We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A Integrated Technique of SIDO PFC Fly back Converter in power systemIJMTST Journal
Energy saving is the major international efforts to control down the global warming .Power electronics based devices has being improving day by day for saving the electrical energy in the power grids. The govt. of India is also contributing several projects based on energy conservation. The Designing of a single-inductor dual output (SIDO) fly-back power factor correction (PFC) converter is proposed, in which the PFC and power conversion are done at the same time, multiplexing of a single-inductor is implemented through which each output can be regulated independently. The converter will be operating under in critical conduction mode (CRM). A SIDO PFC converter is a system of dual efficient DC output obtained from the AC source, it can also be replaced by solar panel and our system is capable of running a dc motor also, fly back converter can be used in both ac-dc and dc-dc conversion process. The efficiency along with power factor, total harmonic distortion (THD), settling time and output accuracy of this converter will be improved by implementing the neural network as controllers in the system
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A Integrated Technique of SIDO PFC Fly back Converter in power systemIJMTST Journal
Energy saving is the major international efforts to control down the global warming .Power electronics based devices has being improving day by day for saving the electrical energy in the power grids. The govt. of India is also contributing several projects based on energy conservation. The Designing of a single-inductor dual output (SIDO) fly-back power factor correction (PFC) converter is proposed, in which the PFC and power conversion are done at the same time, multiplexing of a single-inductor is implemented through which each output can be regulated independently. The converter will be operating under in critical conduction mode (CRM). A SIDO PFC converter is a system of dual efficient DC output obtained from the AC source, it can also be replaced by solar panel and our system is capable of running a dc motor also, fly back converter can be used in both ac-dc and dc-dc conversion process. The efficiency along with power factor, total harmonic distortion (THD), settling time and output accuracy of this converter will be improved by implementing the neural network as controllers in the system
Applications of Smart Grid through Harmonic Current & Reactive Power Compensa...IJMTST Journal
Power factor correction (PFC) is a mandatory functionality of electronic products in the industrial and commercial market in order to mitigate grid harmonics and operate a power system economically. Since the load characteristics of most PFC applications such as home appliances, battery chargers, switched mode power supplies and other digital products support unidirectional power flow, the general ac-dc boost converter with step-up chopper is considered a popular topology. This is because they are low cost, simple, and their performance is well-proven. Its main task inside the system is to maintain dc-link voltage constantly in order to feed loads at different power ratings. In addition, it is necessary to control input current with a pure sinusoidal waveform in phase with input voltage. Active power filters (APF) are another approach capable of improving grid power quality. Many research endeavors have included APFs in their circuit topologies and control strategies. Unlike PFC circuits, the APF is a system in itself which provides compensation of harmonics and reactive power in order to reduce undesirable effects from non-linear loads and uncontrolled passive loads in power systems.
IRJET-Management of power factor and harmonicIRJET Journal
P. K. Kurundwade, G. V. Swami , R. A. Metri, S. B. Patil, P. B. Patil, M. Patil "Management of power factor and harmonic", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
This paper discusses about the power factor improvement and reduction in harmonic system. Poor power factor causes increased electricity charges, penalty for low power factor and unnecessary effect in the system and poor power quality. To smooth such negative effects, the power factor correction is carried out, also reduce harmonic content in the system filters are used. Automatic Power Factor Correction relay is one of the smart relay used to control the capacitor with respect to output. The proposed system is characterized by no generation of harmonics and reduction of transmission losses.
A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTAT...ijtsrd
As demand for electricity has risen exponentially, power production and transmission are affected by scarce energy, environmental constraints and other losses. Soft computing methods to fix the sag, swell and disruption of the supply voltage in the distributed device. At present, a broad variety of highly versatile controls that leverage on newly available power electronics components are evolving for custom power applications. Control electronic equipment intended to improve the stability and efficiency of electricity flows in low voltage distribution networks. The control algorithm is used to derive the fundamental weighted value of the active and reactive power components. Using a digital signal processor, DSTATCOM is built and its output as a DSTATCOM is found to be satisfactory for different types of loads. Amit Radhakrishna Parhad | Pramod Kumar Rathore "A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM (Neural Network Approach)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42403.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/electrical-engineering/42403/a-review-on-optimization-techniques-for-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-neural-network-approach/amit-radhakrishna-parhad
PV Cell Fed High Step-up DC-DC Converter for PMSM Drive ApplicationsIJMTST Journal
In this concept novel high step-up dc–dc converter with an active coupled-inductor network is presented for
a sustainable energy system. The proposed converter contains two coupled inductors which can be
integrated into one magnetic core and two switches. The primary sides of coupled inductors are charged in
parallel by the input source, and both the coupled inductors are discharged in series with the input source to
achieve the high step-up voltage gain with appropriate duty ratio, respectively. In addition, the passive
lossless clamped circuit not only recycles leakage energies of the coupled inductor to improve efficiency but
also alleviates large voltage spike to limit the voltage stresses of the main switches. The reverse-recovery
problem of the output diode is also alleviated by the leakage inductor and the lower part count is needed;
therefore, the power conversion efficiency can be further upgraded. The voltage conversion ratios, the effect of
the leakage inductance and the parasitic parameters on the voltage gain are discussed. The voltage stress
and current stress on the power devices are illustrated and the comparisons between the proposed converter
and other converters are given. The simulation results are presented by using Mat lab/Simulink software.
Automatic load sharing of transformer using microcontrollerPrakhar Anand
1. ABSTRACT:-
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level.
The main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing.
Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get burnt.
Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller.
The micro controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are sensing unit, control unit and micro-control.
A GSM modem is also used to inform the control station about switching.
The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
2. OBJECTIVE:-
To design & fabrication of a hardware which will monitor the performance of the load sharing process by taking power consumed by the load into consideration.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system.
The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure.
This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt.
So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions.
A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
100 watt inverter using IC CD4047 and MOSFET IRF540
CD 4047 is a low power CMOS astable/monostable multivibrator IC. Here it is wired as an astable multivibrator producing two pulse trains of 0.01s which are 180 degrees out of phase at the pins 10 and 11 of the IC. Pin 10 is connected to the gate of Q1 and pin 11 is connected to the gate of Q2. Resistors R3 and R4 prevents the loading of the IC by the respective MOSFETs. When pin 10 is high Q1 conducts and current flows through the upper half of the transformer primary which accounts for the positive half of the output AC voltage. When pin 11 is high Q2 conducts and current flows through the lower half of the transformer primary in opposite direction and it accounts for the negative half of the output AC voltage.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
1. PROJECT PRESENTATION ON
AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR
CORRECTION
GUIDED BY:-
Dr. BARUN MONDAL, Asst. prof.
EE Department
Presented By:-
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Kalyani Govt. Engineering College
1. Atanu Chakraborty (10201615057)
2. Kartick Manna (10201615060)
3. Koushik Garai (10201615061)
4. Santu Sutradhar (10201615071)
3. INTRODUCTION:
This project report represents one of the most effective automatic
power factor improvements.
Static capacitors which will be controlled by a Microcontroller
with very low cost.
Power factor is set as standard value into the microcontroller IC.
Potential Transformer and Current Transformer are used for pf
measurement
Here one of the most popular Microcontroller is used i.e. Arduino
ATmega328
6. Working Principle:
Power supply is given to the circuit.
Power factor is set as standard value into the microcontroller
IC.
In case of deviations , microcontroller activates relay.
Relay senses and connects the capacitor.
The capacitor is connected parallel across the load by relay
without any hazard.
The APFC unit controls PF by activating/deactivating
capacitors.
7. Power Supply Circuit
Step-down
Transformer
Diode
Rectifier
Filtering
Capacitor
Voltage
Regulator
8. POWER FACTOR MEARSURMENT CIRCUIT
Potential
Transformer Current Transformer Zero Crossing Detector
11. MICRO COTROLLER:
A Microcontroller Contains:
The processor (The CPU),
Program memory,
Memory for input and output(RAM),
A clock and an I/O control unit.
Microcontroller it is an electronic clock driven
reprogrammable device which can take some
digital data , process the data and gives us to
required output data.
13. Algorithm of Microcontroller
Read Voltage and
Current
Calculate
PF
PF<PFmin?
PF>Pfmax?
Switch on one
capacitor
Switch off one
capacitor
Yes
Yes
No
No
14. LCD:
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat paneldisplay
It uses the light modulating properties of liquid
crystals (LCs).
LCDsApplications:
Computer monitors,
Television,
Instrument panels,signage, etc.
LCDs have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in
most applications.
16. WORKING OF RELAY:
A relay is an electrically operated
switch.
The coil current can be on or off so
relays have two switch positions and
they are double throw (changeover)
switches.
Relays allow one circuit to switch a
second circuit which can
be completely separate from the first.
It is also known as a sensing device.
17. Capacitor Bank
A capacitor bank is a group of several capacitors of the
same rating that are connected in series or parallel with
each other to store electrical energy .
The resulting bank is then used to counteract(resist) or
correct a power factor lag or phase shift in an
alternative current (AC) power supply. They can also be
used in a direct current (DC) power supply to increase
the ripple current capacity of the power supply or to
increase the overall amount of stored energy.
Capacitor banks are generally used in substations. Since
most of the household and industrial appliances are
either resistive(eg. incandescent light, heater, etc.) or
inductive(e.g. refrigerator, air-conditioner, motor, etc).
The capacitive load of the capacitor bank will help to
adjust the power factor as close to 1 as possible, in
which case the voltage and current are in phase and
deliver maximum usable power to the load.
19. Disadvantage
They have short service life.
They are easily damaged if the voltage
exceeds the rated value
Once the capacitor is damaged, their repair
is uneconomical.
20. Applications:
To improve power factor of inductive load such as
Induction Motors
A high power factor is generally desirable in a
transmission system to reduce
transmission losses and improve voltage.
It provides good voltage regulation and can be used
at substation
21. CONCLUSIONS
This paper shows an efficient technique to improve the power factor of a
power system by an economical way.
Static capacitors are invariably used for power factor improvement in factories
or distribution line. But this paper presents a system that uses capacitors only
when power factor is low otherwise they are cut off from line. Thus it not only
improves the power factor but also increases the life time of static capacitors.
For high rating load this capacitor method may be insufficient and we can use
Synchronous machine for that. We can control the excitation of the
synchronous machine in order to control power factor of the load
22. References
We get the idea from the following sources
1. www.google.com
2.www.wikipedia.org
3.Global Journal of Researches in Engineering
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
4.International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology
(IJEIT)
Volume 3, Issue 4, October 2013
5.https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/03/20/automaticpower-factor-
correction/
6.http://microcontrollerslab.com/automatic-power-factor-controllerusing-pic-
microcontroller/
7. http://www.edgefxkits.com/minimizing-penalty-in-industrialpower-consumption-by-
engaging-apfc-unit