This document summarizes key findings from the Australian Infrastructure Audit Report. It finds that Australia's infrastructure is struggling to meet the high standards of living expected by Australians. Population growth is increasing demand, especially in major cities, straining existing infrastructure. There are also gaps between infrastructure quality expectations and willingness to pay for necessary improvements. The report calls for integrated long-term planning across all levels of government, improved project selection, and consideration of alternative funding models to sustainably fund needed infrastructure upgrades and expansion.
The document summarizes a presentation given at the Zimbabwe Infrastructure Investment Conference in London in 2010. The presentation discusses the status of infrastructure in Zimbabwe, opportunities for investors, and recommendations. Key points include:
- Zimbabwe's infrastructure in sectors like water, sanitation, energy, transportation and ICT has deteriorated due to underfunding and skilled worker shortages. Billions are needed for rehabilitation.
- Private partnerships are seen as important for attracting investment to rebuild infrastructure. A range of PPP models are proposed.
- Recommendations include establishing a skills program for diaspora workers, creating a long-term infrastructure plan, and improving regulations and guidelines around PPPs.
This document discusses India's infrastructure needs and opportunities for public-private partnerships. It notes that India faces major shortfalls in roads, ports, airports, railways and power infrastructure. The document estimates investment needs of $42 billion in roads over the next two years and $200 billion in power over the next four years. It outlines the policy framework and market size for various infrastructure sectors in India and highlights opportunities for private investment in building infrastructure through PPP models.
The history of infrastructure design, development and operation in most countries has been that it has occurred in silos. Yet the citizen’s experience of infrastructure is integrated. Realisation that the governance of this integrated experience is badly out of alignment with the needs of developed and developing countries and cities has now caused consideration of how to move to a better set of arrangements.
A SMART Seminar presented by Prof Brian Collins on 13 May 2013. For more information, visit http://goo.gl/MfJ8t
The document defines infrastructure and discusses various sectors that are considered part of infrastructure including economic infrastructure (energy, transport, telecommunications, special economic zones, urban and rural infrastructure) and social infrastructure (human development, health, education, employment, women's empowerment, empowerment of disadvantaged groups). It provides details on key infrastructure sectors in India like power, railways, roadways, telecommunications, oil and gas. It also discusses policies and definitions of infrastructure from organizations like RBI, IRDA, Economic Survey and Income Tax Department.
This document provides an overview of infrastructure engineering. It begins by defining infrastructure and describing its key attributes. It then discusses different types of physical infrastructure like transportation, water and sanitation, energy, and telecommunications. The role of infrastructure in promoting economic growth and alleviating poverty is explained. Issues facing urban and rural infrastructure in India are outlined, such as inadequate access to services. Reforms to improve governance and financing of infrastructure projects are described, including the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for systemic changes to ensure effective planning, regulation, and delivery of infrastructure.
The document provides an overview of India's infrastructure sector, including trends, projected investments, and developments in key subsectors. Some of the key points summarized are:
- Total projected investment in infrastructure from 2007-2012 is $500 billion, with electricity, roads, and telecom receiving the largest shares. Private companies are expected to contribute one-third of total infrastructure investment.
- Power generation grew significantly from 1999-2004, but a supply deficit remains. The 11th Five Year Plan targets adding 78,577 MW of new capacity.
- Cargo traffic at major ports grew nearly 10% annually from 1999-2004. Average turnaround time exceeds international standards.
- The aviation sector saw 32
The document discusses urban infrastructure development in India and provides recommendations. It notes that India's urban population is projected to grow rapidly which will strain existing infrastructure. Current infrastructure faces issues like inadequate water supply, sewage treatment, and solid waste management. Recommendations include building urban infrastructure capacity, shifting to performance-based maintenance contracts, creating regional infrastructure funds, and monetizing underutilized public lands to fund development. A case study of Delhi highlights opportunities to optimize land use through measures like reducing the land allocated to ceremonial areas and relocating unused facilities.
The document summarizes a presentation given at the Zimbabwe Infrastructure Investment Conference in London in 2010. The presentation discusses the status of infrastructure in Zimbabwe, opportunities for investors, and recommendations. Key points include:
- Zimbabwe's infrastructure in sectors like water, sanitation, energy, transportation and ICT has deteriorated due to underfunding and skilled worker shortages. Billions are needed for rehabilitation.
- Private partnerships are seen as important for attracting investment to rebuild infrastructure. A range of PPP models are proposed.
- Recommendations include establishing a skills program for diaspora workers, creating a long-term infrastructure plan, and improving regulations and guidelines around PPPs.
This document discusses India's infrastructure needs and opportunities for public-private partnerships. It notes that India faces major shortfalls in roads, ports, airports, railways and power infrastructure. The document estimates investment needs of $42 billion in roads over the next two years and $200 billion in power over the next four years. It outlines the policy framework and market size for various infrastructure sectors in India and highlights opportunities for private investment in building infrastructure through PPP models.
The history of infrastructure design, development and operation in most countries has been that it has occurred in silos. Yet the citizen’s experience of infrastructure is integrated. Realisation that the governance of this integrated experience is badly out of alignment with the needs of developed and developing countries and cities has now caused consideration of how to move to a better set of arrangements.
A SMART Seminar presented by Prof Brian Collins on 13 May 2013. For more information, visit http://goo.gl/MfJ8t
The document defines infrastructure and discusses various sectors that are considered part of infrastructure including economic infrastructure (energy, transport, telecommunications, special economic zones, urban and rural infrastructure) and social infrastructure (human development, health, education, employment, women's empowerment, empowerment of disadvantaged groups). It provides details on key infrastructure sectors in India like power, railways, roadways, telecommunications, oil and gas. It also discusses policies and definitions of infrastructure from organizations like RBI, IRDA, Economic Survey and Income Tax Department.
This document provides an overview of infrastructure engineering. It begins by defining infrastructure and describing its key attributes. It then discusses different types of physical infrastructure like transportation, water and sanitation, energy, and telecommunications. The role of infrastructure in promoting economic growth and alleviating poverty is explained. Issues facing urban and rural infrastructure in India are outlined, such as inadequate access to services. Reforms to improve governance and financing of infrastructure projects are described, including the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for systemic changes to ensure effective planning, regulation, and delivery of infrastructure.
The document provides an overview of India's infrastructure sector, including trends, projected investments, and developments in key subsectors. Some of the key points summarized are:
- Total projected investment in infrastructure from 2007-2012 is $500 billion, with electricity, roads, and telecom receiving the largest shares. Private companies are expected to contribute one-third of total infrastructure investment.
- Power generation grew significantly from 1999-2004, but a supply deficit remains. The 11th Five Year Plan targets adding 78,577 MW of new capacity.
- Cargo traffic at major ports grew nearly 10% annually from 1999-2004. Average turnaround time exceeds international standards.
- The aviation sector saw 32
The document discusses urban infrastructure development in India and provides recommendations. It notes that India's urban population is projected to grow rapidly which will strain existing infrastructure. Current infrastructure faces issues like inadequate water supply, sewage treatment, and solid waste management. Recommendations include building urban infrastructure capacity, shifting to performance-based maintenance contracts, creating regional infrastructure funds, and monetizing underutilized public lands to fund development. A case study of Delhi highlights opportunities to optimize land use through measures like reducing the land allocated to ceremonial areas and relocating unused facilities.
Infrastructure plays a key role in economic development by enhancing productivity and reducing costs. It includes transportation, communications, water, power and public institutions. Major infrastructure projects in India include expanding power generation to 400,000 MW by 2022, growing oil and gas reserves, and increasing telecom subscribers. Strong infrastructure is essential for India to sustain high growth rates and become a large global economy.
Infrastructure and Transportation Planning Study NotesYash Shah
This document discusses infrastructure planning and management. It begins by defining infrastructure and listing its various elements such as transportation, communication, and energy. It emphasizes the need for integrated planning of infrastructure development in urban areas to meet demands in a sustainable manner. Finally, it discusses the role of town planners in infrastructure networks and services, noting they must be qualified members of the planning institute and abide by its codes of conduct. The document provides information on infrastructure classification, the role of programs like JnNURM in development, and service level benchmarks for areas like water supply, sewerage, and stormwater drainage.
The document discusses doubling investment in infrastructure in India's 12th Five-Year Plan from Rs. 20.54 lakh crore to Rs. 41 lakh crore. It highlights India's existing infrastructure deficits in various sectors like power, highways, ports, airports, and railways. It then projects the investment required in infrastructure for the 12th Plan based on GDP growth targets, with the private sector expected to contribute 50% of the total projected investment of Rs. 41.85 lakh crore. The document also discusses some of the challenges in financing large infrastructure projects and proposed policy responses to attract more private investment.
The document summarizes key findings from a 2007 OECD report on infrastructure needs and investment opportunities to the year 2030. It outlines estimates for required annual investment in various infrastructure sectors such as transportation, water, electricity, and telecommunications. Key challenges identified include the need for innovative financing models, improved regulations, strategic planning, technology development, and expanded policy tools to help close the estimated infrastructure investment gap in OECD countries to 2030.
This document analyzes global infrastructure issues and argues that the US and other countries have reached a "pivot point" requiring a long-term infrastructure strategy. It notes that aging infrastructure, population growth, and other challenges necessitate a national vision, integrated planning across different levels of government, and alternative funding models like user fees. The document advocates adopting a four-pronged approach of developing a national strategy, holistic planning, government reform, and changing how infrastructure is paid for.
The document summarizes key findings from an OECD report on infrastructure needs and investment opportunities to the year 2030. It estimates that annual global infrastructure investment requirements between 2003-2030 will average $3-4 trillion USD, or 1-1.5% of global GDP, with water and electricity needs making up over half of that total. It also identifies challenges in meeting these needs, such as declining public capital investment, rising social welfare costs, and the need for innovative financing models and policies.
This document discusses major issues in India's infrastructure sector, with a focus on rail and road transport. It outlines the key role of railways in India's economic development as the largest rail network in Asia. The document then summarizes India's railway development plans over successive five-year plans and key issues facing railways like technology upgrades and expanding networks. It also discusses the advantages and limitations of rail and road transport in India. The budget for 2010-2011 aims to continue infrastructure development with 46% of total plan allocation for infrastructure and a 13% increase in allocation for road transport.
The infrastructure sector is a key driver of the Indian economy, contributing 5% of India's GDP. It includes electricity, roads, ports, airports, railways, and telecommunications. The government has allocated nearly $400 billion for infrastructure in the upcoming fiscal year. India needs $450 billion in infrastructure investment over the next 5 years, with 70% needed for power, roads, and urban development. Growth in the construction equipment industry is expected to reach $5 billion by 2020 due to increased investment in infrastructure projects.
This document summarizes efforts in Arizona to expand broadband access in rural areas. It discusses how broadband can enable telemedicine, e-commerce, e-learning and more. It outlines barriers to rural broadband deployment like a lack of cooperation, high costs and funding issues. The document also provides an update on recent broadband improvements in Arizona and discusses initiatives from the state government and Governor's Council on Innovation & Technology to facilitate broadband planning and funding. These include forming a Telecommunications Infrastructure Sub-Committee, issuing a request for information, and making 11 recommendations to expand rural broadband access through leadership, investment, and policy development.
Russia needs massive investments in transport infrastructure but has seen relatively little private investment through public-private partnerships (PPPs) compared to other countries. The Russian government plans to spend over $1 trillion on infrastructure by 2020, with up to 80% financed by the private sector through PPPs. However, Russia still faces significant barriers to widespread PPP implementation, including an underdeveloped legal and institutional framework and lack of PPP experience and track record. The global financial crisis has further slowed PPP activity in Russia by reducing private sector appetite for infrastructure investments.
Infrastructure and Economic Development in KenyaMulenge Peter
This is a PowerPoint document prepared by a group of 9 students where we were looking at the infrastructural development in Kenya and the economic value and nature of the infrastructure.
This document summarizes financing options and opportunities for infrastructure development in Mongolia. It notes that Mongolia has significant infrastructure needs but also opportunities due to its natural resources and proximity to China. Key challenges include projects being dependent on the mining industry and large financial requirements. The document discusses matching infrastructure needs to financing options and different public and private sources of finance for projects. It also provides an overview of infrastructure investment needs in emerging markets and how effective infrastructure development can boost economic growth, using China's experience as an example.
Africa is experiencing rapid urbanization and population growth. Many cities lack adequate infrastructure for water, sanitation, transportation, and electricity. While access to services has improved over the past decade, infrastructure investment has not kept pace with need. Future approaches to infrastructure development in African cities must address the large investment backlog, promote compact urban form to reduce sprawl, ensure universal access to basic services, and develop economic infrastructure to support job creation and a transition to low-carbon development.
Urban infrastructure in India has grown dramatically since the 1950s. The percentage of the population living in urban areas has increased from 17.28% in 1951 to 28% in 2001. Urban areas now contribute around 30% of India's GDP. However, urban infrastructure still faces issues like lack of funds, high import duties on construction materials, and inadequate basic services in smaller towns. Going forward, public-private partnerships will be important to develop urban infrastructure, as the public sector alone cannot meet the large funding needs. The government needs to incentivize private and foreign investment to boost infrastructure development.
Infrastructure in india ,Indian InfrastructureShubham Jain
The document discusses infrastructure in India. It notes that while India is the fourth largest economy, lack of proper infrastructure has slowed GDP growth by 1-2% annually. Key sectors of infrastructure in India include energy, transport, communication, education and health. However, India faces problems developing its infrastructure like issues with land acquisition, funding constraints, and delays in approvals. While India aims to invest $500 billion in infrastructure by 2012, it still lags behind China which spends 11% of its GDP on infrastructure and has been increasing spending by 25% annually. Improving infrastructure is important for India's continued economic growth and development.
1. The document discusses funding sources for bus infrastructure and public transportation projects in Indian cities. It notes that funding comes from central and state governments, as well as privately through loans and investments.
2. There is a lack of unified legislation governing urban transportation in India. The document recommends establishing a new Urban Transportation Act and Urban Transportation Authorities in each city to oversee transportation planning and projects.
3. Dedicated urban transportation funds are proposed to be created at the national, state, and city levels through taxes and fees to provide stable funding for capital-intensive transportation infrastructure development and improvements.
This is the transportation planning module I developed for the Suncoast Section of the Florida APA's AICP prep course. I deliver it each March to help new professionals prepare for the exam.
Impact of Infrastructure Development Project: A Study of Growth and Poverty i...Md. Abdul Munem
This document discusses a study on the impact of infrastructure development projects on growth and poverty reduction in Bangladesh. It provides background on how infrastructure can stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty by enhancing productivity and market access. It also reviews literature showing a positive relationship between infrastructure investment and returns. The study aims to analyze the effects of infrastructure projects on road connectivity, economic growth, and returns on investment from government projects in Bangladesh. It describes the methodology used, which was an online survey distributed to collect data on views related to infrastructure development processes, sectors, funding, and impacts. The findings are based on respondents' opinions and suggest that government and foreign funding play a key role in infrastructure projects, and that sectors like power are important for recovery of costs and
Charlotte is fluent in English and Spanish and is currently learning Russian. She has strong organizational, communication, and customer service skills from her marketing internship at Language Stars. She maintains high grades and is an avid global traveler who understands the importance of cultural diversity.
The document discusses a proposed development called Altos del Mar Tower and Business Center in Mar del Plata, Argentina. It provides details on the location, proposed buildings, facilities and amenities. It also analyzes the target demographics and market for the development. Financial projections and a marketing plan are presented to promote investment in the real estate development.
Infrastructure plays a key role in economic development by enhancing productivity and reducing costs. It includes transportation, communications, water, power and public institutions. Major infrastructure projects in India include expanding power generation to 400,000 MW by 2022, growing oil and gas reserves, and increasing telecom subscribers. Strong infrastructure is essential for India to sustain high growth rates and become a large global economy.
Infrastructure and Transportation Planning Study NotesYash Shah
This document discusses infrastructure planning and management. It begins by defining infrastructure and listing its various elements such as transportation, communication, and energy. It emphasizes the need for integrated planning of infrastructure development in urban areas to meet demands in a sustainable manner. Finally, it discusses the role of town planners in infrastructure networks and services, noting they must be qualified members of the planning institute and abide by its codes of conduct. The document provides information on infrastructure classification, the role of programs like JnNURM in development, and service level benchmarks for areas like water supply, sewerage, and stormwater drainage.
The document discusses doubling investment in infrastructure in India's 12th Five-Year Plan from Rs. 20.54 lakh crore to Rs. 41 lakh crore. It highlights India's existing infrastructure deficits in various sectors like power, highways, ports, airports, and railways. It then projects the investment required in infrastructure for the 12th Plan based on GDP growth targets, with the private sector expected to contribute 50% of the total projected investment of Rs. 41.85 lakh crore. The document also discusses some of the challenges in financing large infrastructure projects and proposed policy responses to attract more private investment.
The document summarizes key findings from a 2007 OECD report on infrastructure needs and investment opportunities to the year 2030. It outlines estimates for required annual investment in various infrastructure sectors such as transportation, water, electricity, and telecommunications. Key challenges identified include the need for innovative financing models, improved regulations, strategic planning, technology development, and expanded policy tools to help close the estimated infrastructure investment gap in OECD countries to 2030.
This document analyzes global infrastructure issues and argues that the US and other countries have reached a "pivot point" requiring a long-term infrastructure strategy. It notes that aging infrastructure, population growth, and other challenges necessitate a national vision, integrated planning across different levels of government, and alternative funding models like user fees. The document advocates adopting a four-pronged approach of developing a national strategy, holistic planning, government reform, and changing how infrastructure is paid for.
The document summarizes key findings from an OECD report on infrastructure needs and investment opportunities to the year 2030. It estimates that annual global infrastructure investment requirements between 2003-2030 will average $3-4 trillion USD, or 1-1.5% of global GDP, with water and electricity needs making up over half of that total. It also identifies challenges in meeting these needs, such as declining public capital investment, rising social welfare costs, and the need for innovative financing models and policies.
This document discusses major issues in India's infrastructure sector, with a focus on rail and road transport. It outlines the key role of railways in India's economic development as the largest rail network in Asia. The document then summarizes India's railway development plans over successive five-year plans and key issues facing railways like technology upgrades and expanding networks. It also discusses the advantages and limitations of rail and road transport in India. The budget for 2010-2011 aims to continue infrastructure development with 46% of total plan allocation for infrastructure and a 13% increase in allocation for road transport.
The infrastructure sector is a key driver of the Indian economy, contributing 5% of India's GDP. It includes electricity, roads, ports, airports, railways, and telecommunications. The government has allocated nearly $400 billion for infrastructure in the upcoming fiscal year. India needs $450 billion in infrastructure investment over the next 5 years, with 70% needed for power, roads, and urban development. Growth in the construction equipment industry is expected to reach $5 billion by 2020 due to increased investment in infrastructure projects.
This document summarizes efforts in Arizona to expand broadband access in rural areas. It discusses how broadband can enable telemedicine, e-commerce, e-learning and more. It outlines barriers to rural broadband deployment like a lack of cooperation, high costs and funding issues. The document also provides an update on recent broadband improvements in Arizona and discusses initiatives from the state government and Governor's Council on Innovation & Technology to facilitate broadband planning and funding. These include forming a Telecommunications Infrastructure Sub-Committee, issuing a request for information, and making 11 recommendations to expand rural broadband access through leadership, investment, and policy development.
Russia needs massive investments in transport infrastructure but has seen relatively little private investment through public-private partnerships (PPPs) compared to other countries. The Russian government plans to spend over $1 trillion on infrastructure by 2020, with up to 80% financed by the private sector through PPPs. However, Russia still faces significant barriers to widespread PPP implementation, including an underdeveloped legal and institutional framework and lack of PPP experience and track record. The global financial crisis has further slowed PPP activity in Russia by reducing private sector appetite for infrastructure investments.
Infrastructure and Economic Development in KenyaMulenge Peter
This is a PowerPoint document prepared by a group of 9 students where we were looking at the infrastructural development in Kenya and the economic value and nature of the infrastructure.
This document summarizes financing options and opportunities for infrastructure development in Mongolia. It notes that Mongolia has significant infrastructure needs but also opportunities due to its natural resources and proximity to China. Key challenges include projects being dependent on the mining industry and large financial requirements. The document discusses matching infrastructure needs to financing options and different public and private sources of finance for projects. It also provides an overview of infrastructure investment needs in emerging markets and how effective infrastructure development can boost economic growth, using China's experience as an example.
Africa is experiencing rapid urbanization and population growth. Many cities lack adequate infrastructure for water, sanitation, transportation, and electricity. While access to services has improved over the past decade, infrastructure investment has not kept pace with need. Future approaches to infrastructure development in African cities must address the large investment backlog, promote compact urban form to reduce sprawl, ensure universal access to basic services, and develop economic infrastructure to support job creation and a transition to low-carbon development.
Urban infrastructure in India has grown dramatically since the 1950s. The percentage of the population living in urban areas has increased from 17.28% in 1951 to 28% in 2001. Urban areas now contribute around 30% of India's GDP. However, urban infrastructure still faces issues like lack of funds, high import duties on construction materials, and inadequate basic services in smaller towns. Going forward, public-private partnerships will be important to develop urban infrastructure, as the public sector alone cannot meet the large funding needs. The government needs to incentivize private and foreign investment to boost infrastructure development.
Infrastructure in india ,Indian InfrastructureShubham Jain
The document discusses infrastructure in India. It notes that while India is the fourth largest economy, lack of proper infrastructure has slowed GDP growth by 1-2% annually. Key sectors of infrastructure in India include energy, transport, communication, education and health. However, India faces problems developing its infrastructure like issues with land acquisition, funding constraints, and delays in approvals. While India aims to invest $500 billion in infrastructure by 2012, it still lags behind China which spends 11% of its GDP on infrastructure and has been increasing spending by 25% annually. Improving infrastructure is important for India's continued economic growth and development.
1. The document discusses funding sources for bus infrastructure and public transportation projects in Indian cities. It notes that funding comes from central and state governments, as well as privately through loans and investments.
2. There is a lack of unified legislation governing urban transportation in India. The document recommends establishing a new Urban Transportation Act and Urban Transportation Authorities in each city to oversee transportation planning and projects.
3. Dedicated urban transportation funds are proposed to be created at the national, state, and city levels through taxes and fees to provide stable funding for capital-intensive transportation infrastructure development and improvements.
This is the transportation planning module I developed for the Suncoast Section of the Florida APA's AICP prep course. I deliver it each March to help new professionals prepare for the exam.
Impact of Infrastructure Development Project: A Study of Growth and Poverty i...Md. Abdul Munem
This document discusses a study on the impact of infrastructure development projects on growth and poverty reduction in Bangladesh. It provides background on how infrastructure can stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty by enhancing productivity and market access. It also reviews literature showing a positive relationship between infrastructure investment and returns. The study aims to analyze the effects of infrastructure projects on road connectivity, economic growth, and returns on investment from government projects in Bangladesh. It describes the methodology used, which was an online survey distributed to collect data on views related to infrastructure development processes, sectors, funding, and impacts. The findings are based on respondents' opinions and suggest that government and foreign funding play a key role in infrastructure projects, and that sectors like power are important for recovery of costs and
Charlotte is fluent in English and Spanish and is currently learning Russian. She has strong organizational, communication, and customer service skills from her marketing internship at Language Stars. She maintains high grades and is an avid global traveler who understands the importance of cultural diversity.
The document discusses a proposed development called Altos del Mar Tower and Business Center in Mar del Plata, Argentina. It provides details on the location, proposed buildings, facilities and amenities. It also analyzes the target demographics and market for the development. Financial projections and a marketing plan are presented to promote investment in the real estate development.
This document provides advice to computer engineering students at NITK on various career paths and opportunities, including research, jobs, startups, and more. It outlines key computer science topics covered in the degree timeline, importance of internships and projects, and encourages developing programming and problem-solving skills. Students are also advised to consider international opportunities for research or education through programs like DAAD or CampusFrance.
TCP Performance analysis Wireless Multihop NetworksAbhishek Kona
This document summarizes an experiment analyzing TCP performance over multi-hop wireless networks using a test bed. The experiment varied hop count, window size, and TCP variants. Results showed degradation in throughput with increased hops. Throughput peaked at certain window sizes depending on hops. WESTWOOD marginally outperformed other variants with small windows. Turning off TCP SACK gave better performance over 3 hops. Limitations included node availability and high data variance. Previous studies are difficult to emulate fully in real deployments.
Gazelle is a new browser architecture being developed by Microsoft that applies operating system concepts to improve browser security. It assigns each component like the browser kernel and plugins separate principal identities to isolate them and prevent cross-site vulnerabilities. This represents the first time an OS-like approach has been used for a browser, allowing Microsoft to leverage its experience with Windows, and aims to offer stronger security than competitors like Google Chrome which also uses an OS-inspired process-based model.
The document describes an algorithm for finding the maximum clique in a graph. The algorithm works in two procedures:
1. Starting with a single vertex, it iteratively adds vertices to the clique that are connected to many existing clique vertices.
2. It finds maximal cliques, then attempts to further expand these by adding and removing vertices based on their connections.
The algorithm runs in less than O(n8) time on a graph with n vertices. An example demonstrates running the algorithm on a sample graph to find a maximum clique.
This document discusses wireless mesh networks (WMN) and compares various routing protocols for WMN. It covers the differences between mesh and ad-hoc networks, popular routing protocols like AODV, OSPF, HWMP, B.A.T.M.A.N, and factors to consider in WMN routing like load balancing, hop count, interference avoidance. Reactive protocols like AODV are on-demand while proactive protocols like OSPF maintain routing tables and update link states periodically. Mobile Mesh uses three separate protocols for different functions. HWMP is being developed for IEEE 802.16s WMN. Research is ongoing to find new metrics for protocols like OSPF in wireless
This document discusses 5 essential oil scents for aroma diffusers: Bordeaux, Provence, Champagne, Heaven, and Royal Essence. Aroma diffusers are an upgraded alternative to scented candles and room sprays, using bamboo reed sticks soaked in essential oils to emit luxurious, long-lasting scents. Bordeaux has sweet and spicy notes with a hint of patchouli. Provence brings the relaxing yet stimulating scents of lavender from the French coastline. Champagne has a musky, crisp scent. Heaven combines citrus and tropical notes. Royal Essence uses white blossom oil for a premium luxury scent.
Infrastructure Australia has just released the Australian Infrastructure Audit, which presents a forward looking view of the challenges and opportunities facing infrastructure in the coming 15 years and beyond. Hear an overview of infrastructure Australia’s key findings, an insight into how they undertook the Audit, and next steps in planning for Australia’s future infrastructure.
Presenter: Anna Bardsley, Associate Director – Policy & Research, Infrastructure Australia
Infrastructure Planning: Towards Best PracticeJosh Develop
Infrastructure planning is a critical issue for Australia. There is a clear need for improvements
in current processes to provide outcomes that are more effective and efficient and which are
delivered with greater certainty and transparency.
Australia in Transition: Disruption breeds new infrastructure investment oppo...Turlough Guerin GAICD FGIA
Technological disruption is creating new opportunities for infrastructure investment in Australia. Driverless vehicles, renewable energy, and other disruptive technologies will impact demand for Australian infrastructure and may challenge existing regulations. While this creates uncertainty, it also provides opportunities to develop innovative infrastructure solutions through private sector investment to support Australia's growing population. Maintaining stable economic policies will be important to attract global investors seeking opportunities in new infrastructure.
Towards a Framework for the Governance of InfrastructureOECD Governance
This working paper sets out by presenting concepts and challenges for public infrastructure followed by suggested preconditions for good infrastructure governance. It presents an infrastructure decision tree that can guide countries in assessing and balancing their specific sectoral, country, and project needs in order to select a fitting infrastructure delivery modality. www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting
Towards an effective governance framework for infrastructure - Ronnie Downes,...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Ronnie Downes, OECD, at the 11th Annual Meeting of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Senior Budget Officials (CESEE SBO) held in Warsaw, Poland, on 21-22 May 2015.
Next Generation National Broadband Network development - A ppp for an open ac...Mohamed Bouanane
As many countries seek to introduce greater competition there may be valuable lessons to be drawn from applying open access policies to next generation broadband infrastructure with partial public ownership or financed by utilities (e.g. backbone fibre associated with transport or electricity grids). Therefore, governments and regulators need to consider such policies – especially where there is insufficient competition – along with a public-private partnership to enhance capacity; speed, QoS and decrease costs so that the entire economy can continue to fully leverage its potential.
United Nations General Assembly Informal dialogue on building resilience and ...Christina Parmionova
The world is at a crossroads in harnessing the potential of infrastructure connectivity. It
has been estimated that US$ 4.2 trillion can be saved by investing in more resilient
infrastructure due to reduced losses and damages, and lower recovery costs post-disaster.
For the SDGs to be achieved, and for a low-carbon, climate-resilient future to be unlocked,
US$ 6.9 trillion per year must be invested by 2030. The Sendai Framework for Disaster
Risk Reduction and the Paris Agreement call for sustainable and resilient infrastructure
to mitigate the effects of climate change and to future-proof existing assets.Reliable and s ustainable infrastructure can set countries towards a development path
marked by reduced infrastructure damage, minimized systemic risk, and fast-paced progress towards the SDGs. This will require an unprecedented scale up of investments
from both the public and private sectors. Delaying this process will only increase the costs
and lead to stagnant development, abandoned infrastructure assets, and escalating existential risk. Promoting and facilitating sustainable development through regional and inter-regional infrastructure connectivity will allow for a fast-streamed attainment of the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development across both developed and developing
countries.
This report to the NSW Parliamentary inquiry into the utilisation of rail and infrastructure corridors addresses the use of land development for integrated infrastructure corridors and considers improvement to policy development, planning and strategies to achieve greater productivity, enhanced liveability and improved economic benefit through informed decision making.
Developing Africa’s Infrastructure for Enhanced Competitiveness 2013Dr Lendy Spires
The Africa Competitiveness Report 2013 benefit from globalization through investment and trade. To achieve this calls for the construction of an efficient and secure national and cross-border physical infrastructure as well as a coherent system of regulation for business transactions.3 Infrastructure is also critical for the promotion of inclusive and sustainable growth. Rural infrastructure— notably feeder roads and transmission lines that connect rural communities to national grids—enable individuals, households, communities, and small businesses to embark on income-generating activities thanks to improved access to electricity and links to markets. The use of renewable energy or environment-friendly sources of energy—including solar, wind, geothermal, and hydropower, with all of which Africa is well endowed— would contribute to making growth sustainable. A considerable investment in infrastructure that uses innovative sources of funding is needed to address Africa’s low level of competitiveness (see Chapter 1.1). Indeed, the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA) estimates that Africa will need to invest up to US$93 billion annually until 2020 for both capital investment and maintenance.4 Given the substantial amounts involved, governments will need to be innovative in the search for sustainable approaches to infrastructure development as well as financing. The private sector will need to play an increasingly important role. Governments will do well to create conditions where private-sector engagement is encouraged, probably through public-private partnerships (PPPs). Efficiency gains from performance improvements in infrastructure provision are themselves a significant source of finance,5 and the development of infrastructure bonds as a financing vehicle will need to be encouraged. Adequate maintenance plans are prerequisites for sustainable infrastructure. Maintenance is not only corrective but also preventative because it inspects assets and reduces the risk of failure. Costs associated with statutory maintenance can be substantial—even considerably larger than the value of the asset—yet providing for these maintenance costs is crucial. Without adequate maintenance, infrastructure deteriorates quickly and is unsustainable. Indeed, the longer-term performance of the ICT sector should be reviewed in light of the adequacy of maintenance plans. Thus far, ICT sector performance has been good, albeit from a low base.
BUILDING THE FUTURE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND CHALLENGES .pdfpulisconstructionsau1
In the ever-evolving landscape of global development, infrastructure projects play a pivotal role in shaping the future. As societies grow and technology advances, the demand for robust and sustainable infrastructure becomes increasingly critical. This blog delves into the current trends and challenges in infrastructure development, highlighting key considerations that will shape the way we build the future.
In the third of a series of reports, commissioned by HSBC, we look at the challenge of building capital-efficient infrastructure in the age of austerity. Governments and companies have sought to maximise the productivity of assets and minimise the costs associated with building, operating and maintaining infrastructure. However, focusing too intensely on cost cutting has its perils.
This document discusses challenges facing infrastructure investment and management in Australian cities. It notes that public investment in infrastructure is declining while private investment is increasing. This puts pressure on infrastructure as the costs of projects rise due to factors like urban density, environmental regulations, and competition for resources. The document calls for an integrated approach between different levels of government for infrastructure planning and benchmarking to improve prioritization, incentives, governance, and performance of infrastructure over the long term.
Joe Branigan, SMART Infrastructure Facility Senior Research Fellow, presented his research on public infrastructure investment as part of the SMART Seminar Series on Thursday, 4th February 2015.
THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOCAL AREA ENERGY SYSTEMS IN THE UK ENER...Peter Jones
In the summer of 2019, the Energy Research Partnership brought together key industry and government stakeholders to conduct a ‘state of the industry’ review of the potential role of local area energy in future UK energy systems.
Local and community level energy systems have been identified as being a significant enabler to achieving the 2050 net zero targets as well as offering improvements to local community transport systems, the environment and social care.
The passage discusses external factors that influenced infrastructure development in South Korea. In the 1970s-1980s, the Korean government focused on regional development rather than infrastructure, which led to traffic bottlenecks. In the early 1990s, the government acknowledged limits to public funding for needed infrastructure projects. To mobilize new sources, South Korea introduced a PPP program and modified related laws and policies over time to promote PPP highway projects. As of 2015, 24 PPP highway projects have been planned, are under construction or operating in South Korea.
The infrastructure we have now, and the infrastructure we plan to build, will support and sustain us for decades to come. Our quality of life, and our success as an economy in the future, will depend on our infrastructure’s ability to respond to future challenges. This will rely on decisions taken now.
The document discusses the planning process and objectives of the Delhi Master Plan. It provides details on:
1) The functions of the Delhi Development Authority (DDA) in planning Delhi's development through master plans, zonal plans, and urban extension projects.
2) The objectives of the Delhi Master Plan to guide future growth, assess previous plans, formulate development goals, and provide basic amenities through an effective transportation system and balanced land use.
3) The stages of master plan formulation which include public participation, recommendations, draft plans, and approvals. Sub-groups are formed to provide recommendations on various topics including housing, transportation, and the environment.
The infrastructure sourcebook provides an overview of infrastructure issues, current challenges, and proposals for managing challenges over the next 25 years. It aims to inform policymakers, leaders, and development practitioners. The sourcebook defines infrastructure components, identifies lessons from case studies, and discusses the government's roles in areas like regulations, planning, commissioning, operations, and supply chain management. It also outlines the design and delivery process for infrastructure projects.
Similar to Australian infrastructure-audit-key-findings (20)
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
The Rise of Generative AI in Finance: Reshaping the Industry with Synthetic DataChampak Jhagmag
In this presentation, we will explore the rise of generative AI in finance and its potential to reshape the industry. We will discuss how generative AI can be used to develop new products, combat fraud, and revolutionize risk management. Finally, we will address some of the ethical considerations and challenges associated with this powerful technology.
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
G20 summit held in India. Proper presentation for G20 summit
Australian infrastructure-audit-key-findings
1. 6 Australian Infrastructure Audit Report
Australia’s infrastructure needs and
expectations
1. Australians expect their infrastructure
networks to support a high quality, first world
standard of living. They expect infrastructure
to improve their quality of life in the future,
notwithstanding significant population growth
and major economic, social and environmental
change.
2. There are grounds for concern that Australia’s
infrastructure networks and the systems under
which they are managed are not meeting these
expectations.
3. Infrastructure exists to provide services.
The focus of governments and the private
sector must be on the quality of infrastructure
services, and their cost to users and the
community at large.
4. Inadequate attention is being given to the level
of service Australians need and expect from
their infrastructure, how much different service
levels cost, and how they will be paid for. In
some sectors, there is insufficient public data
and information to support informed public
discussion about these questions.
Future demand for infrastructure
5. Future demand for infrastructure will be
directly affected by growth in population,
broader developments in the local and global
economy, technological change, the need for
environmental sustainability and consumer
preferences.
6. Population growth will drive a significant
rise in the demand for infrastructure services.
On medium level projections, Australia’s
population is projected to grow from
22.3 million in 2011 to 30.5 million in 2031 −
an increase of 8.2 million or 36.5 per cent.
7. Almost three-quarters of this growth (72.0
per cent) is projected to be in the four largest
capitals – Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and
Perth. In total, these four cities are projected to
grow by 5.9 million people, or 46 per cent, to
18.6 million in 2031. This growth will impose
additional demands on urban infrastructure
already subject to high levels of demand.
8. The other capital cities – Adelaide, Canberra,
Hobart and Darwin − are projected to grow
in total by slightly more than 0.5 million
people or 26.7 per cent. Given this, it is worth
considering what steps could be taken to foster
greater long-term growth in those cities, which
may moderate the consequential infrastructure
challenges in the larger cities.
9. The value-add (economy-wide spending)
attributable to infrastructure services was
estimated to be 13.3 per cent of GDP in 2011.
Over 70 per cent of this was attributable
to transport. The value-add attributable to
infrastructure services is projected to grow
roughly proportionate with the economy
to 2031.
10. The infrastructure sectors projected to
grow faster than GDP are transport, ports,
telecommunications, gas pipelines and airports.
The sectors projected to grow slower than GDP
are water, petroleum, electricity, non-urban
roads and non-urban rail.
11. Infrastructure decision making must place a
high priority on productivity growth. This can
only be achieved through efficient management
of existing infrastructure, rigorous and
disciplined evaluation of investment initiatives,
and efficient delivery of new projects.
12. International and local reviews show that
rigorous project selection is key to boosting
economic activity and supporting productivity
growth. However, investment in poorly
conceived projects can undermine a country’s
economic prospects.
Auditfindings
2. Australian Infrastructure Audit Report 7
Current and prospective
infrastructure gaps
13. Across various sectors, gaps in service quality
already exist and will grow. These gaps are
particularly evident in urban transport. Gaps in
the quality and reliability of water services in
some rural towns are also evident.
14. There is also a gap between expectations about
infrastructure quality, and the willingness or
ability to pay. There is a need for serious public
discussion about infrastructure service levels
and funding.
15. In several areas, Australia’s infrastructure
performance compares poorly with a number
of other countries (including those that have
similar population densities and harsh weather
conditions). These international rankings
indicate that Australia can perform better in
infrastructure effectiveness and quality.
Governance and policy reform
16. Australia needs integrated infrastructure
and land-use planning, across all levels
of government. Progress has been slow in
securing the efficiency and service delivery
benefits of strategic decision making.
17. Sound infrastructure planning requires an
ongoing commitment to engage communities
throughout the decision-making process. This
improves the likelihood of meeting community
needs and expectations, and reduces objections
to development.
18. Improvements in long-term infrastructure
planning, project appraisal and project
selection (including the consistent use and
transparent reporting of cost−benefit analyses)
are necessary if Australians’ expectations are to
be realised.
19. Long-term planning necessarily involves dealing
with uncertainty, with current issues including:
a. the implications of demographic change
for Australian society generally and
government finances in particular;
b. the scope and direction of technological
change;
c. changes in the global economy;
d. the future of work, e.g. where people work,
incomes, and part-time work; and
e. the prospect of climate change, and
uncertainty as to how the international
community will respond.
20. There is a need for more detailed information
on infrastructure performance to be assembled
consistently, at a national level, and for this
information to be reported publicly to assist the
forecasting of benefits and costs when planning
infrastructure.
21. An improved framework is required to
protect corridors for transport and other linear
infrastructure. The failure to protect corridors
can lead to significantly higher construction
costs, making otherwise beneficial projects
uneconomic.
22. Post-completion reviews are not regularly
undertaken for infrastructure projects, limiting
the opportunities for governments and others
to learn from mistakes and successes. This is
to the detriment of current and future decision-
making processes.
23. Ineffective and inconsistent regulation has had
adverse outcomes for infrastructure users and
the Australian community. These include high
costs in parts of the electricity sector, poor
pricing decisions leading to potential problems
in the future in the water sector, and poor
levels of cost-recovery in the transport sector.
Greater independence of regulatory oversight
would improve the quality of decision making.
3. 8 Australian Infrastructure Audit Report
24. Environmental considerations should form a
fundamental aspect of infrastructure project
selection and planning processes.
25. More rigorous and transparent strategic
planning offers the potential to minimise
project level disputes about the environmental
merits and impacts of specific projects.
Funding
26. Over recent years, rates of public and private
investment in infrastructure have been higher
than the long-term average.
27. The current level of public sector expenditure
– especially in the transport sector, which
remains largely funded by government rather
than user charges – may be unsustainable in
the face of increasing budget pressures to fund
welfare and health services.
28. Current arrangements for the funding of
land transport represent the most significant
opportunity for public policy reform in
Australia’s infrastructure sectors.
29. Government funding alone is unlikely to
be sufficient to provide the infrastructure
that Australia requires. Maintaining or
strengthening conditions to facilitate
private sector investment in and operation
of Australia’s infrastructure networks is
fundamentally important.
30. The country needs to consider a broader
system of transport pricing, both for road and
public transport.
31. Amalgamation of local government in some
areas, and other reforms such as shared
services arrangements, will be necessary
if local councils are to have the scale
and financial capacity to meet their local
infrastructure responsibilities.
32. Skills shortages contribute to cost increases for
infrastructure construction. Development of an
infrastructure pipeline presents an opportunity
to develop a better skilled workforce and to
minimise skills shortages in the future.
33. Australia would benefit from a strong and
consistent pipeline of future infrastructure
projects. Without this, there is uncertainty and
less likelihood of a well-resourced environment
for project procurement. The effectiveness and
cost of current procurement processes in some
jurisdictions are also an ongoing concern.
34. Governments, industry and the community
should ensure there is a continuous focus on
reducing construction costs, and promoting
modern building practices.
Social considerations
35. Access to transport remains a critical social
equity consideration, particularly for the outer
suburbs of Australia’s cities and most parts
of regional Australia. These areas generally
have an undersupply of transport services
(especially public transport) and of local
employment options.
36. Telecommunications have become a highly
important part of people’s lives, for social
as well as economic reasons. The National
Broadband Network (NBN) is expected to
materially improve service levels and the
ability of households in rural and remote
regions to connect with their wider social
networks.
37. Following completion of the NBN roll-out,
governments will still need to consider what
steps are required to provide appropriate
and equitable services in rural and urban
telecommunications services.
38. Dealing equitably with the affordability
of infrastructure services is an important
consideration, as a matter of social policy.
Unless affordability concerns are addressed,
the necessary shift to greater application of
user charging will struggle to gain community
and political support.
39. Households with incomes in the lowest 20
per cent are the most exposed to the monetary
costs of inefficient economic infrastructure.
Public policy settings need to assist Australians
on low incomes to access the infrastructure
services they need, in an equitable manner.
Sustainability considerations
40. Adapting to climate change and pursuing
sustainable environmental outcomes is a
core responsibility of infrastructure planners,
owners and operators.
41. The projected decrease in rainfall (and the
associated increasing exposure to severe
drought) in the heavily populated southern
parts of Australia presents significant
challenges for the water sector.
42. The number and intensity of extreme weather
events is increasingly likely to threaten certain
infrastructure assets. Repairing these assets,
and enhancing their resilience, will require an
increase in maintenance expenditure.
4. Australian Infrastructure Audit Report 9
43. Infrastructure operations can be disrupted by
a range of hazards, including natural disasters.
Ensuring infrastructure is able to continue
operating through minor disruptions, and
recover quickly from major disruptions, will be
critical.
44. Infrastructure-related emissions accounted for
approximately half of Australia’s total greenhouse
gas inventory in the year to September 2014,
mainly from the electricity sector (33 per cent)
and transport sector (17 per cent).
45. Transitioning to a lower emissions economy
will require full consideration of reducing
greenhouse gas emissions when infrastructure
plans, construction methods and operational
frameworks are being determined.
46. Underinvestment in the maintenance of some
parts of Australia’s infrastructure networks,
notably in regional Australia, could reduce the
ability of those networks to provide reasonable
levels of service in the future. The most
significant risks are in:
a. local roads, especially in regional and
remote areas, where there are large road
networks to be maintained and local
councils have limited or declining income
bases;
b. regional rail infrastructure carrying low
volumes of grain and/or general freight,
especially those with ageing timber
bridges and timber sleepers; and
c. regional town water services provided
by local councils.
47. All jurisdictions need to direct attention
towards improving whole-of-life asset
management processes, and to ensuring
adequate long-term funding strategies are
in place.
Transport sector – specific findings
48. Demand for urban transport infrastructure is
projected to increase significantly. The cost of
congestion in our capital cities, estimated at
$13.7 billion in 2011, is expected to increase
to around $53.3 billion in 2031, or around 290
per cent, in the absence of additional capacity
and/or demand management.
49. Demand for many key urban road and rail
corridors is projected to significantly exceed
current capacity by 2031.
50. Urban transport decisions need to complement
land use decisions (especially about the supply
and affordability of housing). Although some
improvements have been made in this area,
there remains a risk that community resistance
to land use change and higher densities
will undermine the economic, social and
environmental benefits of investment in urban
transport.
51. The national land freight task is expected to
grow by 80 per cent between 2011 and 2031,
with a large component of this task expected
to be handled by road freight vehicles.
52. Accommodating this growth will require a
focus on policy reform to enable the wider use
of higher productivity heavy vehicles (such
as B-triples), and selected investment (such
as increasing bridge load limits and targeted
safety improvements, aimed at improving
the performance of national highway
infrastructure).
53. Demand for freight rail infrastructure is
projected to grow, in particular for resource
bulk commodity haulage in WA, Queensland
and NSW.
54. Freight rail will need to play a growing role
in the movement of goods between ports and
inland freight terminals, and in the movement
of containerised and general freight over longer
distances.
55. Demand for container terminal port
infrastructure and bulk terminal infrastructure
are both projected to grow faster than GDP.
Traffic through some ports is projected to
significantly exceed current capacity by 2031.
56. The nation’s larger ports are operated as
commercial enterprises, whether they are
publicly or privately owned, or leased.
Accordingly, investment requirements for these
ports are expected to be met by user charges.
57. Given wider funding constraints, governments
face challenges in ensuring adequate landside
rail and road access to ports.
58. Demand for airport infrastructure is projected
to approximately double between 2011 and
2031.
59. Australia’s 10 busiest airports handle more
than 80 per cent of total passenger traffic.
Over the next 15 years, additional capacity
will be required in Sydney, Brisbane, Perth
and Melbourne. The regulatory framework for
airports, which obliges private airport operators
to provide required airport capacity, appears to
be working appropriately.
5. 10 Australian Infrastructure Audit Report
60. The larger airports are all privately operated
commercial enterprises, and investment
requirements for these airports should be able
to be met by user charges. However, given
wider funding constraints, governments and
airport operators face challenges in ensuring
adequate landside access to airports.
61. A number of smaller airports are unlikely to
have the throughput to cover their maintenance
and potential capital costs. Governments will
need to prioritise their outlays in support of
these airports.
62. As well as being the largest infrastructure
sector, transport is also the most challenging,
with relatively high projected growth in
demand, a low proportion of user-based
funding and market-based pricing mechanisms,
challenges with project selection processes,
and emerging maintenance issues in some
segments.
Energy sector – specific findings
63. Lack of certainty on national and international
approaches to dealing with climate change
directly affects investment in the energy sector.
64. Demand for electricity infrastructure is
projected to grow significantly slower than
GDP.
65. There is expected to be sufficient electricity
generating capacity for at least the next five
to 10 years.
66. The National Electricity Market is functioning
well. However, several regulatory issues will
require attention, including tariff reform to
reduce peak period demand.
67. There is a need for continued government
assistance to support electricity supply in
remote communities where generation is not
able to be provided on a commercial basis.
68. Australia’s dependence on imported fuel
has increased. The current arrangements for
managing petroleum reserves and ensuring
energy security deserve wider public policy
consideration.
Telecommunications sector – specific
findings
69. The quality of telecommunications service
across Australia is mixed, with generally
good services in cities and with lower quality
services in rural areas and some outer urban
areas. The NBN is expected to reduce service
disparities within the next five years.
70. Demand for telecommunications infrastructure
will continue growing rapidly across the
nation, faster than GDP growth.
71. A key challenge will be the efficient rolling-out
of an open access, wholesale only fixed-line
broadband network.
72. Governments and the private sector will need
to focus on making the best use of the NBN,
thereby delivering the expected economic and
social benefits to the country.
73. The telecommunications sector’s economic
contribution will be best served by continuing
support for effective competition.
Water sector – specific findings
74. Demand for water infrastructure is projected to
grow significantly slower than GDP.
75. Economic regulation of the sector is
fragmented and may not effectively protect the
long-term interests of consumers: objectives
are often not clearly specified; links between
economic, health and environmental regulation
are not well identified; and existing economic
regulation does not provide the consistency,
certainty and transparency necessary to support
further private involvement in the sector.
76. There is a need for more transparent and
competitive pricing of water supply and
wastewater treatment services, across urban
and regional areas. In encouraging greater
competition, careful consideration of the
appropriate market structure(s) is required.
77. There is a need for additional market reform in
the rural water sector, including market-based
allocation of defined catchment resources, and
transparent pricing of irrigation water.
78. Water quality in urban areas is good, but in
parts of regional Australia it does not meet
relevant drinking water standards.
79. Future climate variability could lead to a need
for further water infrastructure to augment
supplies.
80. A number of urban water utilities have
increased their borrowings over recent years,
for various reasons, with consequential impacts
on their commercial performance and their
ability to take on additional debt.
81. Underinvestment in maintenance of some
water assets, and ageing infrastructure, will
require an increased focus on maintenance
and renewal.