This document discusses avian immunity, including:
- The description of the avian immune system and its primary organs.
- The two types of immunity: innate immunity which is non-specific and provides immediate defense, and acquired immunity which is specific and develops memory over time through immune cells and antibodies.
- Details on both innate immunity mechanisms like genetic factors and temperature, and acquired immunity including passive immunity from mothers and active immunity developed by the chicken.
poultry immune system in brief
under the advanced rearing of poultry and some changes in breeds gene to give high meat and egg production some bad events appear on the surface which called immunosuppressive reaction from virus infection like avaian flu and I.B and other virus infection and from bad grade feed pellets containig high amount of aflatoxin so must understand good the immune system in brief to over come this problem
thank you
dr abdelaziz
poultry consultant
elmansoura lab at canal suez street
poultry immune system in brief
under the advanced rearing of poultry and some changes in breeds gene to give high meat and egg production some bad events appear on the surface which called immunosuppressive reaction from virus infection like avaian flu and I.B and other virus infection and from bad grade feed pellets containig high amount of aflatoxin so must understand good the immune system in brief to over come this problem
thank you
dr abdelaziz
poultry consultant
elmansoura lab at canal suez street
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Dr. Dan Grooms presented this information for DAIReXNET on January 13th, 2014. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.
Proper vaccination is an essential part of a good poultry management program and for the success of any poultry operation. Effective preventive procedures such as immunisation protect hundreds of millions of poultry worldwide from many contagious and deadly diseases and have resulted in improved flock health and production efficiency.
Immunization cannot be a substitute for poor bio-security and sanitation. Thus, vaccination programs may not totally protect birds that are under stress or in unhygienic conditions. The primary objective of immunizing any poultry flock is to reduce the level of clinical disease and to promote optimal performance. Certain vaccines may also have an impact on human health (i.e. Salmonella vaccines).
For breeders – we also want to accomplish some additional goals:
A. Protect the bird (as a pullet and hen) against specific diseases.
B. Protect the progeny of the hen against vertical transmission of disease.
C. Provide passive immunity to progeny.
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This ppt contains all the information about the Immunity - Host defences. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Basic Vaccinology: Why Vaccines Work or Don't WorkDAIReXNET
Dr. Dan Grooms presented this information for DAIReXNET on January 13th, 2014. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.
Proper vaccination is an essential part of a good poultry management program and for the success of any poultry operation. Effective preventive procedures such as immunisation protect hundreds of millions of poultry worldwide from many contagious and deadly diseases and have resulted in improved flock health and production efficiency.
Immunization cannot be a substitute for poor bio-security and sanitation. Thus, vaccination programs may not totally protect birds that are under stress or in unhygienic conditions. The primary objective of immunizing any poultry flock is to reduce the level of clinical disease and to promote optimal performance. Certain vaccines may also have an impact on human health (i.e. Salmonella vaccines).
For breeders – we also want to accomplish some additional goals:
A. Protect the bird (as a pullet and hen) against specific diseases.
B. Protect the progeny of the hen against vertical transmission of disease.
C. Provide passive immunity to progeny.
Presentation during the IV International Symphosium on Nutritional requirements of Poultry and Swine on March 29th - by Gilberto Litta DSM Animal Nutrition.
Main Message of the presentation is the importance of vitamin in Poultry Nutrition as well as the multiple benefits achievable.
The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), one of FAO’s oldest Commissions, came into being on the 12th June 1954, with the pledge of the sixth founding member state to the principles of a coordinated and common action against Foot-and-mouth Disease.
This ppt contains all the information about the Immunity - Host defences. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. As it protects us from diseases it is also called disease resistance. Immunity is done by immune system which is a complex network of lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen etc. It is mainly of two types- Natural and Acquired immunity.
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2. Plan Of Talk
Description of avian immune system
Types of immunity
– Innate immunity
– Acquired immunity
Vaccine and Immune Response to Vaccination
3. Plan Of Talk
Description of avian immune system
Types of immunity
– Innate immunity
– Acquired immunity
Vaccine and Immune Response to Vaccination
4. Avian Immunity
Fowls have very strong
defenses against diseases
caused by invasion of the body
by various microorganisms
and toxins.
6. Cont. …
Primary Organs
1) Thymus gland
– T-cell system
– Cell-mediated immunity
2) Bursa of Fabricius
– B-cell system
– Humoral immunity
3) Bone marrow
– Precursor blood cells
4) Yolk sac
– Maternal immunity
Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue
1) Harderian gland
2) Caecal tonsilles
3) Spleen
4) GALT
7. Components of Avian Immunity
Generally, the immune defense is compose of:
1. The skin
2. Mucous membrane
3. Immune system
8. Cont. …
1. The skin:
The skin is a barrier against invasion of the body by
microorganisms.
When the skin barrier is broken, invasion through the skin
can occur.
9. Cont. …
2. Mucous membranes:
These linings of the digestive tract, respiratory tract and
other body systems provide a good barrier against invasion
by microorganisms.
If anything harm the mucous membranes, invasion may
occur.
An example is when diets deficient in vitamin A cause
damage to the mucous membranes resulting in an increase
in the incidence of infectious disease.
10. Cont. …
3. The immune system:
Notwithstanding the efficiency of the skin and the mucous
membranes as defense mechanisms, microorganisms often
find their way into the body.
Many of these are harmless, while others cause disease,
usually specific diseases caused by specific organisms.
11. The Immune System
The primary role of the immune system is to:
1. Recognize foreign organisms that have managed to enter the
body.
2. Initiate and manage the appropriate physiological responses
to neutralize or eliminate them.
12. Mechanisms of Defense
1. Inactivation of biological agents.
2. Lysis of foreign cells.
3. Agglutination (clumping).
4. Precipitation of molecules or cells.
5. Phagocytosis (engulfing and inactivating) of foreign agents.
For an immune response to be effective, the right mechanism or
combination of mechanisms must be activated.
13. Defense Success
Whether or not a bird develops a disease after such an invasion
will depend on “how well it fights the invasion” which in turn
depends on:
1. The bird’s condition, state of wellbeing and level of immunity.
2. The number of the invading organisms “challenge”
3. The virulence of the invading organisms.
14. Plan Of Talk
Description of avian immune system
Types of immunity
– Innate immunity
– Acquired immunity
Vaccine and Immune Response to Vaccination
15. Plan Of Talk
Description of avian immune system
Types of immunity
– Innate immunity
– Acquired immunity
Vaccine and Immune Response to Vaccination
16. Innate Immunity
Description
Innate immunity is the natural or inherited ability to resist
disease.
It is non-specific host defenses.
It recognizes the invading pathogen through its outer surface
protein (antigens) and entail a series of actions that start
immediately after recognizing the invading pathogen.
All multi-cellular organisms have some kind of innate defense;
roughly 98% of all multi-cellular organisms possess only an
innate immune system for protection against infections.
17. Innate Immunity
Cost of Building and Developing
The costs of building the innate immunity have not been
definitively measured, its is inherited.
The cost of developing the innate immunity is thought to be
comparatively lower than building.
18. Innate Immunity
Cost of Stimulation
After stimulating the constitutive components of the innate
immune system, these components induce local inflammation
via the production of inflammatory cytokines.
19. Cont. …
If they are highly stimulated, would induce the highly costly
systemic inflammatory response, which is characterized by:
1. Increased production of acute phase proteins by the liver.
2. Changes in energy and nutrient metabolism.
3. Anorexia and fever.
leading to localized tissue damage and potentially sepsis.
20. Innate Immunity
There are number of non-specific disease response mechanisms
included in this type of immunity:
1. Genetic factor
2. Body temperature
3. Anatomic feature
4. Normal microflora
5. Respiratory cilia
21. Innate Immunity
1- Genetic Factors
Birds may lack the receptors required by disease organisms in
order to be able to infect.
E.g.
some strains of chickens are genetically resistant to the
lymphoid leukosis virus.
22. Innate Immunity
2- Body Temperature
The high body temperature of the chicken precludes many
diseases.
E.g.
Blackleg disease of cattle is not normally a problem in poultry
because poultry have a higher body temperature at which the
disease-causing bacteria cannot survive. If the body
temperature of the chicken is lowered, this disease may occur.
23. Innate Immunity
3- Anatomic Features
Many disease organisms cannot penetrate intact body
coverings (skin and mucous membranes) or are trapped in the
mucus secretions.
E.g.
Some nutritional deficiencies (such as biotin deficiency),
injury or infectious diseases compromise the integrity of the
body coverings, allowing penetration by disease organisms.
24. Innate Immunity
4- Normal Microflora
The skin and gut normally maintain a dense, stable microbial
population.
This stable microflora prevents invading disease organisms
from gaining a foothold.
Improper use of antibiotics or poor sanitation can disrupt the
balance of the microflora.
25. Innate Immunity
5- Respiratory Tract Cilia
Parts of the respiratory tract are lined with fine hair-like
protrusions, called cilia, which remove disease organisms and
debris.
If the air in the poultry house is of poor quality due to high
levels of dust or ammonia, the ciliary system may be
overwhelmed and become ineffective.
26. Innate Immunity
Other Factors
Other factors involved in the effectiveness of innate resistance
include:
1. Nutrition
2. Stress
3. Age
4. Inflammatory processes
5. Metabolic factors.
27. Plan Of Talk
Description of avian immune system
Types of immunity
– Innate immunity
– Acquired immunity
Vaccine and Immune Response to Vaccination
28. Acquired Immunity
It is a specific immune defenses.
It utilizes receptors on T and B lymphocytes that recognize
specific antigens on pathogens with great precision.
They are characterized by an enormous range of diversity in
antigen-binding receptors and have the ability to recognize
and respond more quickly to antigens upon second exposure
through immunological memory.
29. Cont. …
This refers to immunity provided by:
1. Immune cells.
2. Antibodies that are produced in response to exposure to an
antigen.
30. Immune Cells
The blood consists of a number of different cell types
including red and white blood cells and serum.
The white blood cells are called leucocytes and some of these
destroy foreign bodies by engulfing and digesting them.
There are two types of leucocytes called lymphocytes (B and
T) that are involved in the production of antibodies for the
immune system.
31. Antibodies
Antibodies are very small bodies of a very special protein (globulin
protein) that animals release into their circulatory system to fight
invading viruses and bacteria.
Antibodies are short lived.
They are specific for the antigen to which they attach.
– For example, the antibody against Newcastle disease virus will
attach only to the Newcastle disease virus, not to the infectious
bronchitis virus.
32. Forms of Acquired Immunity
There are two forms of acquired immunity:
1. Passive
2. Active
33. Types of Acquired Immunity
Passive Immunity
This is achieved when antibodies are transferred to the
individual either;
1. From the hen (during egg formation)
2. By provision of antiserum (blood serum containing
antibodies) through injections.
34. Importance of Passive immunity
The newly hatched chicken is unable to
use its own immune system to fight
invasion during the first few days to a
week of its life.
35. Cont. …
To overcome this problem, newly hatched chick receives
antibodies from its mother via the egg;
These antibodies are specific for all of the disease causing
organisms that the mother has experienced or has been
vaccinated against.
These antibodies are usually short lived but survive long
enough to provide a defense system for the first few days
of life while the chickens’ own defense system becomes
operative.
36. Level of Passive immunity
The level of immunity passed on by the mother is about the
same as she carries herself.
However, by the time the egg hatches, it is dropped to about
half.
37. Increasing Level of Passive immunity
It is important that the antibody level of the
breeder hen be boosted frequently regarding
some diseases to ensure that her antibody
levels do not decline too much, leading to a
reduction in her offspring’s ability to fight
invasion at this critical time.
38. Passive Immunity and Chick Vaccination
The flock manager must be aware of the maternal antibody
levels in the chick in order to appropriately schedule
vaccinations.
39. Cont. …
If young chickens are vaccinated when maternal antibody
levels are still high, the vaccine may be neutralized excessively
by the maternal antibodies, resulting in a reduced immune
response.
Conversely, if vaccinations are delayed and maternal antibody
levels drop too low, a severe vaccine reaction may result and
the chick will be left vulnerable to disease prior to
vaccination.
40. Types of Acquired Immunity
Active Immunity
This is the immunity which the chicken obtains from its own
immune system.
This system must be activated or triggered to produce the
antibodies.
This defense mechanism has the ability to remember specific
invaders, resulting in quicker and more effective responses to
a repeated exposure of the same antigen, and produces
defenses that are specific for that invader i.e. they will fight
that particular invader only.
42. Cellular Immune Response
The cellular system was first identified when it was shown
that chickens with damaged BF (who were unable to produce
specific antibodies) could respond to and eliminate many
disease organisms.
43. Cont. …
The cellular component of the immune response includes all
the cells that react with specificity to antigens, except those
associated with antibody production.
The cells associated with this system, the T-lymphocytes (T-
cells).
44. Cont. …
A range of T-cells are produced to perform various roles:
1. Some T-cells act by producing chemicals called
lymphokines.
2. Others directly destroy disease organisms (T-Killer)
3. Some T-cells act to enhance the response of B-cells,
macrophages, or other T-cells (called helper T-cells);
while still others have the opposite effect and act to
inhibit the activity of these cells (suppressors).
45. Cont. …
Cell-mediated responses are accompanied by the secretion of
pro-inflammatory cytokines and are sometimes associated
with the nutritionally expensive systemic inflammatory
response.
The rapid expansion of T-cells during development and later
diversification require substantial time and nutrients.
46. Cont. …
An estimated 95% of maturing T cells are destroyed in the
thymus as a result of rigorous selection procedures, making
this a very expensive process
47. Humoral Immune Response
1
• A disease organism enters the body.
• It is engulfed by a phagocytic-type cell, the macrophage.
2
• The macrophage transports the disease organism and
exposes it to the B-lymphocytes (B-cells).
3
• B-cells move to the bursa of Fabricius (BF), the BF
programs these cells to attach to the antigen.
48. Cont. …
4
• The programmed cells then move to the blood, spleen,
cecal tonsils, bone marrow, Harderian gland and thymus.
5
• The B-cells then respond by producing antibodies specific
to the disease organism.
6
• A five-day lag period occurs because the B-cells must be
programmed and undergo clonal expansion to increase
their numbers.
49. Cont. …
The B-cell system also produces ‘memory’ cells that
remember infections.
These have a relatively long life and stimulate the antibody
producing cells to quickly release large amounts of antibodies
specific for particular disease organisms previously
experienced by the bird, resulting in a quicker and more
effective immune response than the initial response.
50. Humoral Immunity
Cost of Stimulation
The costs of using humoral component (B-cells and type two
T-helper cells) are thought to be small compared with those
of innate and cell-mediated immunity because humoral
immunity is associated with the production of anti-
inflammatory cytokines.
At the same time, lymphocyte proliferation and diversification
during the developmental period require substantial energy
and nutrients.
51. Immune Suppression
Note
Destruction of the BF in a chicken at a young age by Gumboro
(infectious bursal disease) or Marek’s disease prevents
programming of B-cells for life, thus, the affected chicken will
not be able to respond to diseases or vaccinations by
producing specific antibodies.
52. How Do Antibodies Fight Infection?
Antibodies do not have the capability to kill disease organisms
directly.
Antibodies perform their function by attaching to disease
organisms and blocking their receptors and prevent them
from attaching to their target cell receptors in the chicken.
53. Cont. …
For example:
1. An infectious bronchitis virus which has its receptors
covered with antibodies will not be able to attach to and
penetrate its target cells, the cells lining the trachea.
2. The attached antibodies also immobilize the disease
organism which assists their destruction by macrophages.
55. Immune System
Cost Comparison
Activation of the innate response is generally considered to be
more costly than activation of the acquired response.
56. Immune System
Cost Comparison
However, during re-exposure of the host to pathogens, there
may still be activation of innate immune pathways such that
acquired immunity may not be able to circumvent all the costs
of innate immune responses.
57. Plan Of Talk
Description of avian immune system
Types of immunity
– Innate immunity
– Acquired immunity
Vaccine and Immune Response to Vaccination
58. Basis for Vaccination
If the chicken is exposed a second time to the same antigen, the
response is quicker and a much higher level of immune cell and
antibody production occurs.
This is the basis for vaccinating.
59. Types Of Vaccines
There are a number of types of vaccines, with advances in
technology resulting in the continuing development of new
vaccine types.
Some types of vaccines include:
1. Live attenuated
2. Killed
3. Sub-unit
4. Recombinant
5. DNA
6. Conjugated
60. 1- Live Attenuated Vaccines
They contain living disease organisms that have been treated
in some way to reduce their ability to cause disease while still
causing an immune response.
These living organisms are able to infect and multiply in the
host and this enhances the strength and duration of the
immune response.
61. 2- Killed (Inactivated) Vaccines
Inactivated vaccine contains high doses of the killed disease
organism.
Killed vaccines generally result in a weaker and shorter
immune response compared to live vaccines due to their
inability to infect and multiply in the host.
62. 3- Sub-unit Vaccines
These vaccines contain doses of purified antigens extracted from
the disease organism.
63. 4- Recombinant Vaccines
These vaccines are produced by incorporating the DNA for the
antigens that stimulate a disease response to a disease organism
into a vector (or carrier), such as a harmless virus, which is then
used as a live vaccine.
64. 5- DNA Vaccines
These vaccines contain purified DNA for the antigens that
stimulate an immune response to a disease organism.
65. 6- Conjugate Vaccines
These vaccines are used to elicit an immune response to an
antigen that is normally able to evade detection by the
immune system.
They contain the antigen bound to a compound, such as a
protein, to form a complex that is detectable by the immune
system.