This document is a seminar report on an Automatic Vehicle Locator system submitted by Rohit Kumar Patel to partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report introduces the motivation for an automatic vehicle locator and provides an overview of the project, which involves a remote object like a vehicle equipped with a GPS receiver and communication devices, and a monitoring station that can receive location data and display it. The report describes the implementation of the system using GPS for location, GSM for communication, and an LCD display for output at the monitoring station. It also covers the GSM receiver and GPS system components used.
This ppt is about Automatic Vehicle Locator (AVL),which is a means of determining the geographic location of a vehicle and transmitting this info to a point where it can be stored & used with certain software and database applications.
This ppt is about Automatic Vehicle Locator (AVL),which is a means of determining the geographic location of a vehicle and transmitting this info to a point where it can be stored & used with certain software and database applications.
ppt on accident detection system based on Iotrahul ranjan
The Internet if Things(IoT) is regarded as atechnology and economic wave in the global information industry after the Internet. The IoT is an intelligent network which connects all things to the Internet for the purpose of exchanging information and communicating through the information sensing devices in accordance with agreed protocols. It achieves the goal of intelligent identifying, locating, tracking, monitoring, and managingthings . It is an extension and expansion of Internet-based network, which expands the communication from human and human to human andthings or things and things. In the IoT paradigm, many objectssurrounding us will be connected into networks in one form oranother. TheIOT concept, hence, aims at making the Internet even more immersive and pervasive.
IOT will foster the development of a number of applications that make useof the potentially enormous amount and variety of data generated by suchObjects to provide new services to citizens, companies, and public administrations.
Here we are designing “INTELLIGENT HIGHWAY” by deploying wireless sensor network. Wireless sensor networks are adhoc networks which consistof large number of tiny sensor nodes with limited resource and one or more base stations, sensor nodes consist of processing unit with limited computational power and limited capacity. We are integrating this wireless sensor networks into the internet as a part of IOT so that anyone can access the Situations about the highway anywhere in the world.
In this presentation, Swetha presents an innovative solution that aims to solve traffic problems in the country. Her solution uses sensors to collect information and relay the information to users over a mobile app.
Smart Parking systems typically obtains information about available parking spaces in a particular geographic area and process is real-time to place vehicles at available positions .It involves using low-cost sensors, real-time data collection, and mobile-phone-enabled automated payment systems that allow people to reserve parking in advance or very accurately predict where they will likely find a spot.
ppt on accident detection system based on Iotrahul ranjan
The Internet if Things(IoT) is regarded as atechnology and economic wave in the global information industry after the Internet. The IoT is an intelligent network which connects all things to the Internet for the purpose of exchanging information and communicating through the information sensing devices in accordance with agreed protocols. It achieves the goal of intelligent identifying, locating, tracking, monitoring, and managingthings . It is an extension and expansion of Internet-based network, which expands the communication from human and human to human andthings or things and things. In the IoT paradigm, many objectssurrounding us will be connected into networks in one form oranother. TheIOT concept, hence, aims at making the Internet even more immersive and pervasive.
IOT will foster the development of a number of applications that make useof the potentially enormous amount and variety of data generated by suchObjects to provide new services to citizens, companies, and public administrations.
Here we are designing “INTELLIGENT HIGHWAY” by deploying wireless sensor network. Wireless sensor networks are adhoc networks which consistof large number of tiny sensor nodes with limited resource and one or more base stations, sensor nodes consist of processing unit with limited computational power and limited capacity. We are integrating this wireless sensor networks into the internet as a part of IOT so that anyone can access the Situations about the highway anywhere in the world.
In this presentation, Swetha presents an innovative solution that aims to solve traffic problems in the country. Her solution uses sensors to collect information and relay the information to users over a mobile app.
Smart Parking systems typically obtains information about available parking spaces in a particular geographic area and process is real-time to place vehicles at available positions .It involves using low-cost sensors, real-time data collection, and mobile-phone-enabled automated payment systems that allow people to reserve parking in advance or very accurately predict where they will likely find a spot.
Since the invention of internal combustion engines, camshafts have been used to operate the valves on the cylinder head to bring in air and fuel and expel exhaust gases. The conventional valve train has its limitations: the single lobed cam is designed to operate the valves at only specific periods of the Otto cycle, thus preventing the engine from achieving maximum torque at higher rpms. The opening and closing of the valves is constrained by the geometry of the cam profile. The concept of camless engines allows for greater optimization of overall engine performance during different phases of running.
This project is about tracking system that tracks vehicle using gps and gsm/gprs. Also, it displays information for user interface using web and mobile application.Beside that it displays information on lcd as a form of public notice board too.
nternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Upgradation of low cost roughness measuring equipment and development of perf...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today road and transport authorities around the world collectively spend large sums of money each year enhancing and maintaining their road networks. Road users in the majority of countries around the world continue to desire better and smoother roads, despite pressure on road authorities to further reduce expenditure. This pressure is brought about, because funding for road infrastructure is only one of the many priorities competing for Government funds. Pavements cannot be managed to the degree desired by decision makers, unless detailed accurate information and analysis supports the system. Road roughness data is considered one of the most important aspects of road condition information used in practice in pavement management systems.
At present in the market, we have various roughness measuring equipments starting from costliest equipment such as ARAN laser (which uses laser beam to measure the roughness) to moderately costly Bump integrator (which uses the bump counts made by the probe wheel), to cheaper equipment such as MERLIN (which uses the slope value of the wheel to calculate the roughness). In the present research work, an attempt is made to develop low cost roughness measuring equipment and to check its reliability and repeatability to minimize the calibration error. It is calibrated using Bump integrator.
Keywords: roughness, low cost equipment, calibration error
GPS based Advanced Vehicle Tracking and Vehicle Control SystemMashood Mukhtar
Security systems and navigators have always been a
necessity of human‟s life. The developments of advanced
electronics have brought revolutionary changes in these fields. In this paper, we will present a vehicle tracking system that employs a GPS module and a GSM modem to find the location of a vehicle and offers a range of control features. To complete the design successfully, a GPS unit, two relays, a GSM Modem and two MCU units are used. There are five features introduced in the project. The aim of this project is to remotely track a vehicle‟s location, remotely switch ON and OFF the vehicle‟s ignition system and remotely lock and unlock the doors of the vehicle. An SMS message is sent to the tracking system and the system responds to the users request by performing appropriate actions. Short text messages are assigned to each of these features. A webpage is specifically designed to view the vehicle‟s location on Google maps. By using relay based control concept introduced in this paper, number of control features
such as turning heater on/off, radio on/off etc. can be
implemented in the same fashion.
Here we are making a project which just traces our vehicle location, in terms of its precise latitude and longitude and then send it to a mobile number (as per our requirement). This project consists of three main devices which are :- (i) Arduino UNO, (ii) GPS module (Neo-6M), & (iii) GSM- 900A.These all three devices will be going to be installed in the vehicle to which we want to trace. Initially what happened that we make a program in arduino (in C language) regarding interfacing the GSM device and GPS device. And we also set a mobile number in the program as per our need, on which we get the info regarding its (vehicle’s) location. First of all we make a call to the mobile number which has been installed in the GSM module and then after some specific delay (as per mentioned in the program) we get a sms regarding the exact latitude and longitude of the vehicle. It is done in a way that GPS device is continuously receiving the location of the vehicle from the satellite and then transferring to the arduino board, from where we send it to the required mobile no. And hence in this way we can easily get info regarding the exact location of the vehicle. Once the message has been sent to the predefined mobile no. the GSM gets deactivated and the GPS gets activated. Thus we can easily trace our vehicle. Vehicle Tracking System (VTS) is the technology used to determine the location of a vehicle using different methods like GPS and other radio navigation systems operating through satellites and ground based stations. This system is an important tool for tracking each vehicle at a given period of time and now it is becoming increasingly popular for people having expensive cars and hence as theft prevention and retrieval device.
In this project we are going to make an embedded system which will help to provide protection against theft. This system will send the data to the user who want to track the vehicle showing the using position of vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude. Most of the people know that GPS is more secure but they don’t apply because it is expensive. This design is needed for the real time location of the vehicle. It changes the microcontroller P89V51RD2 interfaces with various hardware peripheries this uncontrolled interfaces serially with GSM modem and GPS receiver.
A proposed model for traffic signal preemption using global positioning syste...csandit
A Traffic Signal Preemption system is an automated system that allows normal operation of
traffic lights at automated signalized intersections to be preempted. Preemption of signals is
generally done to assist emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, so that response times are
reduced and right-of-way is provided in a smooth and controlled manner. This paper proposes
an innovative and cost-effective server-centric model to facilitate preemption using a simple
mobile phone app which uses Global Positioning System (GPS) and a microcontroller which
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A PROPOSED MODEL FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL PREEMPTION USING GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTE...cscpconf
A Traffic Signal Preemption system is an automated system that allows normal operation of traffic lights at automated signalized intersections to be preempted. Preemption of signals is
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This article explains about development of Internet of Things (IoT) based decision support for vehicle drivers using GPS and GSM modules. This project is helpful to avoid the road accidents by maintaining the proper speed limit at different locations such as school zones, hospital regions and so on. Initially an admin database is created with a web server. The data base contains six parts such as S.No, longitude1, latitude1, longitude2, latitude2, speed limit. The web server has been implemented with a PHP page which provides a connection to the databases allowing web clients to send queries to data base. A PC application is distributed among local guides; they can provide speed limits of the allocated regions. A GPS receiver is used to provide the vehicle’s location and a GSM module is configured as GPRS to provide internet connection through mobile data. An Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) is used to display the speed limit of the vehicle’s location. Arduino UNO (At mega 328P) board is used to interface all the components. The instructions to the vehicle drivers are given by using OLED display when the location is tracked by GPRS, and also an alarm sounds at extreme conditions.
Intelligent GIS-Based Road Accident Analysis and Real-Time Monitoring Automat...CSCJournals
It has been a big concern for many people and government to reduce the amount of road accident specially in Malaysia since it could be a big threat to this country. Malaysian government has spent millions of money in order to reduce the number of accident occurrence through several modes of campaign. Unfortunately, from years to years the number keeps increasing. The lack of a comprehensive accident recording and analysis system in Malaysia can be effective in these kinds of problems. By making use of IRAS (Intelligent Road Accident System), the police would be control and manage whole accident events as a real-time monitoring system. This system exploits WiMAX and GPRS communications to connect to the server for transfer the specific data to the data center. This system can be used for a comprehensive intelligent GIS-based solution for accident analysis and management. The system is developed based on object and aspect oriented software design such as .NET technology.
UAVs have been operating since 1996 in Indian Armed Forces . Although there is a huge limitation in the development of the communication system for a wireless HD video and data telemetry link for real time surveillance in BVLOS operations.. What are the main components required for the basic transmission of video and data link? What are the parameters on basis of which such link should be feasible for long range communication? This paper focuses on integration aspects and comparison of the components and its parameters by conducting tests on a UAV set-up.
Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie WellsRosie Wells
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1. [1]
AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATOR
A Seminar Report
Submitted by
ROHIT KUMAR PATEL
(Roll No. : 12EI39)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering
Department of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering
MJP ROHILKHAND UNIVERSITY, BAREILLY
December, 2015
2. [2]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe a great many thanks to great many people who helped and supported me during the making
of this seminar presentation and its report.
My deepest thanks to Dr. Sanjeev Tyagi, (co-ordinator of our seminar) for providing proper
guidance. He has taken pain to go through the seminar and make necessary suggestions when
needed.
I also express our thanks to Mr. Yograj Singh Daksh, Head of the Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering Department, IET MJP Rohilkhand University Bareilly, for extending his support.
ROHIT KUMAR PATEL
12EI39
3. [3]
INTRODUCTION CHAPTER-1
A GPS receiver placed in a car can receive signals from these satellites and will calculate the exact
location of the car in terms of latitude and longitude. This data can be sent to owner’s computer
that can monitor the location. A GSM modem can be integrated into this project for providing
security and remote control. The current location of the car can be found out by sending an SMS.
The car can also be disabled by sending an SMS.
1.1 MOTIVATION
With the advent of satellite navigation systems like GPS (Global Position System), GLONASS
and Galileo etc., it has become possible to track the position of any object having such systems.
Concept of localizing or determining position of an object has been popular since ancient times.
Earlier voyagers used magnetic compass for navigation purposes. It gave information about the
directions with certain accuracy but localizing the position of object was still a distant reality.
Figure 1.1 Basic diagram for vehicle tracking system
Now the navigations systems are used at many places for example in cars, military, engineering
survey and the list goes on. The advent use of navigation can be combined with modern day
4. [4]
wireless communication services to yield a very useful application. It can be used to send the
position of an object to a distant location. So it becomes possible to monitor the position of a
remote object.
This opens a wide door of possibilities for new and exciting applications. Surveillance, Vehicle
Location Information, Location Based Services can be provided with considerable ease. The
remote monitoring systems become all the more useful if we use brute computing capabilities of
monitoring stations to calculate various other parameters related to remote object. For example it
is possible to record the path taken by a remote object (call it path tracing), or for calculating speed
of the object over long period of time, or for sounding alarm when the object approaches restricted
regions. Hence it depends on monitoring stations what kind of services they want to implement.
So there can be innumerous applications for a tracking system, that the reason for implement the
AVL. Throughout the thesis the AVL system has been explained.
1.2 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT
The Automatic Vehicle Locating System can be broadly divided into two parts
The remote object
The monitoring station
The remote object is the object whose location is to be monitored. In this thesis considered it to be
a vehicle. The remote object should consist of some kind of navigation system, which would help
to localize the position of the object. Further it should also contain some form of communication
equipment, preferably wireless. And at last there must be some kind of controller which co -
ordinates the operation of the navigation systems and communication equipment.
Figure 1.2 The remote object
Similarly the monitoring station should be equipped with a communication equipment to receive
the location data from the remote object. Further the station must contain a computing device
which can calculate and interpret the location data and provide it to the user in a comprehensive
NAVIGATION
SYSTEM
CONTROLLER
COMMUNICATION
DEVICES
5. [5]
manner. For example if the user wants the output on map then co-ordinates obtained or calculated
must be represented on map. Also note that monitoring station need not be 'fixed'. There is no
reason to place such a restriction, after all as long as communicating equipment of the remote
object and the monitoring stations are connected it doesn't matter where a monitoring station is lo
Figure 1.3 The monitoring station
1.3 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEME
Until now showing the blocks of AVL conceptually. But real physical implementation requires far
more complexity. To localize the position of the object we have decided to use GPS (Global
Positioning System). Further GPS provides many advantages over other navigation systems. Since
wireless communication between the remote object and monitoring station is desirable we need to
ensure a robust and secure connection mechanism..
Figure 1.4 Automatic Vehicle Locator setups
At the monitoring station, a GSM modem. The computing device for interpreting the received data
can be either a computer or MCU. It depends on whether we want portable or fixed monitoring
stations. Finally we have used LCD display to display the final result in a comprehensive format.
Although there is possibility to use either SMS or GPRS to transfer the remote object data, we
have decided to implement the system initially using the SMS. This is mainly because of bulk
SMS service is available at a low cost.
COMMUNICATI
ON EQUIPMENT
COMPUTING
DEVICE
OUTPUT
6. [6]
GSM RECEIVER CHAPTER-2
Communication over wireless channel is particularly challenging. Wireless channel provides a
dynamic environment because of factors like large scale path loss, small scale fading effects, and
multipath propagation. This all leads to high (and variable) bit error rates. So many important
signal processing techniques like modulation, equalization, diversity and channel coding are used
to improve bit error rate. Also to make wireless communication secure, we need to employ some
form of encryption at some communication layer.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) are the standards given by ETSI (European
Telecommunication Standard Institute) for digital cellular networks. GSM provides a robust set of
protocols for communications. It has some very desirable features:
Encryption algorithms for communication over air.
Mobility management for providing high roaming capabilities.
FEC (Forward Error Control) at lower layers of radio interface for combating and
correcting error.
Transparent set of user-plane protocols provide freedom to user. So he can implement
vivid variety of applications using GSM Network without worrying of wireless
communication woes.
2.2 GSM KIT
GSM modems act as an access point for GSM networks. Many complexities of accessing a GSM
network are hidden by GSM modem. GSM modem provides a set of commands called AT
commands (AT stands for Attention) for accessing GSM service. The supported AT commands
and their format depends on the manufacturer of the modem. Another important point to note is
that GSM Modems provide a number of interfaces to access. However at the monitoring station
which may have a PC, we may go for modem with Bluetooth or USB interface, because RS-232
is no longer available on modern PC.
GSM receiver is used to receive the data from any user via the BTS. Today Mainly SIM900 module
is used for GSM system. This chapter describes the hardware interface of the SIM SIM900A
7. [7]
module that connects to the specific application and the air interface. As SIM900A can be
integrated with a wide range of applications, all functional components of SIM900 are described
in detail as.
Fig: 2.1 GSM Module SIM900A
2.2.1 Product detail
SIM900A is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies EGSM (Enhanced GSM
)900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and PCS1900 MHz, SIM900A provides GPRS multi-slot class 10
capability and support the GPRS coding schemes. The physical interface to the mobile application
is made through a 60 pins board-to-board connector.
Two serial ports can help you easily develop your applications.
Two audio channels include two microphones inputs and two speaker outputs.
8. [8]
2.2.2 Application Interface
All hardware interfaces except RF interface that connects SIM900A to the customers’ cellular
application platform is through a 60-pin 0.5mm pitch board-to-board connector.
Sub-interfaces included in this board-to-board connector are described in detail in following
chapters-
Power supply
Dual serial interface
Two analog audio interfaces
SIM interface
Indicators (Buzzer, LED)
9. [9]
GPS SYSTEM CHAPTER 3
GPS (The full description is- Navigation System with Timing and Ranging Global Positioning
System, NAVSTAR-GPS) was developed by the U.S. department of defense (DoD) and can be
used both by civilians and military personal. There are currently 28 operational satellites orbiting
the earth at a height of 20,180km on 6 different orbital planes. Their orbits are inclined at 55 degree
to equator, ensuring that a least 4 satellites are in radio communication with any point on the planet.
Fig. 3.1 Smart GPS receiver
3.1 WHY GPS?
Basically, A GPS (Global positioning system) receiver determine just four variables, i.e, longitude,
latitude, height and time. Additional information (e.g. speed, direction etc,) can be derived from
these four components.
Using GPS the following value can be determine anywhere on the earth-
One’s exact location, accurate to within a range of 20m to 1 mm.
The precise time (UTC) accurate to within a range of 60ns to 5ns.
10. [10]
Fig 3.2 GPS satellites orbit the Earth on 6 orbital planes
During the development of the GPS system, particular emphasis was placed on the following three
aspects:-
1. It had to provide users with the capability of determining position, speed and time, whether in
motion or at rest.
2. It had to have a continuous, global, 3 dimensional positioning capability with a high degree of
accuracy, Irrespective of the weather.
3. It had to offer potential for civilian use.
In order to calculate one’s exact position, all that needs to be measured is the signal transit time
between the point of observation and four different satellites whose positions are known.
3.2 DETERMINING A POSITION IN 3-D SPACE
In order to determine these four unknown variables, four independent equations are needed. The
four transit times required are supplied by the four different satellites (sat. 1 to sat. 4). The 28 GPS
satellites are distributed around the globe in such a way that at least 4 of them are always “visible”
from any point on Earth.
11. [11]
FIG: 3.4 Four satellites are required to determine a position in 3-D space
3.3 THE GPS NAVIGATION MESSAGE
The navigation message is a continuous stream of data transmitted at 50 bits per second. Each
satellite relays the following information to Earth-
System time and clock correction values.
Its own highly accurate orbital data (ephemeris).
Approximate orbital data for all other satellites (almanac).
3.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENTIRE SYSTEM
The Global Positioning System (GPS) comprises three segments:-
The space segment (all functional satellites)
The control segment (all ground stations involved in the monitoring of the system master
control station, monitor stations, and ground control stations).
The user segment (all civil and military GPS users).
12. [12]
FIG: 3.5 The three GPS segments
3.5 ACCURACY OF POSITION
Although originally intended for purely military purposes, the GPS system is used today primarily
for civil applications, such as surveying, navigation (air, sea and land), positioning, measuring
velocity, determining time, monitoring stationary and moving objects, etc. The system operator
guarantees the standard civilian user of the service that the following accuracy (Table 3.1) will be
attained for 95% of the time (2drms value).
13. [13]
Table 3.1 Accuracy of the standard civilian service
HORIZONTAL
ACCURACY
VERTICAL ACCURACY HIGHT ACCURACY
≤13 m ≤22 m ~40ns
3.6 CALCULATING A POSITION
The principle of measuring signal transit time (evaluation of pseudo-range). In order for a GPS
receiver to determine its position, it has to receive time signals from four different satellites (Sat 1
... Sat 4), to enable it to calculate signal transit time Δt1 ... Δt4 (Figure 4.4).
Calculations are effected in a Cartesian, three-dimensional co-ordinate system with a geocentric
origin. As the locations X-Sat, Y-Sat and Z-Sat of the four satellites are known, the user co-
ordinates can be calculated.
Fig. 3.4 Four satellite signals must be received
Calculations are effected in a Cartesian, three-dimensional co-ordinate system with a geocentric
origin (Figure4.1). The range of the user from the four satellites R1, R2, R3 and R4 can be
determined with the help of signal transit times Δt1, Δt2, Δt3 and Δt4 between the four satellites
and the user. As the locations X-Sat, Y-Sat and Z-Sat of the four satellites are known, the user co-
ordinates can be calculated.
14. [14]
ALGORITHM AND RESULTS CHAPTER-4
4.1 ALGORITHM
First of all GSM Modem must be registered to Network. If registration step is not successful then
the command should be again sent. If the registration is successful then signal quality is checked.
The obtained values are displayed on console itself. A counter is initialized with value 10 (this is
because GPS data is sent to control station at interval of 10 seconds). But note that data obtained
is shown on local console at normal rate of 1 sample per second. Once counter is set, data packets
from GPS receiver is received via USB driver interface. Fig 4.1 shows the flow diagram related to
this algorithm.
4.2 RESULTS
Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3 shows the output data. Validity of this data was checked using Google
Maps. Also while testing the project it was observed that GPS data is accurate when used in
outdoors. This fact could be explained because in crowded places and indoors there could be
multiple path components causing problem. The longitude and latitude are shown in degree and
minutes multiplied by 100. Another point to note here is that number of satellites in view generally
depends on time of the day, and the location at which the remote object is. But user should not
worry about the number of satellites because 4 satellites are enough to calculate the exact
coordinates. Speed is shown in Nautical Miles per hour because this is defect in GPS receivers.
Height shown in the data are the measured from geodetic datum which could be approximated as
mean sea level for simple applications
16. [16]
Fig 4.2 screen shot of GPS value on monitor
Fig 4.3 value received GSM terminal
17. [17]
4.3 APPLICATION
Using the Global Positioning System (GPS), a process used to establish apposition at any point on
the globe) the following two values can be determined anywhere on Earth.
One’s exact location (longitude, latitude and height co-ordinates) accurate to within a
range of 20 m to approx.1mm.
The precise time (world time, Universal Time Coordinated, UTC) accurate to within a
range of 60ns to approx.1ns. Various additional variables can be derived from the three-
dimensional position and the exact time, such as
Speed
Acceleration
Course
Local time
Range instrument
By AVL (Automatic vehicle locator) we can track the exact position of any vehicle or moving
objects.
Fig 4.4 whole process of working.
18. [18]
4.4 OTHER APPLICATION
1. Transport companies, logistics in general (aircraft, water-borne craft and road vehicle)
2. Railways
3. Geographical tachographs
4. Fleet management
5. Navigation systems
6. Military
7. Science and Research
GPS has readily found itself a place in archaeology ever since this branch of science began to use
aerial and satellite imaging. In land surveying, GPS has virtually become an exclusive method for
pinpointing sites in basic networks. Everywhere around the world, continental and national GPS
networks are emerging that, in conjunction with the global ITRF, provide homogenous and highly
accurate networks of points for density and point to point measurements. At a regional level, the
number of tenders to set up GPS networks as a basis for geo-information systems and cadastral
land surveys is growing
Fig 4.5 Application in Science and Research
19. [19]
CONCLUSION CHAPTER-5
AVL systems generally include a network of vehicles that are equipped with a mobile radio
receiver, a GPS receiver, a GPS modem, and a GPS antenna. This network connects with a base
radio consisting of a PC computer station as well as a GPS receiver and interface. GPS uses
interactive maps rather than static map images on the Web. This means users can perform
conventional GPS functions such as zoom, pan, identify and queries.
AVL systems can be used to increase the accountability of field personnel and boost the efficiency
of a company's dispatching procedure. Dispatchers can get a real-time snapshot of driver adherence
to a route, provide customers with an estimated time of arrival, and communicate directly with
drivers. Public safety agencies, such as police department or fire departments, can use AVL
technology to improve response times by being able to dispatch the closest vehicles for
emergencies.
Performance of GPS and GSM receivers is limited by signal reception. So antenna plays an
important role. Also Embedded Linux provides a lot of flexibility in terms of available libraries
and device drivers. The data is extracted by controller from NMEA packets sent by GPS receiver.
From these packets controller calculates useful data like longitude, latitude, height, speed, time
stamp. These data are saved in a specific format and sent over GSM modem every 10s. The time
is hardcoded but can be easily changed. This time will depend on the application for example a
speed measuring or height profiling applications would require frequent data but normal tracking
applications could work with lesser frequent data.