AV Fistula
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
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Fistula (Arteriovenous fistula -AVF)
An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is created by surgically connecting an artery directly to a vein, allowing blood to flow from the artery to the vein. This creates a continuous circuit from the heart. The most common sites for AVFs are the wrist, elbow, and upper arm.
Cannulation of the AVF is important to maintain patency and prevent complications. It can be done using either a rope ladder technique, which rotates sites, or a buttonhole technique, which uses the same site. Proper needle size, angle, and hemostasis are important to prevent issues like infiltration or bleeding.
FOLEYS CATHETER
This document provides instructions for inserting and removing an indwelling urinary catheter. It discusses preparing the patient and gathering necessary equipment like the catheter, lubricant, and drainage bag. The procedure involves cleaning the urethral area, lubricating the catheter, and advancing it into the bladder until urine flows out. Removal involves deflating the balloon, slowly pulling out the catheter, and disposing of equipment properly.
Drains in surgery
This topic is been added in the new edition ( 26th ) of Bailey & Love. This topic covers the types, uses and also the principles of removal of a drain. Every MBBS student should be aware of drains & its uses in surgery.
Liver biopsy and procedure
It is a procedure where small piece of liver tissue is removed and examined to Confirm clinical diagnosis, and assess the severity, and progression treatment response of the disease.
Intercostal drainage
This document discusses intercostal drainage (thoracostomy), which is the drainage of fluid, air, blood, chyle, or other materials from the pleural space through an intercostal space. It describes the anatomy, indications, contraindications, patient preparation, procedure, types of chest tubes and drainage systems, complications, and recommendations for safe chest drain insertion. The key points are that intercostal drainage is used to drain various pathological accumulations from the pleural space, requires sterile technique and imaging guidance for safe insertion, and aims to drain fluid/air while preventing complications like re-expansion pulmonary edema.
Pericardiocentesis
Pericardiocentesis is a procedure to remove fluid from the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart. It is used diagnostically and therapeutically to treat cardiac tamponade, a dangerous buildup of fluid in the pericardium that reduces heart function. The procedure involves inserting a needle under ultrasound or echocardiogram guidance to drain the fluid. Risks include puncturing the heart or blood vessels. It provides rapid relief of symptoms for tamponade but the fluid must be analyzed to determine the underlying cause.
Transurethral resection of the prostate
This document discusses Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) and associated anaesthetic considerations. TURP is the second most common surgery for men over 65 and involves using an electrically energized wire loop to resect prostatic tissue through continuous irrigation. Large volumes of irrigating fluid are commonly absorbed, which can cause TURP Syndrome characterized by fluid overload, hyponatremia, and potential solute toxicity. Patients undergoing TURP are often elderly with cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbidities and optimal anaesthetic management requires addressing these conditions as well as risks of fluid absorption, blood loss, and postoperative care.
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
The document discusses peripheral vascular diseases, which occur when blood flow to the peripheral vessels is reduced, potentially leading to ischemia and tissue damage. It describes the layers of arteries and veins, and compares arterial and venous disorders. Specific conditions covered include atherosclerosis, arterial insufficiency, venous insufficiency, thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's disease), Raynaud's phenomenon, aneurysms, arterial embolism, and thrombophlebitis. Risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and management approaches are discussed for each condition.
Recommended
Fistula (Arteriovenous fistula -AVF)
An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is created by surgically connecting an artery directly to a vein, allowing blood to flow from the artery to the vein. This creates a continuous circuit from the heart. The most common sites for AVFs are the wrist, elbow, and upper arm.
Cannulation of the AVF is important to maintain patency and prevent complications. It can be done using either a rope ladder technique, which rotates sites, or a buttonhole technique, which uses the same site. Proper needle size, angle, and hemostasis are important to prevent issues like infiltration or bleeding.
FOLEYS CATHETER
This document provides instructions for inserting and removing an indwelling urinary catheter. It discusses preparing the patient and gathering necessary equipment like the catheter, lubricant, and drainage bag. The procedure involves cleaning the urethral area, lubricating the catheter, and advancing it into the bladder until urine flows out. Removal involves deflating the balloon, slowly pulling out the catheter, and disposing of equipment properly.
Drains in surgery
This topic is been added in the new edition ( 26th ) of Bailey & Love. This topic covers the types, uses and also the principles of removal of a drain. Every MBBS student should be aware of drains & its uses in surgery.
Liver biopsy and procedure
It is a procedure where small piece of liver tissue is removed and examined to Confirm clinical diagnosis, and assess the severity, and progression treatment response of the disease.
Intercostal drainage
This document discusses intercostal drainage (thoracostomy), which is the drainage of fluid, air, blood, chyle, or other materials from the pleural space through an intercostal space. It describes the anatomy, indications, contraindications, patient preparation, procedure, types of chest tubes and drainage systems, complications, and recommendations for safe chest drain insertion. The key points are that intercostal drainage is used to drain various pathological accumulations from the pleural space, requires sterile technique and imaging guidance for safe insertion, and aims to drain fluid/air while preventing complications like re-expansion pulmonary edema.
Pericardiocentesis
Pericardiocentesis is a procedure to remove fluid from the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart. It is used diagnostically and therapeutically to treat cardiac tamponade, a dangerous buildup of fluid in the pericardium that reduces heart function. The procedure involves inserting a needle under ultrasound or echocardiogram guidance to drain the fluid. Risks include puncturing the heart or blood vessels. It provides rapid relief of symptoms for tamponade but the fluid must be analyzed to determine the underlying cause.
Transurethral resection of the prostate
This document discusses Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) and associated anaesthetic considerations. TURP is the second most common surgery for men over 65 and involves using an electrically energized wire loop to resect prostatic tissue through continuous irrigation. Large volumes of irrigating fluid are commonly absorbed, which can cause TURP Syndrome characterized by fluid overload, hyponatremia, and potential solute toxicity. Patients undergoing TURP are often elderly with cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbidities and optimal anaesthetic management requires addressing these conditions as well as risks of fluid absorption, blood loss, and postoperative care.
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
The document discusses peripheral vascular diseases, which occur when blood flow to the peripheral vessels is reduced, potentially leading to ischemia and tissue damage. It describes the layers of arteries and veins, and compares arterial and venous disorders. Specific conditions covered include atherosclerosis, arterial insufficiency, venous insufficiency, thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's disease), Raynaud's phenomenon, aneurysms, arterial embolism, and thrombophlebitis. Risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and management approaches are discussed for each condition.
Abdominal paracentesis
1) Abdominal paracentesis is a procedure where a needle is inserted into the peritoneal cavity to remove ascitic fluid. It can be performed for diagnostic purposes to obtain a small fluid sample for testing or therapeutically to remove over 5 liters of fluid.
2) The optimal site for paracentesis is the left lower quadrant of the abdomen to access the thicker abdominal wall and larger fluid pool. Ultrasound guidance can be used.
3) After marking the skin and administering local anesthesia using the "Z-track" technique, the needle is slowly inserted while aspirating to check for blood. Fluid flow indicates proper needle placement in the peritoneal cavity.
A v fistula in heamodialysis
The document summarizes techniques and complications of arteriovenous (A-V) fistulas used for hemodialysis. It discusses types of fistulas including autogenous and graft fistulas. It describes surgical techniques for creating different types of fistulas such as side-to-side, end-to-side, and end-to-end anastomoses. Common complications include early failure from thrombosis, aneurysm formation, infection, ischemic changes causing steal syndrome, and venous hypertension. Care of the fistula involves exercises and avoiding blood pressure checks or intravenous lines in the fistula arm.
Intercostal drainage tube insertion
This document provides information on intercostal tube insertion and the nursing responsibilities associated with chest drainage systems. It defines an intercostal tube as a drainage tube inserted into the pleural cavity to remove air, blood, or fluid. Tubes can range from 6 to 40 French in size. Chest tubes are used to drain the pleural space after procedures like pneumothorax, hemothorax, thoracotomy, or chest trauma. The document outlines the principles of chest drainage systems, types of systems, the insertion procedure, post-care for the patient and equipment, and the nurse's ongoing responsibilities in monitoring the system.
Upper GI endoscopy-GI surgery
Upper GI endoscopy is a procedure that uses a lighted, flexible endoscope to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. It can be used to detect various conditions like ulcers, abnormal growths, and inflammation. Upper GI endoscopy can determine the cause of symptoms like abdominal pain, bleeding, vomiting, and unexplained weight loss. During the procedure, the doctor may remove objects, stop bleeding, take biopsies, and perform other therapeutic interventions. Patients need to follow preparation instructions which involve fasting beforehand and having someone drive them home after the procedure.
Preoperative preparation
Preoperative preparation involves optimizing a patient's condition before surgery through assessment, investigation, and management of medical conditions. It is a multidisciplinary process involving surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, and other staff. Through history, examination, investigations, and treatment, the goals are to evaluate fitness for surgery, minimize risks, plan logistics, and obtain consent. Special considerations include managing medications, timing of fasting, and arranging the operating schedule. With thorough preparation, surgical risks and recovery times can be reduced.
Central venous pressure
This document discusses central venous pressure (CVP), including indications for CVP monitoring, measurement, waveform interpretation, and techniques for central venous cannulation. It notes that CVP can be used to assess intravascular volume status, right ventricular function, and is indicated for major procedures involving fluid shifts. The internal jugular vein and subclavian vein are common access sites, and ultrasound guidance can help with cannulation. Potential complications include arterial puncture, pneumothorax, and infection.
Laryngoscope
This document provides information on the use of a laryngoscope, including indications, contraindications, and procedures. It is used prior to intubation in infants for conditions like neonatal asphyxia or respiratory distress, and in older children for resuscitation or anesthesia. Direct laryngoscopy is also used to examine the larynx for issues like cord palsy or foreign bodies. The procedure involves lubricating and advancing the laryngoscope behind the epiglottis while examining various structures, with risks including mechanical injury or stimulating a vago-vagal response.
Tubes and Drains
Tubes and drains are mechanical conduits that allow the passage of substances like gas, fluid, or pus from the body to the external environment. They can be classified as active or passive, open or closed. Common types include chest drains, Jackson-Pratt drains, pigtail catheters, Foley catheters, corrugated drains, and nasogastric tubes. Tubes and drains are used for drainage, monitoring output, and preventing complications. Placement and use of tubes and drains requires careful technique to avoid issues like infection, tissue damage, and malfunction.
Proctoscopy
A proctoscopy is a medical procedure where a proctoscope (a rigid metal tube with a light) is inserted into the rectum to examine the anal cavity, rectum, and sigmoid colon. A proctoscope is 5 inches long while a rectoscope is 10 inches long. The procedure takes 5-10 minutes and is used to detect diseases, evaluate abnormal test results, check for rectal bleeding or cancer recurrence. During the procedure, air is pumped in to provide a clearer view and the patient may feel discomfort. Afterward, the nurse monitors for complications while the patient can resume normal activities.
Bph
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in aging men where the prostate gland enlarges. This can cause lower urinary tract symptoms like frequent urination, weak urine stream, and urgency. BPH is caused by changes in hormone levels as men age and cannot be prevented. Treatment options include medications to shrink the prostate or relax muscles, heat therapies, and surgery. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a common surgical procedure that uses an electrified loop to cut away prostate tissue through the urethra. Potential complications include bleeding, infection, and a condition called TURP syndrome if too much irrigating fluid is absorbed during surgery. Careful fluid
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (eswl)
Use focusing Shock Waves to breakdown
a stone into small pieces.
Shock waves are acoustic pulses.
Pass through better in water and solid but
not in air.
Introduce in 1980 by Dornier which is a supersonic aircraft company
Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy is a procedure used to see
inside the colon and rectum. Colonoscopy can detect inflamed tissue, ulcers,
and abnormal growths. The procedure is used to look for early signs of
colorectal cancer and can help doctors diagnose unexplained changes in bowel
habits, abdominal pain, bleeding from the anus, and weight loss.
NIDDK
Liver biopsy
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the liver. It provides details on different types of liver biopsies including percutaneous, transjugular, and laparoscopic biopsies. The key indications for liver biopsy are diagnosing and evaluating various liver diseases, while risks include pain, bleeding, and rare life-threatening complications. Percutaneous biopsy is the most common approach but transjugular may be preferred in patients with coagulopathy.
Venesection
This document discusses venesection, which is a surgical procedure to access veins for intravenous access. It describes indications for the procedure such as hemorrhagic shock or when peripheral veins are not visible. The preferred site is the great saphenous vein at the ankle or groin. Equipment needed and steps of the procedure are outlined. Potential complications include failed cannulation, hemorrhage, and infection. Venous cutdown remains an option when other intravenous access methods have failed.
Abcess+incision+and+drainage
This document discusses soft tissue swellings like lipomas and sebaceous cysts. It focuses on abscesses, defining them as localized infections surrounded by inflamed tissue. Abscesses are commonly found on the extremities, buttocks, breast or perianal area. The document outlines indications for incision and drainage of abscesses, including those that are fluctuant or not resolving with antibiotics. It describes the materials, procedure, potential complications and follow up for incision and drainage of abscesses.
Ureteral stricture
This document discusses urethral strictures, which are characterized by a narrowing of the urethral lumen causing obstruction. Common causes include ureteropelvic junction obstruction, pelvic radiation therapy, urinary diversion surgery, traumatic injuries, congenital anomalies, kidney stones, cancers, and infections. Symptoms include blood in urine or semen, painful urination, and decreased urine flow. Diagnosis involves examinations, urinalysis, imaging tests. Treatment options include balloon dilation, endoureterotomy, ureteral stents, transureteroureterostomy, and ureteroneocystostomy.
Central line
This document provides information on central venous catheters (CVCs). It defines a CVC as a catheter placed in a large vein, with regular sites being the neck, chest, groin, or peripherally. CVCs are used to administer medications, fluids, obtain blood tests, and measure central venous pressure. The document describes CVC lumen types, catheter types including tunneled and non-tunneled, insertion techniques using the Seldinger method, complications, and care/maintenance of CVCs.
Intravenous fluids crystalloids and colloids
Dr. Omar Kamal Ansari from the department of anaesthesiology discusses intravenous fluid therapy. He describes various types of intravenous fluids including crystalloids like normal saline and Ringer's lactate, colloids like albumin and hetastarch, and discusses their indications, contraindications, and complications. He also discusses fluid requirements, osmolality, electrolyte balances, and principles of intravenous fluid administration.
Fluid therapy
This PPT gives an idea to MBBS students about the Type of fluids, Calculating the daily requirements as well as the drop rate to be used in day today clinical practice.
Ercp
ERCP is an endoscopic procedure that combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat issues in the duodenum, bile ducts, pancreatic duct, and gallbladder. During ERCP, an endoscope is inserted and a catheter is used to inject radiocontrast dye to identify any blockages. If needed, a wire can enlarge the opening to the bile duct to remove gallstones or perform other procedures like stent placement. Potential but rare complications include infection, pancreatitis, bleeding, and perforation of the GI tract. ERCP requires an experienced physician due to its risks.
Ethnic Immigration
Jews began settling in the American colonies in the 1600s, establishing communities in cities like Newport, Savannah, and Charleston. By the Revolutionary War, there were around 2,000 Jews living in America who played an important role in financing the patriot cause. In the 19th century, waves of Jewish immigration from Germany and Eastern Europe dramatically increased the Jewish population in America. Jewish Americans made significant contributions across all areas of American life despite facing discrimination at times.
Hedge Fund
Hedge funds are direct partnerships between fund managers and investors where managers typically invest significant personal capital, aligning interests. The modern hedge fund industry traces back to 1949 when Alfred Winslow Jones employed a strategy of offsetting long and short positions to better manage risk. Hedge funds invest in a range of assets like stocks, bonds, commodities and futures to maximize returns while minimizing risk through diversification and hedging. They provide benefits to local communities and institutions by helping fund pensions, universities, non-profits and providing stable returns over time.
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Abdominal paracentesis
1) Abdominal paracentesis is a procedure where a needle is inserted into the peritoneal cavity to remove ascitic fluid. It can be performed for diagnostic purposes to obtain a small fluid sample for testing or therapeutically to remove over 5 liters of fluid.
2) The optimal site for paracentesis is the left lower quadrant of the abdomen to access the thicker abdominal wall and larger fluid pool. Ultrasound guidance can be used.
3) After marking the skin and administering local anesthesia using the "Z-track" technique, the needle is slowly inserted while aspirating to check for blood. Fluid flow indicates proper needle placement in the peritoneal cavity.
A v fistula in heamodialysis
The document summarizes techniques and complications of arteriovenous (A-V) fistulas used for hemodialysis. It discusses types of fistulas including autogenous and graft fistulas. It describes surgical techniques for creating different types of fistulas such as side-to-side, end-to-side, and end-to-end anastomoses. Common complications include early failure from thrombosis, aneurysm formation, infection, ischemic changes causing steal syndrome, and venous hypertension. Care of the fistula involves exercises and avoiding blood pressure checks or intravenous lines in the fistula arm.
Intercostal drainage tube insertion
This document provides information on intercostal tube insertion and the nursing responsibilities associated with chest drainage systems. It defines an intercostal tube as a drainage tube inserted into the pleural cavity to remove air, blood, or fluid. Tubes can range from 6 to 40 French in size. Chest tubes are used to drain the pleural space after procedures like pneumothorax, hemothorax, thoracotomy, or chest trauma. The document outlines the principles of chest drainage systems, types of systems, the insertion procedure, post-care for the patient and equipment, and the nurse's ongoing responsibilities in monitoring the system.
Upper GI endoscopy-GI surgery
Upper GI endoscopy is a procedure that uses a lighted, flexible endoscope to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. It can be used to detect various conditions like ulcers, abnormal growths, and inflammation. Upper GI endoscopy can determine the cause of symptoms like abdominal pain, bleeding, vomiting, and unexplained weight loss. During the procedure, the doctor may remove objects, stop bleeding, take biopsies, and perform other therapeutic interventions. Patients need to follow preparation instructions which involve fasting beforehand and having someone drive them home after the procedure.
Preoperative preparation
Preoperative preparation involves optimizing a patient's condition before surgery through assessment, investigation, and management of medical conditions. It is a multidisciplinary process involving surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, and other staff. Through history, examination, investigations, and treatment, the goals are to evaluate fitness for surgery, minimize risks, plan logistics, and obtain consent. Special considerations include managing medications, timing of fasting, and arranging the operating schedule. With thorough preparation, surgical risks and recovery times can be reduced.
Central venous pressure
This document discusses central venous pressure (CVP), including indications for CVP monitoring, measurement, waveform interpretation, and techniques for central venous cannulation. It notes that CVP can be used to assess intravascular volume status, right ventricular function, and is indicated for major procedures involving fluid shifts. The internal jugular vein and subclavian vein are common access sites, and ultrasound guidance can help with cannulation. Potential complications include arterial puncture, pneumothorax, and infection.
Laryngoscope
This document provides information on the use of a laryngoscope, including indications, contraindications, and procedures. It is used prior to intubation in infants for conditions like neonatal asphyxia or respiratory distress, and in older children for resuscitation or anesthesia. Direct laryngoscopy is also used to examine the larynx for issues like cord palsy or foreign bodies. The procedure involves lubricating and advancing the laryngoscope behind the epiglottis while examining various structures, with risks including mechanical injury or stimulating a vago-vagal response.
Tubes and Drains
Tubes and drains are mechanical conduits that allow the passage of substances like gas, fluid, or pus from the body to the external environment. They can be classified as active or passive, open or closed. Common types include chest drains, Jackson-Pratt drains, pigtail catheters, Foley catheters, corrugated drains, and nasogastric tubes. Tubes and drains are used for drainage, monitoring output, and preventing complications. Placement and use of tubes and drains requires careful technique to avoid issues like infection, tissue damage, and malfunction.
Proctoscopy
A proctoscopy is a medical procedure where a proctoscope (a rigid metal tube with a light) is inserted into the rectum to examine the anal cavity, rectum, and sigmoid colon. A proctoscope is 5 inches long while a rectoscope is 10 inches long. The procedure takes 5-10 minutes and is used to detect diseases, evaluate abnormal test results, check for rectal bleeding or cancer recurrence. During the procedure, air is pumped in to provide a clearer view and the patient may feel discomfort. Afterward, the nurse monitors for complications while the patient can resume normal activities.
Bph
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in aging men where the prostate gland enlarges. This can cause lower urinary tract symptoms like frequent urination, weak urine stream, and urgency. BPH is caused by changes in hormone levels as men age and cannot be prevented. Treatment options include medications to shrink the prostate or relax muscles, heat therapies, and surgery. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a common surgical procedure that uses an electrified loop to cut away prostate tissue through the urethra. Potential complications include bleeding, infection, and a condition called TURP syndrome if too much irrigating fluid is absorbed during surgery. Careful fluid
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (eswl)
Use focusing Shock Waves to breakdown
a stone into small pieces.
Shock waves are acoustic pulses.
Pass through better in water and solid but
not in air.
Introduce in 1980 by Dornier which is a supersonic aircraft company
Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy is a procedure used to see
inside the colon and rectum. Colonoscopy can detect inflamed tissue, ulcers,
and abnormal growths. The procedure is used to look for early signs of
colorectal cancer and can help doctors diagnose unexplained changes in bowel
habits, abdominal pain, bleeding from the anus, and weight loss.
NIDDK
Liver biopsy
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the liver. It provides details on different types of liver biopsies including percutaneous, transjugular, and laparoscopic biopsies. The key indications for liver biopsy are diagnosing and evaluating various liver diseases, while risks include pain, bleeding, and rare life-threatening complications. Percutaneous biopsy is the most common approach but transjugular may be preferred in patients with coagulopathy.
Venesection
This document discusses venesection, which is a surgical procedure to access veins for intravenous access. It describes indications for the procedure such as hemorrhagic shock or when peripheral veins are not visible. The preferred site is the great saphenous vein at the ankle or groin. Equipment needed and steps of the procedure are outlined. Potential complications include failed cannulation, hemorrhage, and infection. Venous cutdown remains an option when other intravenous access methods have failed.
Abcess+incision+and+drainage
This document discusses soft tissue swellings like lipomas and sebaceous cysts. It focuses on abscesses, defining them as localized infections surrounded by inflamed tissue. Abscesses are commonly found on the extremities, buttocks, breast or perianal area. The document outlines indications for incision and drainage of abscesses, including those that are fluctuant or not resolving with antibiotics. It describes the materials, procedure, potential complications and follow up for incision and drainage of abscesses.
Ureteral stricture
This document discusses urethral strictures, which are characterized by a narrowing of the urethral lumen causing obstruction. Common causes include ureteropelvic junction obstruction, pelvic radiation therapy, urinary diversion surgery, traumatic injuries, congenital anomalies, kidney stones, cancers, and infections. Symptoms include blood in urine or semen, painful urination, and decreased urine flow. Diagnosis involves examinations, urinalysis, imaging tests. Treatment options include balloon dilation, endoureterotomy, ureteral stents, transureteroureterostomy, and ureteroneocystostomy.
Central line
This document provides information on central venous catheters (CVCs). It defines a CVC as a catheter placed in a large vein, with regular sites being the neck, chest, groin, or peripherally. CVCs are used to administer medications, fluids, obtain blood tests, and measure central venous pressure. The document describes CVC lumen types, catheter types including tunneled and non-tunneled, insertion techniques using the Seldinger method, complications, and care/maintenance of CVCs.
Intravenous fluids crystalloids and colloids
Dr. Omar Kamal Ansari from the department of anaesthesiology discusses intravenous fluid therapy. He describes various types of intravenous fluids including crystalloids like normal saline and Ringer's lactate, colloids like albumin and hetastarch, and discusses their indications, contraindications, and complications. He also discusses fluid requirements, osmolality, electrolyte balances, and principles of intravenous fluid administration.
Fluid therapy
This PPT gives an idea to MBBS students about the Type of fluids, Calculating the daily requirements as well as the drop rate to be used in day today clinical practice.
Ercp
ERCP is an endoscopic procedure that combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat issues in the duodenum, bile ducts, pancreatic duct, and gallbladder. During ERCP, an endoscope is inserted and a catheter is used to inject radiocontrast dye to identify any blockages. If needed, a wire can enlarge the opening to the bile duct to remove gallstones or perform other procedures like stent placement. Potential but rare complications include infection, pancreatitis, bleeding, and perforation of the GI tract. ERCP requires an experienced physician due to its risks.
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Hedge funds are direct partnerships between fund managers and investors where managers typically invest significant personal capital, aligning interests. The modern hedge fund industry traces back to 1949 when Alfred Winslow Jones employed a strategy of offsetting long and short positions to better manage risk. Hedge funds invest in a range of assets like stocks, bonds, commodities and futures to maximize returns while minimizing risk through diversification and hedging. They provide benefits to local communities and institutions by helping fund pensions, universities, non-profits and providing stable returns over time.
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdf
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeProf. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
ARTHROLOGY PPT NCISM SYLLABUS AYURVEDA STUDENTS
PPT RELATED TO ARTHROLOGY ACCORDING TO NCISM AYURVEDA
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Our aim is to organise conscious gatherings and retreats for open and inquisitive minds and souls, with and without the assistance of sacred plants.
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdf
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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