This topic comes under the General Principles of Surgery for MBBS Students. The student should know the various types of wounds, their assessment and dressing methods.
The basic principles of treatment of post-traumatic residual deformities include an initial major osseous reconstructive surgery to restore an anatomically correct craniofacial architecture followed by selective procedures to address soft tissue deficits and functional deformities
If you wanna be helpful in the society or as a Doctor, you need to know all about this particular topic., gives you the knowledge to know what you dealing with.
Burns are soft tissue injuries caused by different agents like heat, electricity or chemicals.
Burns can affect the different layers of the skin depending on the severity.
Burns are classified into first burns, second degree burns and third degree burns.
FIRST DEGREE BURN:
Involve only the top layer of skin.
Cause skin to become red and dry, usually painful and the area may swell.
Usually heal within a week without permanent scarring.
SECOND DEGREE BURNS:
Deeper than first degree burns involving several layers of skin.
Skin is red and has blisters that may open and seep clear fluid making the skin appear wet.
The burned skin may appear mottled.
Usually painful and the area swollen.
The burn heals within a few weeks. Scarring may occur.
THIRD DEGREE BURN:
Destroys all layers of skin and any or all of the underlying structures – fat, muscle, bones, etc.
Look brown or black (charred) with the tissues underneath sometimes appearing white.
Can be extremely painful or relatively painless if the burn destroys the nerve endings.
Third degree burns are life threatening and urgent medical attention is required.
FIRST AID CARE FOR BURN:
Place the burn area under running water or immerse it water for at least 10 minutes.
Use dry, sterile dressings/loose bandage.
Prevents infection.
FIRST AID CARE FOR BURN:
Do not apply ice or ice water directly to any burn.
Do not touch a burn with anything except a clean covering.
Do not put butter, grease, toothpaste or oil. They increase the risk of infection.
Do not remove pieces of clothing that stick to a burn.
Don’t break blisters.
Do not use any ointment on a severe burn.
Do not assume the burn injury is minor. Even a small burn can be serious depending on its location and the age of the victim.
This topic comes under the General Principles of Surgery for MBBS Students. The student should know the various types of wounds, their assessment and dressing methods.
The basic principles of treatment of post-traumatic residual deformities include an initial major osseous reconstructive surgery to restore an anatomically correct craniofacial architecture followed by selective procedures to address soft tissue deficits and functional deformities
If you wanna be helpful in the society or as a Doctor, you need to know all about this particular topic., gives you the knowledge to know what you dealing with.
Burns are soft tissue injuries caused by different agents like heat, electricity or chemicals.
Burns can affect the different layers of the skin depending on the severity.
Burns are classified into first burns, second degree burns and third degree burns.
FIRST DEGREE BURN:
Involve only the top layer of skin.
Cause skin to become red and dry, usually painful and the area may swell.
Usually heal within a week without permanent scarring.
SECOND DEGREE BURNS:
Deeper than first degree burns involving several layers of skin.
Skin is red and has blisters that may open and seep clear fluid making the skin appear wet.
The burned skin may appear mottled.
Usually painful and the area swollen.
The burn heals within a few weeks. Scarring may occur.
THIRD DEGREE BURN:
Destroys all layers of skin and any or all of the underlying structures – fat, muscle, bones, etc.
Look brown or black (charred) with the tissues underneath sometimes appearing white.
Can be extremely painful or relatively painless if the burn destroys the nerve endings.
Third degree burns are life threatening and urgent medical attention is required.
FIRST AID CARE FOR BURN:
Place the burn area under running water or immerse it water for at least 10 minutes.
Use dry, sterile dressings/loose bandage.
Prevents infection.
FIRST AID CARE FOR BURN:
Do not apply ice or ice water directly to any burn.
Do not touch a burn with anything except a clean covering.
Do not put butter, grease, toothpaste or oil. They increase the risk of infection.
Do not remove pieces of clothing that stick to a burn.
Don’t break blisters.
Do not use any ointment on a severe burn.
Do not assume the burn injury is minor. Even a small burn can be serious depending on its location and the age of the victim.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
1. Name:- Nidhi
Roll no. – 74
Section- B
Submitted to- Dr. Alok sharma
Topic – abrasion and concussion
2. INTRODUCTION
An abrasion is a type of open wound that’s caused by the skin
rupture against a rough surface.
Abrasion terms damage in the epidermis of the skin . The
abrasion injury is mainly caused due to friction against a rough
surface. This results in removing the layer of skin.
The abrasion wound may cause swollen, severe pain and
sometimes it may lead to infection.
3. ABRASION
• Destruction of the skin-loss of superficial epithelial layers of
skin.
• Heals rapidly without scar formation.
• Abrasion is a type of mechanical injury.
• Due to a blunt force .
• Also known as GARVEL RASH.
4. Causative agents
• FRICTION against a rough surface
lateral rubbing action by a blow
Fall
Finger nails
Teeth bite
The rougher the surface, and the more rapid the movement of the skin
over it, the deeper is the injury.
6. SCRATCHES/ LINEAR ABRASION
• Has length but no significant width.
• Caused by SHARP/POINTED objects like:-
o Fingernails
o Pin
o Thorn
• A scratch produced from tip of a knife or razor is called as
POINT SCRATCH.
7. GRAZES/GLIDING/SLIDING ABRASION
• Most common type.
• Movement between skin & some rough surface in contact with it.
• Uneven, longitudinal parallel lines with epithelium headed up at the
ends of these lines, which indicates the direction in which the force is
applied.
• The furrow may be broad at one end and narrow at the other end.
• Commonly seen in road accidents.
• A glancing kick with a boot is also a graze.
8. PRESSURE ABRASION
• Caused by CRUSHING of the superficial layers of the epidermis.
• Associated with a bruise of the surrounding area.
• If movement of the instrument is around 90 degrees to the skin,
pressure abrasion is produced.
• Force of impact – less
• Duration – more
• Examples:-
- ligature mark in cases of hanging and strangulation.
- teeth bite marks.
9. IMPACT ABRASIONS
• Caused by impact with a rough object when force is
applied at right angle to the skin surface.
• Force of impact-high
• Duration-less
• Example-a person getting hit by a car.
10. AGE OF ABRASIONS
• Fresh – bright red
• 12 to 24 hours – Bright red scab
(blood and lymph dries up)
• 2 to 3 days – Reddish-Brown scab
• 4 to 7 days – Dark brown to Brownish-Black scab
• After 7 days – Scab dries and falls off, leaving depigmented
area with gets pigmented gradually.
11. Degree of abrasion
• Abrasion wounds can range from mild to severe. Most of the abrasion
will stay in mild range and it can be easily treated from home. But,
some severe abrasion requires medical treatment.
• First- degree Abrasion
• Second - degree Abrasion
• Third- degree Abrasion
12. First – degreeAbrasion
• If the first layer of the epidermis is affected or the
upper layer of skin peeled, this is considered a first-
degree abrasion. Even first-degree abrasion does not
cause any bleed. Rarely it will be for scrapes or grazes.
13. Second – degree Abrasion
• If the epidermis, as well as dermis, are damaged. Then
this is considered as second-degree abrasion. Usually,
second-degree abrasion causes mild bleeding.
14. Third- degree Abrasion
• Severe abrasion is termed third-degree abrasion. It is
also known as an avulsion wound. If friction and tears
occur on the skin and dermis layer, get a deeper
incision. These avulsion wounds will cause heavy
bleeding. Likewise, it requires intensive medical care.
15. PREVENTION OF ABRASION
• It is difficult to fully prevent an abrasion, as they are often accidental
and due to the exposures of everyday life.
1. Wearing gloves, long sleeves, plants, or other layers of clothing as
additional layers of protection for the skin.
2. Wearing safety gear such as safety goggles, closed-toe shoes, and
glasses.
3. Wearing helmets and protective pads for knees, wrists, elbows, and
hands during sports or other physical activities.
4. Knowing how to properly use tools, sharp objects, and kitchen
supplies.
16. TREATMENT OF ABRASION
• The primary goal for the physician while treating is to stop
bleeding. The bleeding mainly occurs due to pressure abrasion.
It can be controlled by clean cloth or cotton or any other
absorbent material.
• The next step is to clean the abrasion wound with clean warm
water or with sterile saline solutions.
• It is important to remove the foreign materials if they could be
found near the abraded skin. The wound requires some
medication depending on the depth of debris present in the
epidermis.
17. Treatment of Abrasion
•In some cases. The removal of foreign material from
abrasion injury may cause a deeper incision. And it
requires physician treatment.
•Once the abrasion wound was cleaned, it can be
dressed up with petroleum jelly or some antibiotic
ointments.
18. 2.Concussion
•A concussion is a traumatic brain injury that affects your
brain function. Effects are usually temporary but can include
headaches and problems with concentration, memory,
balance and coordination.
•Concussions are usually caused by a blow to the head.
Violently shaking of the head and upper body also can cause
concussions.
19. Symptoms
• Headache
•Ringing in the ears
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Fatigue or drowsiness
• Blurry vision
•Difficult in falling asleep
• Dizziness
• Lack of concentration
• Slurred speech
• Memory loss
• Behavioural change
20. Prevention
•Wearing protective gear during sports and other
recreational activities. Make sure the equipment fits
properly, is well maintained and is worn correctly.
•Buckling your seat belt. Wearing a seat belt may
prevent serious injury, including head injury, during a
traffic accident.
•Making your home safe. Keep your home well lit and
your floors free of anything that might cause you to
trip and fall. Falls around the home are a leading
cause of head injury.
21. Prevention
•Exercising regularly. Exercise regularly to strengthen
your leg muscles and improve your balance.
•Educating others about concussions. Educating
coaches, athletes, parents and others about
concussions can help spread awareness. Coaches and
parents can also help encourage good sportsmanship.
22. Treatment
• Cold towels on head
• Proper sleep and rest
• No use of television and phone
• No physical contact with sports
• Must be clear by doctor to participate in contact
sports to Prevent future concussion and long term
effects
