdoor climate fluctuations.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer by Electrically Heated Rectangula...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation of heat transfer from an electrically heated rectangular surface by natural convection. The experiment measured the temperature distribution of air around a flat aluminum plate heated to temperatures between 347-365K at various angles from vertical. As the plate angle increased, the slope of the dimensionless temperature curve decreased, showing angle affects heat transfer. The Nusselt number also varied with angle. The experimental data agreed with previous work for vertical plates and showed temperature was independent of distance horizontally. The results provide insight into heat transfer behavior from inclined surfaces.
IRJET- Effect of Wavy Tube on Heat Transfer in a Concentric Tube Heat Exch...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on using a wavy inner tube in a concentric tube heat exchanger to enhance heat transfer. It first discusses different heat transfer augmentation techniques, including active, passive and compound methods. It then reviews several previous studies that experimentally and numerically examined heat transfer performance of wavy tube heat exchangers. These studies found that a wavy inner tube could increase heat transfer by over 100% compared to a plain tube by generating swirl flow and turbulence. The document also reviews research on other passive techniques like wire coil inserts and their effects on heat transfer and pressure drop. Overall, the review shows that wavy tube and other passive inserts can significantly enhance heat transfer in heat exchangers.
This document summarizes a study that examines the response of the Indian summer monsoon circulation to diabatic heating anomalies during strong El Niño events, using an atmospheric general circulation model. The study finds that adding diabatic heating anomalies based on 1972 and 1987 produces an anomalous anticyclonic circulation over the Indian region. When diabatic heating over both the Pacific and Indian Oceans are included, the anomalous circulation weakens. This suggests diabatic heating over the Indian Ocean influences the monsoon circulation response to El Niño, though more analysis is needed to fully explain the relationship.
Mhd effects on non newtonian micro polar fluid with uniform suctioneSAT Journals
Abstract In this present work, the problem of heat and mass transfer on the flow of Non-newtonian micropolar fluid with uniform suction/blowing with heat generation, radiation, thermophoresis and chemical reaction effects are studied. The non-linear partial differential equation arising from the flow modeling were transformed into coupled non linear ordinary differential equations and subsequently solved by using the implicit finite difference method. The effect of relevant thermo physical parameters such as material parameter K, suction parameter A, heat generation/absorption parameter B, Prandtl number Pr, radiation parameter R, thermophoretic parameter τ, chemical reaction parameter δ , magnetic parameter Ha and Schmidt number Sc are also being numerically investigated and analyzed. Keywords: MHD, micro polar fluid, heat generation, thermophoresis, radiation and finite difference scheme.
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
PRINCIPLES OF FOOD ENGINEERING
DETAILED CONTENTS
1. Introduction (08 hrs)
Units of measurement and their conversion
Physical properties like colour, size, shape, density, specific gravity, thousand grain weight/bulk density, porosity, Rheological properties of food materials and their importance
Thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and other physical properties of foods
2. Materials and energy Balance (08 hrs)
Basic principles, total mass & component mass balance, system boundaries, material balance calculations, principle of energy balance, Heat, Enthalpy, calculations of specific heat.
3. Fluid Mechanics (10 hrs)
Manometers, Reynolds number, fluid flow characteristics, pumps – principles, types, and working of most common pumps used in food industry
4. Heat and Mass Transfer during food processing – Modes of heat transfer i.e. conduction, convection and radiation. Different heat exchangers. Principle of mass transfer, diffusion. (10 hrs)
5. Thermal Processing of Foods (08 hrs)
Selection, operation and periodical maintenance of equipments used in food industry viz. pasteurizer, autoclave, heat exchangers, evaporators, driers, boilers etc.
6. Psychrometry (04 hrs)
Principle of psychrometry and its application
This document presents a case study on the PAM Centre office building in Malaysia. The study examines the effects of natural ventilation on the building in the tropical climate. Experimental research was conducted to measure temperature and relative humidity at different levels of the building on a cloudy day. The results showed that natural ventilation was more effective on higher floors where the temperature difference between interior and exterior was larger, promoting cross ventilation. Stack ventilation was also effective as relative humidity decreased on lower floors. A post-occupancy survey found that passive ventilation was efficient. As a result, the building received platinum rating from the Green Building Index and complied with ventilation standards.
The document summarizes the experimental study of a solar air heater. A solar air heater was designed, fabricated and tested under forced convection mode in Allahabad, India. The air heater's performance was evaluated at different air mass flow rates between 0.023-0.046 kg/s. A maximum efficiency of 85% was achieved at the lowest mass flow rate of 0.023 kg/s. Outlet air temperature was highest for the lowest mass flow rate, with a maximum temperature gain of 28% observed. The study found that the fabricated solar air heater was simple to build with locally available materials and was able to effectively heat air for potential applications.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
THE EFFECT OF TRANSVERSE VIBRATION ON THE NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN...IAEME Publication
The effect of transverse vibration on the natural convection heat transfer in a
rectangular enclosure with an aspect ratio of 0.5 filled with air as a working fluid
aligned horizontally on a mechanical shaker generating a sinusoidal transverse
vibrational displacement was studied experimentally. The study was carried for a
Raghiely number between (3.77 - 10.8)*107 with applied heat flux between (20 - 45)
Watt. The vibrational experimental measurements were carried out for different
frequency ratio (0.87-1.6) and vibrational Rayleigh number ranged between (0.12 -
2.7)*107. The results of the heat transfer inside the enclosure without vibration show
a very close agreement with the published one. The vibrational heat transfer results
show that the behavior of different heat transfer convection parameters can be
affected by applying a forced vibration condition. It is shown that the high heat
transfer can be achieved at frequencies near to the system natural frequency at
constant heat flux. Also, it is concluded that a careful attention should be given to the
proper selection of heat flux and frequency ratio results in obtaining maximum values
of heat transfer parameters with low cost of power consumption.
This document discusses the design and analysis of an air-conditioned tricycle that uses thermoelectric cooling. The system uses multiple thermoelectric Peltier modules to absorb heat from the air and provide cooling. Rectangular fins and fiber sheets are used to improve heat transfer from the modules. The design is intended to provide cooling without using ozone-depleting refrigerants. Experimental results showed the thermoelectric system was able to achieve a cooling power of 50W per module with a coefficient of performance between 1.5-2. The document reviews several other studies on thermoelectric cooling systems and their advantages over traditional vapor-compression air conditioners.
This document discusses thermal comfort in clothing. It begins by defining comfort and thermal comfort, noting that comfort is influenced by both external environmental factors and internal individual factors. It then discusses the six main factors that influence thermal comfort: air temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity, humidity, clothing insulation, and metabolic heat. The document also discusses approaches to improving thermal comfort through appropriate textile material selection, garment design focused on ventilation, and use of technologies like phase change materials. It emphasizes that thermal comfort is an important consideration in clothing design.
The document discusses a mobile phone app called PHS (Predicted Heat Strain) that allows users to conduct heat stress risk assessments based on environmental and worker parameters. The app was developed based on algorithms from ISO 7933 and allows users to input data to predict a worker's heat strain and core body temperature rise. It can be used to assess heat stress risks, analyze the impact of different controls or work/rest schedules, and provide guidance on managing risks from heat exposure.
Natural convection heat transfer in inclined open annulus passege heated from...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on natural convection heat transfer in an open cylindrical annulus heated from both the inner and outer sides. The study examines the effects of inclination angle (0°, 30°, 60°, 90°) and heat flux (70-600 W/m2) on the local and average Nusselt number. The results show that the Nusselt number increases with both increasing heat flux and inclination angle from horizontal to vertical. Empirical correlations between the average Nusselt number and Rayleigh number are developed from the results.
This document discusses indoor temperature standards and the potential for higher indoor temperatures in offices. It notes that international standards, like ISO 7730, predict thermal comfort can be achieved at temperatures up to 26°C if clothing is adjusted. National guidance also recognizes people can adapt to higher temperatures through changes in workstyle and building design features that allow adaptive opportunities. Allowing higher indoor temperatures could significantly reduce energy usage for cooling and make buildings more sustainable. The document also examines how reducing commuting travel, through flexible working arrangements and better use of existing office space, could lower individual carbon footprints.
IRJET - Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer through Rectangular and ...IRJET Journal
1. The document experimentally investigates heat transfer through rectangular and trapezoidal fins made of aluminum 6063 alloy with variable cross-sections. Rectangular fins measuring 110x50x10mm and trapezoidal fins measuring 110x30x10mm were fabricated and their heat transfer coefficients were measured under different heat input conditions.
2. Several studies on heat transfer through different fin geometries are reviewed. One study found that sideward vertically oriented trapezoidal fins performed best for natural convection cooling. Another study computationally analyzed heat transfer from vertical trapezoidal and rectangular fins and found trapezoidal fins performed better.
3. The document aims to compare heat transfer through rectangular, trapezoidal and parabolic
The document discusses thermal comfort and the factors that affect it. Thermal comfort is defined as the condition of satisfaction with one's thermal environment and is influenced by factors like air temperature, humidity, air movement, clothing, activity level, and radiant temperature. Maintaining thermal comfort is important for productivity, health, and reducing sick building syndrome symptoms. Adaptive models allow for more flexible and energy-efficient building designs that can still provide thermal comfort.
Performance Analysis of Single Pass Earth Tube Heat Exchanger for Cooling in ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of a single-pass earth tube heat exchanger (ETHE) for cooling applications in the summer season. The ETHE consists of a 30-meter long pipe buried 3 meters underground. When ambient air is pumped through the pipe, it exits at a temperature up to 15 degrees Celsius cooler. The maximum coefficient of performance measured was 2.5. Testing was conducted over one month to evaluate the ETHE's ability to reduce air temperature through utilizing the stable underground temperature.
FINITE ELEMENT THERMAL ANALYSIS OF DEEP BOX-GIRDERSIAEME Publication
A three-dimensional thermal analysis using the finite element method was conducted in this research to evaluate the heat conduction in deep concrete box-girder bridges considering the temperature change of air, the thermal radiation from the sun and the speed of the wind. The current finite element analysis has predicted the concrete temperatures effectively with temperature errors ranged between 0.1 oC and 1.7 oC. The proposed finite element model was then used to evaluate the distribution of temperature in deep concrete box-girders considering the weather conditions of Gaziantep, Turkey. The weather data including solar radiation, air temperature and wind speed for a hot summer day were recorded from a specially installed weather station in the campus of the University of Gaziantep. The results showed that the AASHTO's gradient model was almost identical with the predicted temperature gradients at the top and the bottom surfaces and along the clear depth of the webs. However, the behavior along the top 1 m was different.
Investigating the applicability of pm ve ppde model in non air-conditioned ho...Alexander Decker
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A Study on Indoor Temperature and Comfort Temperature
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 4 Issue 3 || March 2015 || PP.07-14
www.ijesi.org 7 | Page
A Study on Indoor Temperature and Comfort Temperature
M.Ponni1
Dr.R.Baskar2
1
Research Scholar, Department Of Civil & Structural Engineering,
2
Associate Professor, Department Of Civil & Structural Engineering,
Annamalai University,Chidambaram-608 001, Tamil Nadu, India.
ABSTRACT: A residential building is a dynamic system in which the internal heat gains occur mainly through
roof and walls. The heat transmission to the inside of a building is primarily based on the outdoor temperature.
The indoor environment of a building consists of two primary variables. One is indoor temperature (IT) and the
other is indoor relative humidity (IRH). The indoor temperature is a combination of radiations received through
the roof and walls of the building. If the indoor temperature is too high (summer), or too low (winter) then the
building is said to be thermally uncomfortable.In the above two,cases thermal performance of the building is
said to be poor. Increasing or decreasing the indoor temperature to a satisfactory level of the occupants leads
to comfort temperature. The comfort temperature is the critical state of the indoor temperature. In this study, a
new design of roof, based on passive cooling has been constructed, in which hybrid techniques were
incorporated to bring down the indoor temperature.The daily mean indoor temperatures obtained were very
close to the comfort temperature in summer and is within the comfort band in the other seasons of the year.
KEY WORDS: Indoor environment, Indoor temperature, Indoor Relative Humidity, Comfort Temperature,
Outdoor Temperature.
I. INTRODUCTION
The earth revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit of very small eccentricity. The earth completes
one revolution in one year having the sun at one of the foci. The axis of rotation of the earth is inclined at about
231/2˚ with respect to the plane of revolution. As a consequence, large seasonal variations occur in the amount
of solar radiation received at different latitudes of earth. The largest annual variations occur near the two poles
and the smallest near the equator. Even the smallest variations bring unbearable thermal effects to the buildings
and the occupants. The temperature is too high in summer and low in the winter regarding the living things. The
thermal conditions outside the buildings affect the indoor. The indoor temperature needs some limitations for
human comfort.The comfort temperature is a result of dealings between the occupants and the indoor
environment of the building or the other environment in which they reside. Occupants comfort depends on the
mean indoor temperature. This in turn depends on the outdoor temperature. The indoor of a building should not
be too warm or too cold. The feasible indoor temperature for satisfactory living is a must for the occupants. The
temperature which provides thermal comfort or thermal neutrality to the occupants is known as comfort
temperature. Thermal comfort is one of the most essential aspects of user satisfaction and energy consumption
in buildings [1].
Human Comfort consists of six factors. The first two factors are personal factors and the remaining
four factors are environmental factors.
[1]. Metabolic rate (met): The energy generated from the human body (1 met = 58 W/m2
)
[2]. Clothing insulation (clo): The amount of thermal insulation the person is wearing. 1Clo = 0.155m2
.K/W)
[3]. Indoor Air Temperature (Ti): Temperature of the air surrounding the occupant. Or it represents the
indoor temperature.
[4]. Outdoor Temperature (To): The weighted average of all the temperatures from surfaces surrounding an
occupant.
[5]. Air velocity (Va): Rate of air movement.
[6]. Relative humidity (Rh): Percentage of water vapour present in the air.
Determination of the comfort temperature has two approaches: One is the Fixed Temperature Approach
and the other is the Variable Temperature Approach. The Fixed Temperature Approach: The Fixed
Temperature Approach or the Heat balance model represents a well-rooted school of thought. For a very long
period comfort means only a fixed temperature 23°C or 24°C with a range of 1or 2˚C on either side. Comfort
Zone for fixed temperature approach is 23±1°C, ±5% relative humidity and Comfort Range (tolerance) is from
23°C to 25°C for all the time and for all the places irrespective of other conditions.
2. A Study On Indoor Temperature...
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The heat balance model analyses thermo physiology in detail by assuming controlled steady-state
conditions and high accuracy for all analysed variables such as activity level, thermal resistance of clothing, air
temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative air velocity, and water vapour pressure in ambient air [2].
Fanger’s deterministic heat balance model which formed the basis for these standards, excludes all forms of
human adaptation other than in clothing (Nicol, 2004). According to the ASHRAE Standard 55-2004, thermal
comfort is a state of mind where a person expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment. The ASHRAE
Seven point thermal sensation scale or the Predicted Mean Vote Scale (PMV) and the Predicted Percentage of
Dissatisfied (PPD) are given below Fig.1.
Figure1: ASHRAE: Seven - Point thermal sensation scale (Source: ASHRAE 2003)
The PMV index predicts the mean response of a large group of people according to ASHRAE Thermal
Sensation Scale. PMV related to the imbalance between the actual heat flow from the body in a given
environment and the heat flow required for best comfort at the specified activity.The Adaptive Comfort
Approach or The Variable Temperature Approach: The Adaptive Comfort Approach has been emerged just 40
years ago. Few years ago, there was no thermal Comfort for India. Fixed Temperature Approach serves as a
benchmark for the comparative study of variable temperature approach. Human beings adapt in many ways
(physiological, psychological, behavioural and use of controls) in their journey to seek thermal delight from
discomfort (Heschong, 1979). Due to the adaptation of human beings the comfort temperature is not the same
for all places. No universal comfort temperature has been predicted to suit all the occupants of all the regions of
the globe. Hence every region must have its own comfort temperature with an intuition according to its climate,
regional culture and building type. Recent studies are following the adaptive approach.
The adaptive model investigates the dynamic relationship between occupants and their general
environments based on the principle that people tend to react to changes that produced is comfort by seeking
methods of restoring their comfort levels [3]. General standards may not be appropriate for all climates,
however in a Brazilian study, the minimum air velocity has been proposed for three different operative
temperature ranges as follows: 0.4m/s for 24–27˚C, 0.41–0.8 m/s for 27–29 ˚C, and 0.81 m/s for 29–31 ˚C [4].
Very little thermal comfort studies have been carried out so far in India. For all climate and building types, the
National Building Code of India specifies the use of too narrow ranges of two bands of temperatures for summer
and winter. For summer it is (23–26˚C) and for winter it is (21–23˚C), (BEE, 2005). In India there are six
climatic conditions. The six climatic zones are given with their monthly mean temperature, relative humidity
and the respective cities. Coastal regions of India have the warm and humid climate which is obvious from the
fig.2. This warm and humid climate has a temperature around 30˚C and relative humidity 55%.
Climate
Mean Monthly
Temp(˚C)
Relative
Humidity (%)
Representative
City
Hot and Dry 30 <55 Jodhpur
Warm and Humid 30 55 Mumbai
Moderate 25 - 30 <75 Bangalore
Cold and Cloudy <25 55 Simla
Cold and Sunny <25 <55 Leh
Composite New Delhi
This applies when six months or
more do not fall within any of the
above categories
Table I: Six climatic conditions and thermal data Figure 2: India and climatic zones
3. A Study On Indoor Temperature...
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A study conducted in Himachalpradesh predicts a minimum comfort temperature 18.46˚C in Manali
during January and a maximum comfort temperature 29.05˚C in Unaduring July [5]. A field study on the
basis of adaptive approach was conducted in the Naturally Ventilated apartments of Hyderabad, during summer
and monsoon, in 2008. The analysis resumed a comfort temperature of 29.23°C and the comfort band of 26 -
32.5°C, and the relative humidity range of 17% - 78% [6]. The occupants adapted through clothing and
metabolism to remain comfortable. Clothing insulation varied from 0.19 – 0.84 clo in this study, while
metabolism varied from 0.7 – 2.0 Met (sleeping – standing working). Understandably, subjects chose lighter
clothing (0.15- 0.3 clo) and took post- meal naps during the hot mid-day in summer. Some men at home were
found in lungi (a 2 m x 1.4 m long cloth draped around the waist), and left the upper body bare, when at home,
during the hot period. Some female subjects were observed using lighter clothing during heavy kitchen work.
Older women (age more than 40yrs) for example, were usually dressed in saris (clo = 0.55 to 0.66), a culturally
more acceptable costume, even when other lighter clothing options were available (long gown = 0.29 clo).
A study conducted in Surakarta, Indonesia with the low income group reported that the mean neutral
temperature was found as 32.5˚C, which is higher than some other cities in Asia. Thermal comfort assessments
in that research found that the comfort band width is from 30 to 35˚C .However, more people prefer to have a
smaller range between 33 - 34˚C[7].This is highest comfort temperature found so far. According to [8], the
neutral temperature or the comfort temperature based on the adaptive approach (adaptive model) is the
temperature at which a person should be neither too hot nor too cold. The comfort zone is 2˚C below and above
the neutral temperature. On the other hand, [9] has set the comfort zone for 90% acceptability to be 2.5˚C above
and below the neutral temperature [10]. Indoor comfort hinges on the adaptive use of various electrical controls
like hand held fans, ceiling fans, air coolers and air conditioners etc.,[11]. The use of controls also depends on
the indoor and outdoor temperatures. The effect of air movement on comfort is equivalent to a drop in indoor
temperature of up to 4°C. Ceiling fan is the most commonly used low- energy environmental control [12] and is
significant to human thermal comfort.[13] presented a very interesting fact on the use of fans, that the buildings
with less open windows, people resort to use electro mechanical controls like fans higher. The above finding
supports the finding of Hwang et al, (2008). The author, [14] further found that even in mixed mode buildings
with adaptive opportunities provides the same level of thermal satisfaction.
The indoor comfort temperature can be related to climate, region and seasons. According to different
surveys held under different climatic conditions, for free running buildings, the comfort temperature can be
obtained from the mean outdoor temperature.
The comfort temperature equation formulated by Humphrey’s [3] is as follows:
Tc = 0.534To+11.9 (1)
For naturally ventilated and air-conditioned buildings [15] has proposed an equation for comfort temperature.
The relation is given by the following equation:
Tc = 0.31To + 17.6 (2)
Nicol et al has conducted several surveys under different climatic conditions. In a first survey in Pakistan [16],
he established a relation between comfort temperature and outdoor temperature is given by
Tc = 0.38To + 17.0 (3)
In the second survey in Islamabad, Pakistan, Nicol has found a second regression equation as follows:
Tc = 0.36To + 18.5 (4)
The SCATS survey [17] conducted in five European Countries has increased the accuracy and applicability of
the model. The daily mean outdoor temperature was related to the indoor comfort temperature. The assumptions
made were
[1]. Thermal resistance of the clothing is 0.5 (clo)
[2]. Metabolic rate is 1.4 (met)
[3]. Air velocity is 0.15 (m/s)
[4]. Relative humidity is 50%
The comfort temperature regression equation proposed was
Tc = 0.33T0+18.8 (5)
According to the comfort studies, the equations proposed have a common feature. The comfort
temperature equations are based upon the outdoor temperature. Since the other factors are assumed to be
constant, the variation of outdoor temperature is taken into account. The comfort temperature varies from month
to month according to the seasons. The selection of building for the determination of the comfort temperature
varies from one author to other. The studies have been carried out in different climates.
4. A Study On Indoor Temperature...
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The adaptive methods followed in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu are mostly similar with the adaptive
methods of Hyderabad study. Hence the comfort temperature and the comfort range of Hyderabad study are
considered to be applicable to this place.
II. RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
The size of the module is 3mx 3m x 3m. The galvanized sheets used in the modules have the same
thickness of 0.21 mm. The walls have a thickness of 230 mm made up of brick and cement mortar. Two angles
are used as purlins. It is a low sloped roof and is maintained to be 2˚. Walls of the modules are white washed
and the flooring is done with cement mortar. The indoor temperature and the relative humidity of the module
were recorded Hygro thermometer. Single channel data logger has been utilised for this recording. The outdoor
temperature is obtained from the local meteorological records. This study considers an experimental module
constructed on passive approach involving hybrid techniques. The aim of the study is find out, the closeness of
the indoor temperature provided by the experimental module with the comfort temperature. And also the
comfort temperatures calculated through different studies for the outdoor temperatures of this place are to be
compared with the indoor temperatures.
Double decker (DOD) : The roof of the module is newly designed. The design can be carried out in four
steps. In the first step, first roof was made using galvanised sheets. In the second step wooden reapers of size
3000 mm X 50 mm X 25 mm were arranged over the roof. The spacing between the reapers is 200 mm. In the
third step packed mineral wool roll was spread. Thickness of the mineral wool is 50 mm. In the fourth step
galvanized sheets were set over it as second roof. The two roofs are separated by 100 mm to 122 mm. Since
light roofing system have two light roofs enclosing the wooden reaper and mineral wool, it was named as
Double Decker. Since the sheets are trapezoidal, air gap of 11 mm above and below the mineral wool pack and
wooden reapers is formed. The air vents created are the passage for the air and takes away the heat produced
between the galvanized sheet and the mineral wool bed. Likewise the air vents created between the lower roof
sheet, the wooden reaper and the mineral wool bed is also drains away the heat produced by convection. The
mineral wool, wooden reapers and the air enclosed in the gaps are serving as insulators. This assembly possesses
three insulators wooden reapers, mineral wool and air gap. Mineral wool has a low thermal conductivity among
the building materials used (K= 0.04 W/m K).
Figure.3 First two steps of roof construction Figure.4 Third and Fourth steps of roof
Figure.5 Completed stage
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
For various mean out door temperatures, the comfort temperatures have been calculated through
different thermal comfort studies. The mean outdoor temperature of Chidambaram lies within the range of 24˚C
to 34˚C.
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Using different equations, comfort temperature has been calculated for different mean outdoor
temperatures and is given in table II. This table provides comfort temperatures for a wide range of mean out
door temperatures from 5˚C to 35˚C. Since the mean out door temperature of Chidambaram city is known, the
comfort temperature can be read from the Table II. The study-4 gives the comfort temperature of 27.14˚C in
winter for the mean outdoor temperature of 24˚C. And the comfort temperature is 30.74 in the summer for the
mean outdoor temperature of 35. The comfort temperature of Chidambaram according to Nicol’s second survey
lies within the range of 27.14˚C to 30.74˚C. The comfort temperature values obtained from study-4 are higher
comparing with other studies. But according to Hyderabad study the upper and lower limits of comfort
temperatures are from 26to 32.5˚C. No equation was proposed by the author to find out the comfort temperature.
If the outdoormean temperature is known, any region or any place can find out its comfort temperature, from
this Table II.
TableII: Different mean outdoor temperatures and comfort temperatures
Humphrey Auliciem
Survey1
Nicol
Survey 2
Nicol
Scats
Survey
5 14.57 19.15 18.9 20.3 20.45
6 15.1 19.46 19.28 20.66 20.78
7 15.64 19.77 19.66 21.02 21.11
8 16.17 20.08 20.04 21.38 21.44
9 16.71 20.39 20.42 21.74 21.77
10 17.24 20.7 20.8 22.1 22.1
11 17.77 21.01 21.18 22.46 22.43
12 18.31 21.32 21.56 22.82 22.76
13 18.84 21.63 21.94 23.18 23.09
14 19.38 21.94 22.32 23.54 23.42
15 19.91 22.25 22.7 23.9 23.75
16 20.44 22.56 23.08 24.26 24.08
17 20.98 22.87 23.46 24.62 24.41
18 21.51 23.18 23.84 24.98 24.74
19 22.05 23.49 24.22 25.34 25.07
20 22.58 23.8 24.6 25.7 25.4
21 23.11 24.11 24.98 26.06 25.73
22 23.65 24.42 25.36 26.42 26.06
23 24.18 24.73 25.74 26.78 26.39
24 24.72 25.04 26.12 27.14 26.72
25 25.25 25.35 26.5 27.5 27.05
26 25.78 25.66 26.88 27.86 27.38
27 26.32 25.97 27.26 28.22 27.71
28 26.85 26.28 27.64 28.58 28.04
29 27.39 26.59 28.02 28.94 28.37
30 27.92 26.9 28.4 29.3 28.7
31 28.45 27.21 28.78 29.66 29.03
32 28.99 27.52 29.16 30.02 29.36
33 29.52 27.83 29.54 30.38 29.69
34 30.06 28.14 29.92 30.74 30.02
35 30.59 28.45 30.3 31.1 30.35
Comfort Temperature calculated by Different StudiesMean
Outdoor
Temperature
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Fig.6 shows the relationship between the mean outdoor temperatures and comfort temperatures through
different studies. For low outdoor temperatures the comfort temperature is high. But for the high outdoor
temperatures the comfort temperature is low. For the mean outdoor temperatures from 5˚C to 28˚C, the
calculated comfort temperature values through different studies are higher. For the mean out door temperature
values from 29˚C to 35˚C, the comfort temperature values are less. For a low mean outdoor the comfort
temperature is high, but for the high mean outdoor the comfort temperature is less in all the cases.
Figure 6: Mean Outdoor Temperature and Comfort Temperature
Table III: shows the comfort temperatures based on the monthly mean outdoor temperatures for the
monitoring period through different studies. The comfort temperatures are less than the monthly mean outdoor
temperatures except in the winter season. The monthly mean indoor temperature of the experimental module has
been compared with the monthly mean outdoor temperature for the monitoring period. From November to
February during winter the indoor temperatures provided by the module is higher than the outdoor temperatures.
The indoor temperatures for these months are closer to the comfort values calculated through different studies
and it is within the limits given by Hyderabad study.
Months
Monthly
Mean
outdoor To
Humphrey Auliciem
Survey 1
Nicol
Survey 2
Nicol
Scats
Survey
Monthly
Mean DOD
indoor
Sep-13 29.88 27.86 26.86 28.35 29.26 28.66 29.03
Oct-13 29.66 27.74 26.79 28.27 29.18 28.59 28.82
Nov-13 26.65 26.13 25.86 27.13 28.09 27.59 27.02
Dec-13 25.29 25.41 25.44 26.61 27.6 27.15 26.38
Jan-14 25.65 25.6 25.55 26.75 27.73 27.26 26.31
Feb-14 26.95 26.29 25.95 27.24 28.2 27.69 27.31
Mar-14 29.34 27.57 26.7 28.15 29.06 28.48 29.44
Apr-14 32.7 29.36 27.74 29.43 30.27 29.59 32.03
May-14 31.47 28.7 27.36 28.96 29.83 29.19 31.04
Jun-14 32.67 29.35 27.73 29.41 30.26 29.58 32.17
Jul-14 31.84 28.9 27.47 29.1 29.96 29.31 31.43
Aug-14 30.97 28.44 27.2 28.77 29.65 29.02 30.25
Comfort Temperature calculated by different studies
Table III: shows the relationship between the mean outdoor temperatures and the comfort temperatures
calculated and the measured indoor temperature of the DOD module. The monthly mean outdoor for the
monitoring period and the comfort temperatures calculated through different studies are shown in fig.7. The
mean indoor temperature is slightly higher when the comfort temperature is low. The mean indoor is slightly
lower when the comfort temperature is high. The results resemble the results in the figure.4. The mean indoor is
within the comfort band limits of the study [8].Fig.7 shows the Comfort, monthly mean outdoor temperatures
7. A Study On Indoor Temperature...
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and DOD indoor temperatures for the monitoring period. Comfort band upper and lower limits are drawn based
on the Hyderabad Study.
Figure.7 The indoor comfort temperature and the monitoring period
Starting from the month of September to February the indoor temperature is within the comfort level. From
March to August the indoor temperature reaches a maximum of 32.5˚C. The performance of this DOD module
parallels the comfort limits of Hyderabad Study [8]. The outdoor mean temperature is low for the months from
November to March 2014, than the mean indoor temperature of the DOD module. During June 2014, the
outdoor temperatures were so high. The comfort temperatures for this month have been calculated using
different studies and are compared with the indoor temperatures provided by the module. The month of June had
a high temperature continuously than the other months.
Table IV: shows the relationship between the mean outdoor and comfort temperatures calculated through
different studies and daily indoor mean temperatures.
June mean
outdoor
Temperature
DOD June
mean Indoor
Temperature
Humphrey Auliciem
Survey 1
Nicol
Survey 2
Nicol
Scats
survey
33.5 32.63 29.79 27.99 29.73 30.56 29.86
33.5 32.9 29.79 27.99 29.73 30.56 29.86
30.5 30.27 28.19 27.06 28.59 29.48 28.87
32 31.17 28.99 27.52 29.16 30.02 29.36
33 31.43 29.52 27.83 29.54 30.38 29.69
33.5 32.3 29.79 27.99 29.73 30.56 29.86
32.6 32.03 29.31 27.71 29.39 30.24 29.56
32.5 32.5 29.26 27.68 29.35 30.2 29.53
31.5 31.43 28.72 27.37 28.97 29.84 29.2
32.5 31.8 29.26 27.68 29.35 30.2 29.53
33 32.03 29.52 27.83 29.54 30.38 29.69
33 32.67 29.52 27.83 29.54 30.38 29.69
31 30.7 28.45 27.21 28.78 29.66 29.03
33 32.77 29.52 27.83 29.54 30.38 29.69
33 32.9 29.52 27.83 29.54 30.38 29.69
32.5 31.73 29.26 27.68 29.35 30.2 29.53
32 31.73 28.99 27.52 29.16 30.02 29.36
32 31.77 28.99 27.52 29.16 30.02 29.36
32.5 31.73 29.26 27.68 29.35 30.2 29.53
33 32.57 29.52 27.83 29.54 30.38 29.69
32.5 32.27 29.26 27.68 29.35 30.2 29.53
33 32.8 29.52 27.83 29.54 30.38 29.69
32.5 32.37 29.26 27.68 29.35 30.2 29.53
33.5 33.13 29.79 27.99 29.73 30.56 29.86
33.5 32.87 29.79 27.99 29.73 30.56 29.86
33 32.8 29.52 27.83 29.54 30.38 29.69
34 33 30.06 28.14 29.92 30.74 30.02
33.5 32.93 29.79 27.99 29.73 30.56 29.86
33 32.63 29.52 27.83 29.54 30.38 29.69
31.5 31.17 28.72 27.37 28.97 29.84 29.2
Comfort Temperature through Different Studies
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Figure.8 Shows the relationship between Comfort, indoor and outdoor Temperatures of June -2014
The indoor temperature is within the comfort band for 20 days or 66% of the days in June. It is seen
that the indoor temperature of the module for the rest of the days is above the comfort temperature but closer to
the comfort band. The performance of the module shows an agreeable result to the light roof users.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
This study clearly demonstrates the significant impact of a simple and effective hybrid passive cooling
system in reducing thermal loads of roofs. The experimental results demonstrate that the newly designed roof
reduces the indoor temperature. Hybrid passive cooling technique used in this study is highly effective. It
provides economic feasibility and indoor temperature achievability. The indoor temperatures of DOD fall within
and closer to the comfort band limits of the Hyderabad study.
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