The immune system is typically divided into two categories--innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. These mechanisms include physical barriers and chemicals that attack foreign cells. Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune responses and includes a memory that makes future responses more efficient. It is more complex and involves antigen processing and recognition by immune cells.
- Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms present from birth that provide immediate resistance to pathogens. It includes physical and chemical barriers as well as cellular responses like phagocytosis.
- Adaptive immunity develops later in life and involves antigen-specific immune responses mediated by lymphocytes. It is more complex than innate immunity and includes immunological memory.
- The immune system consists of both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate responses provide initial defense against infection while adaptive responses provide acquired, antigen-specific immunity. Memory cells generated during adaptive responses enable faster responses upon reexposure.
This document discusses different types of immunity. It describes innate or natural immunity which individuals are born with and includes species, racial, and individual immunity. Innate immunity acts as the first line of defense and is provided by the skin, mucous membranes, and phagocytic cells. Acquired or adaptive immunity develops after exposure to pathogens and includes both active and passive immunity. Acquired immunity has humoral components involving antibodies and cellular components involving T cells. Herd immunity is also discussed, where a community's immunity protects even unvaccinated individuals when a high percentage of the population is immune.
B pharma
D pharma
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Pharmaceutics I
Immunity and Immunological Products
types of immunity
Immunology
Toxins antibody exotoxins endotoxins
Vaccine
toxoids
sera
B.C.G. vaccine.
cholera. pertussis, plague and typhoid vaccine.
typhus vaccine.
measles, small-pox. poliomyelitis and yellow fever.
diphtheria, tetanus and staphylococcus.
Diagnostic preparations containing bacterial toxins used for Schick test and tuberculin test.
Preparations containing antibodies (antiserum, and antitoxins)used to produce passive immunity
Innate and adaptive immunity, B LYMPHOCYTES, T LYMPHOCYTES, ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS, Humoral Immunity But Not Cellular Immunity Is Transferred with Antibody, Exogenous PATHWAY, Endogenous pathway, Differences in the primary and secondary response, Immune Dysfunction and Its Consequences, Immune Response to Infectious Diseases, Viral Infections, Bacterial Infections
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses the host response to infection. It defines antigens and their properties, types, and structure. It describes the innate and adaptive immune system, including barriers, cells and proteins involved in each. It explains the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. It also discusses antibodies, their structure and classes (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE). The overall document provides an overview of the key concepts regarding the immune system and how the body responds to pathogens and infection.
The immune system is typically divided into two categories--innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. These mechanisms include physical barriers and chemicals that attack foreign cells. Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune responses and includes a memory that makes future responses more efficient. It is more complex and involves antigen processing and recognition by immune cells.
- Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms present from birth that provide immediate resistance to pathogens. It includes physical and chemical barriers as well as cellular responses like phagocytosis.
- Adaptive immunity develops later in life and involves antigen-specific immune responses mediated by lymphocytes. It is more complex than innate immunity and includes immunological memory.
- The immune system consists of both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate responses provide initial defense against infection while adaptive responses provide acquired, antigen-specific immunity. Memory cells generated during adaptive responses enable faster responses upon reexposure.
This document discusses different types of immunity. It describes innate or natural immunity which individuals are born with and includes species, racial, and individual immunity. Innate immunity acts as the first line of defense and is provided by the skin, mucous membranes, and phagocytic cells. Acquired or adaptive immunity develops after exposure to pathogens and includes both active and passive immunity. Acquired immunity has humoral components involving antibodies and cellular components involving T cells. Herd immunity is also discussed, where a community's immunity protects even unvaccinated individuals when a high percentage of the population is immune.
B pharma
D pharma
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Pharmaceutics I
Immunity and Immunological Products
types of immunity
Immunology
Toxins antibody exotoxins endotoxins
Vaccine
toxoids
sera
B.C.G. vaccine.
cholera. pertussis, plague and typhoid vaccine.
typhus vaccine.
measles, small-pox. poliomyelitis and yellow fever.
diphtheria, tetanus and staphylococcus.
Diagnostic preparations containing bacterial toxins used for Schick test and tuberculin test.
Preparations containing antibodies (antiserum, and antitoxins)used to produce passive immunity
Innate and adaptive immunity, B LYMPHOCYTES, T LYMPHOCYTES, ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS, Humoral Immunity But Not Cellular Immunity Is Transferred with Antibody, Exogenous PATHWAY, Endogenous pathway, Differences in the primary and secondary response, Immune Dysfunction and Its Consequences, Immune Response to Infectious Diseases, Viral Infections, Bacterial Infections
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses the host response to infection. It defines antigens and their properties, types, and structure. It describes the innate and adaptive immune system, including barriers, cells and proteins involved in each. It explains the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. It also discusses antibodies, their structure and classes (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE). The overall document provides an overview of the key concepts regarding the immune system and how the body responds to pathogens and infection.
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It describes two main types of immunity - innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides early defense responses that are non-specific, while adaptive immunity provides later, highly specific responses that improve with repeated exposure. The mechanisms of innate immunity include physical and chemical barriers, white blood cells, inflammation, and the complement system. Adaptive immunity involves both humoral immunity through B cells and antibodies, and cellular immunity through T cells. Antibodies help neutralize pathogens through mechanisms like agglutination and lysis. The immune system also has abnormal reactions like autoimmunity and hypersensitivity.
The document discusses immunity, which is the ability to resist infection or disease. There are two main types of immunity: innate and acquired (adaptive). Innate immunity is nonspecific and provides immediate protection through physical and chemical barriers. Acquired immunity develops after exposure to an antigen and provides long-lasting, antigen-specific protection through antibodies and T cells. The immune system uses both types of immunity to protect the body by distinguishing self from nonself.
The document provides an overview of the immune system. It discusses that the immune system protects the body from pathogens and cancer cells. It is capable of specifically recognizing and eliminating a variety of foreign invaders. The immune response involves both recognition of pathogens and an effector response to eliminate them. Exposure to a pathogen induces both an initial immune response and a memory response upon later exposure that is faster and stronger. The document then discusses the history, components, and theories of the immune system in more detail.
Immune system and immunity ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Immunity is the power to resist and overcome infection caused by particular organism.
RESISTANCE EXHIBITED BY THE HOST AGAINST MICROBES AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Innate immunity:“Innate” because shared by all animals (Pre-existing/ By birth) and Non-specific
Adaptive immunity (Acquired Immunity):Responsive and Specific
The immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys, and remembers each pathogen that enters the body.
The Immune System includes all parts of the body that help in the recognition and destruction of foreign materials.
White blood cells, phagocytes and lymphocytes, bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and your spleen are all part of the immune system.
prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Pondicherry
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This article consist of all about the physiology of immune system.Starting from the basic definition if immune related terms which gives a basic knowledge to understand the concept of immunity. Diagrammatic presentation will helps you to understand the classification of immune system and proper information regarding the immunity types is also given. cells of innate immunity has been also discussed in detail.
The document discusses innate and acquired immunity. It defines innate immunity as genetic and non-specific, providing the body's first line of defense against infection through physical barriers, biochemical factors, cells, and genetics. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and involves lymphocytes and antibody production, resulting in long-lasting immunity through immunological memory. The document also distinguishes between natural and artificial active immunity, as well as natural and artificial passive immunity.
The document summarizes the body's defense mechanisms against infection. It discusses three lines of defense: physical and chemical barriers that block pathogens from entering the body, defensive cells and proteins that attack invading pathogens, and the immune system. The immune system has both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides broad and immediate defense through physical barriers and cells. Adaptive immunity has targeted responses through humoral immunity using antibodies or cell-mediated immunity using T cells.
Vaccines (Immunotherapy) along with COVID-19 Overview, Types of Vaccines, Adjuvants, Antigen Uptake Mechanism, COVID-19 Mechanism Of Action, and much more.
The document summarizes key concepts in immunology, including:
1) It defines innate and adaptive immunity, and the types of natural, acquired, active, and passive immunity.
2) It describes the cells of the immune system including B cells, T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells.
3) It discusses antibodies, cytokines, and how the immune system can fail to distinguish self from non-self, leading to autoimmune diseases.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
This document provides an overview of immunity, including its types and components. It discusses:
1. Innate immunity, which provides the first line of defense, and adaptive/acquired immunity, which is antigen-specific and provides immunological memory.
2. The cells involved in innate immunity like phagocytes and those involved in adaptive immunity like B and T cells.
3. The types of acquired immunity, including active (natural/artificial) and passive (natural/artificial), and their characteristics and effectors like antibodies versus cell-mediated responses.
This document summarizes innate and adaptive immunity. It explains that innate immunity is the first line of defense and is non-specific. It acts through physical, biochemical, and genetic factors like skin, mucous membranes, tears, and species immunity. Adaptive immunity is antigen-specific and develops immunological memory. It includes natural adaptive immunity gained from infection or passive transfer of antibodies from mother to child, and artificial adaptive immunity from vaccination or monoclonal antibody therapy.
This document defines various terms related to immunity and describes the different types of immunity. It discusses innate immunity, which provides non-specific resistance and is not affected by prior exposure to pathogens. Adaptive immunity develops over time in response to specific pathogens and provides long-lasting, antigen-specific protection along with immunological memory. Active immunity can be acquired naturally through infection or artificially through vaccination, while passive immunity involves transfer of antibodies from another individual.
This document summarizes immune systems, including innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides immediate protection through physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytosis and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates lymphocytes to develop pathogen-specific immunity through humoral and cell-mediated responses. Vaccinations expose the immune system to antigens to develop active or passive immunity and memory cells to mount faster responses upon future exposure.
The innate immune system provides the body's first line of defense against pathogens through physical, chemical, and cellular barriers. It responds quickly but non-specifically. Components of innate immunity include physical barriers like skin, mucous membranes, and microbiota; physiological barriers like low pH and natural killer cells; cellular barriers comprising phagocytes and cytokines; and inflammatory responses. Pattern recognition receptors expressed by innate immune cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns to detect and respond to infections.
Innate immunity provides non-specific protection against pathogens and involves physical and chemical barriers as well as cellular responses. Adaptive immunity provides pathogen-specific protection through antibodies and T-cells, develops over time, and results in immunological memory. Innate immunity forms the first line of defense through mechanisms like epithelial surfaces, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, and phagocytosis. Adaptive immunity is subdivided into active and passive immunity and involves both humoral and cell-mediated responses that are stimulated by antigens.
1. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against pathogens and includes anatomical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, and antimicrobial proteins/peptides.
2. Adaptive immunity develops over time upon exposure to specific pathogens and provides enhanced protection through antibody production and immunological memory.
3. The major categories of innate immunity defenses are anatomical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, microbial antagonism by normal flora, and antimicrobial substances in tissues. Adaptive immunity involves B cells, T cells, and production of antibodies.
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It describes two main types of immunity - innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides early defense responses that are non-specific, while adaptive immunity provides later, highly specific responses that improve with repeated exposure. The mechanisms of innate immunity include physical and chemical barriers, white blood cells, inflammation, and the complement system. Adaptive immunity involves both humoral immunity through B cells and antibodies, and cellular immunity through T cells. Antibodies help neutralize pathogens through mechanisms like agglutination and lysis. The immune system also has abnormal reactions like autoimmunity and hypersensitivity.
The document discusses immunity, which is the ability to resist infection or disease. There are two main types of immunity: innate and acquired (adaptive). Innate immunity is nonspecific and provides immediate protection through physical and chemical barriers. Acquired immunity develops after exposure to an antigen and provides long-lasting, antigen-specific protection through antibodies and T cells. The immune system uses both types of immunity to protect the body by distinguishing self from nonself.
The document provides an overview of the immune system. It discusses that the immune system protects the body from pathogens and cancer cells. It is capable of specifically recognizing and eliminating a variety of foreign invaders. The immune response involves both recognition of pathogens and an effector response to eliminate them. Exposure to a pathogen induces both an initial immune response and a memory response upon later exposure that is faster and stronger. The document then discusses the history, components, and theories of the immune system in more detail.
Immune system and immunity ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Immunity is the power to resist and overcome infection caused by particular organism.
RESISTANCE EXHIBITED BY THE HOST AGAINST MICROBES AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Innate immunity:“Innate” because shared by all animals (Pre-existing/ By birth) and Non-specific
Adaptive immunity (Acquired Immunity):Responsive and Specific
The immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys, and remembers each pathogen that enters the body.
The Immune System includes all parts of the body that help in the recognition and destruction of foreign materials.
White blood cells, phagocytes and lymphocytes, bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and your spleen are all part of the immune system.
prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Pondicherry
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
Kbjvycycdhcugihigyfhxtstzyc B.. ,,, z, 5'6:(&₹hcuvjbibihdtsessfghjjiomjbd
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
Kbjvycycdhcugihigyfhxtstzyc B.. ,,, z, 5'6:(&₹hcuvjbibihdtsessfghjjiomjb
... Bbiuvhvyvm jb
... Bbiuvhvyvm jb
This article consist of all about the physiology of immune system.Starting from the basic definition if immune related terms which gives a basic knowledge to understand the concept of immunity. Diagrammatic presentation will helps you to understand the classification of immune system and proper information regarding the immunity types is also given. cells of innate immunity has been also discussed in detail.
The document discusses innate and acquired immunity. It defines innate immunity as genetic and non-specific, providing the body's first line of defense against infection through physical barriers, biochemical factors, cells, and genetics. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and involves lymphocytes and antibody production, resulting in long-lasting immunity through immunological memory. The document also distinguishes between natural and artificial active immunity, as well as natural and artificial passive immunity.
The document summarizes the body's defense mechanisms against infection. It discusses three lines of defense: physical and chemical barriers that block pathogens from entering the body, defensive cells and proteins that attack invading pathogens, and the immune system. The immune system has both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides broad and immediate defense through physical barriers and cells. Adaptive immunity has targeted responses through humoral immunity using antibodies or cell-mediated immunity using T cells.
Vaccines (Immunotherapy) along with COVID-19 Overview, Types of Vaccines, Adjuvants, Antigen Uptake Mechanism, COVID-19 Mechanism Of Action, and much more.
The document summarizes key concepts in immunology, including:
1) It defines innate and adaptive immunity, and the types of natural, acquired, active, and passive immunity.
2) It describes the cells of the immune system including B cells, T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells.
3) It discusses antibodies, cytokines, and how the immune system can fail to distinguish self from non-self, leading to autoimmune diseases.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
This document provides an overview of immunity, including its types and components. It discusses:
1. Innate immunity, which provides the first line of defense, and adaptive/acquired immunity, which is antigen-specific and provides immunological memory.
2. The cells involved in innate immunity like phagocytes and those involved in adaptive immunity like B and T cells.
3. The types of acquired immunity, including active (natural/artificial) and passive (natural/artificial), and their characteristics and effectors like antibodies versus cell-mediated responses.
This document summarizes innate and adaptive immunity. It explains that innate immunity is the first line of defense and is non-specific. It acts through physical, biochemical, and genetic factors like skin, mucous membranes, tears, and species immunity. Adaptive immunity is antigen-specific and develops immunological memory. It includes natural adaptive immunity gained from infection or passive transfer of antibodies from mother to child, and artificial adaptive immunity from vaccination or monoclonal antibody therapy.
This document defines various terms related to immunity and describes the different types of immunity. It discusses innate immunity, which provides non-specific resistance and is not affected by prior exposure to pathogens. Adaptive immunity develops over time in response to specific pathogens and provides long-lasting, antigen-specific protection along with immunological memory. Active immunity can be acquired naturally through infection or artificially through vaccination, while passive immunity involves transfer of antibodies from another individual.
This document summarizes immune systems, including innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides immediate protection through physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytosis and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates lymphocytes to develop pathogen-specific immunity through humoral and cell-mediated responses. Vaccinations expose the immune system to antigens to develop active or passive immunity and memory cells to mount faster responses upon future exposure.
The innate immune system provides the body's first line of defense against pathogens through physical, chemical, and cellular barriers. It responds quickly but non-specifically. Components of innate immunity include physical barriers like skin, mucous membranes, and microbiota; physiological barriers like low pH and natural killer cells; cellular barriers comprising phagocytes and cytokines; and inflammatory responses. Pattern recognition receptors expressed by innate immune cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns to detect and respond to infections.
Innate immunity provides non-specific protection against pathogens and involves physical and chemical barriers as well as cellular responses. Adaptive immunity provides pathogen-specific protection through antibodies and T-cells, develops over time, and results in immunological memory. Innate immunity forms the first line of defense through mechanisms like epithelial surfaces, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, and phagocytosis. Adaptive immunity is subdivided into active and passive immunity and involves both humoral and cell-mediated responses that are stimulated by antigens.
1. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against pathogens and includes anatomical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, and antimicrobial proteins/peptides.
2. Adaptive immunity develops over time upon exposure to specific pathogens and provides enhanced protection through antibody production and immunological memory.
3. The major categories of innate immunity defenses are anatomical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, microbial antagonism by normal flora, and antimicrobial substances in tissues. Adaptive immunity involves B cells, T cells, and production of antibodies.
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dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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2. Introduction
• Immunity is the state of protection from infectious disease.
• The term immunity has come from latin word ‘immunis’ meaning ‘exempt’
• The immune system involves two major activities- recognition and response.
• Recognition is the ability of the system to differentiate between self and non self.
• Once a foreign organism is recognized, the immune system recruits a variety of cells and molecules to
mount an appropriate response, called an effector response to eliminate or neutralize the organism
• Further exposure to the same foreign organism induces a memory response, which is characterized by
a more rapid and heightened immune response that serves to eliminate the pathogen and prevent
disease.
3. History
• Edward Jenner, in 1798, observed that milkmaids who had contracted with mild disease cowpox
were subsequently immune to severe small pox.
• To confirm, he inoculated an eight year boy with fluid from a cowpox pustule and later
intentionally infected the child with small pox. And the child did not develop small pox.
• Louis Pasteur while working on fowl cholera observed that injecting chickens with old bacterial
culture led to mild infection and the chickens recovered. Then Pasteur prepared a fresh culture and
inoculated a new set of chickens and few chickens which were already inoculated with the old
culture. To his surprise, the old set of chickens were completely healthy.
• Pasteur, thus proved that aging weakened the virulence of the pathogen and such attenuated strain
might be used to protect against the disease.
• He called the attenuated strain a vaccine(from the word vacca, meaning ‘cow’)in honour of Jenner
work with cowpox inoculation.
4. Types of immunity
Immune system includes two components- Innate and Adaptive
1. Innate Immunity
• first line of defence against infection
• Most components of innate immunity are present before the onset of infection
• Constitute a non specific set of disease resistance mechanism(broad reactivity)
• Innate immunity can be seen to comprise four types of defensive barriers:
a)Anatomic barrier: Examples- skin, mucous membrane
Physical and anatomic barriers tend to prevent the entry of pathogens.
The dermis, which is composed of connective tissue, contains blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous
glands, and sweat glands.
The sebaceous glands are associated with the hair follicles and produce an oily secretion called sebum.
Sebum consists of lactic acid and fatty acids, which maintain the pH of the skin between 3 and 5; this pH
inhibits the growth of most microorganisms.
5. b) Physiologic barrier: Examples- Low pH of stomach, body temperature.
The physiologic barriers that contribute to innate immunity include temperature, pH, and various soluble and cell associated
molecules.
Many species are not susceptible to certain diseases simply because their normal body temperature inhibits growth of the
pathogens.
Chickens, for example, have innate immunity to anthrax because their high body temperature inhibits the growth of the
bacteria.
Gastric acidity is an innate physiologic barrier to infection because very few ingested microorganisms can survive the low pH
of the stomach contents.
c) Phagocytic barrier: monocytes, neutrophils etc
Another important innate defense mechanism is the ingestion of extracellular particulate
material by phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is one type of endocytosis, the general term for the
uptake by a cell of material from its environment.
In phagocytosis, a cell’s plasma membrane expands around the particulate material,
which may include whole pathogenic microorganisms, to form large vesicles called
phagosomes.
Most phagocytosis is conducted by specialized cells, such as blood monocytes, neutrophils, and tissue macrophages
6. d) Inflammatory barriers: vascular fluid with anti microbial activity
Tissue damage caused by a wound or by an invading pathogenic microorganism induces a complex sequence of events
collectively known as the inflammatory response.
A molecular component of a microbe, such as LPS, may trigger an inflammatory response via interaction with cell surface
receptors.
The end result of inflammation may be the marshalling of a specific immune response to the invasion or clearance of the
invader by components of the innate immune system.
Signs of inflammation includes rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain).
7. 2. Adaptive immunity/Acquired immunity
adaptive immunity, does not come into play until there is an antigenic challenge to the organism.
Adaptive immunity responds to the challenge with a high degree of specificity as well as the remarkable
property of “memory.”
Typically, there is an adaptive immune response against an antigen within five or six days after the initial
exposure to that antigen.
Exposure to the same antigen some time in the future results in a memory response: the immune response
to the second challenge occurs more quickly than the first, is stronger, and is often more effective in
neutralizing and clearing the pathogen.
Because adaptive immune responses require some time to marshal, innate immunity provides the first line
of defense during the critical period just after the host’s exposure to a pathogen.
In general, most of the microorganisms encountered by a healthy individual are readily cleared within a few
days by defense mechanisms of the innate immune system before they activate the adaptive immune
system.
8. Adaptive immunity is capable of recognizing and selectively eliminating specific foreign microorganisms and molecules
(i.e., foreign antigens).
Unlike innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses are not the same in all members of a species but are
reactions to specific antigenic challenges.
Adaptive immunity displays four characteristic attributes:
■ Antigenic specificity - The antigenic specificity of the immune system permits it to distinguish subtle differences
among antigens. Antibodies can distinguish between two protein molecules that differ in only a single amino acid.
■ Diversity - The immune system is capable of generating tremendous diversity in its recognition molecules, allowing it
to recognize billions of unique structures on foreign antigen
■ Immunologic memory - Once the immune system has recognized and responded to an antigen, it exhibits
immunologic memory; that is, a second encounter with the same antigen induces a heightened state of immune
reactivity.
■ Self/nonself recognition - Finally, the immune system normally responds only to foreign antigens, indicating that it is
capable of self/nonself recognition.
• It can be achieved by active or passive immunization.
9. Active and Passive immunization
Active immunity
• refers to the process of exposing the body to an antigen to generate an adaptive immune response
• the response takes days/weeks to develop but may be long lasting—even lifelong.
• Active immunity is usually classified as natural or artificial.
• Wild infection for example with hepatitis A virus (HAV) and subsequent recovery gives rise to a natural
active immune response usually leading to lifelong protection.
• In a similar manner, administration of two doses of hepatitis A vaccine generates an acquired active
immune response leading to long-lasting (possibly lifelong) protection.
• The aim of active immunization is to elicit protective immunity and immunologic memory so that a
subsequent exposure to the pathogenic agent elicit a heightened immune response
10. Passive immunity
• refers to the process of providing IgG antibodies to protect against infection
• it gives immediate, but short-lived protection—several weeks to 3 or 4 months at most.
• Passive immunity is also classified as natural or artificial.
• The transfer of maternal tetanus antibody (mainly IgG) across the placenta provides natural passive
immunity for the newborn baby for several weeks/months until such antibody is degraded and lost.
• In contrast, artificial passive immunity refers to the process of obtaining serum from immune individuals,
pooling this, concentrating the immunoglobulin fraction and then injecting it to protect a susceptible
person.
• Human Tetanus Immunoglobulin, Human Rabies Immunoglobulin, Human Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin,
antitoxins etc
• The aim of passive immunization is transient protection or alleviation of an existing condition.