This is a PowerPoint document prepared by a group of 9 students where we were looking at the infrastructural development in Kenya and the economic value and nature of the infrastructure.
This PPT delivered in a Webinar for E&Y Team discusses various aspects - legal structure, constraints, potential of resource mobilisation by municipal bodies in India.
The presentation is about the Infrastructure sector in India.
It gives the components included in infrastructure sector and their category wise contribution.
Objectives of Five year plans in India,Five year plans,India,Development in India,Planning,Economic planning,Industries,India,Planning commission of India
This PPT delivered in a Webinar for E&Y Team discusses various aspects - legal structure, constraints, potential of resource mobilisation by municipal bodies in India.
The presentation is about the Infrastructure sector in India.
It gives the components included in infrastructure sector and their category wise contribution.
Objectives of Five year plans in India,Five year plans,India,Development in India,Planning,Economic planning,Industries,India,Planning commission of India
Sustainable Development, relationships, norms, values, and hierarchies, Gradual change, Reduction of natural resources
Food, water and energy shortages, Loss of biodiversity
The pressure of accelerating urbanization and population growth, Climate change and natural disasters
Cost-benefit analysis in the transport sectorOECD Governance
Presentation by Lorenzo Casullo, OECD International Transport Forum, at a RIA workshop for the transport infrastructure regulator of Peru (OSITRAN) which took place in Lima 20-22 February 2017. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/
The planning commission of India was transformed into Niti aayog and the changes that put forward by Niti aayog and the difference between the planning commission and the Niti aayog are depicted in these slides.
The Five Year Plans are described by the PowerPoint Presentation with the details. It includes plan holidays, there sole reasons and some of the core objectives of planning also explained in the PowerPoint.
Urban Poverty, Migrants, Livelihood Issues in IndiaRavikant Joshi
This PPT to Scholars of Indian School of Public Policy discusses various issues and status associated with Urban Poverty, Seasonal and other type of migrants and urban livelihood issues in Indian Cities.
This presentation on NITI Aayog covers various aspect of NITI Aayog, with justification for change in policy outlook and how it differ from Planning Commision,
Transport is an important part for any nation's economy. Since the liberation of our country the development of infrastructure within the country has progressed at a rapid pace, and today there is a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and air. In contrast to practice in other nations, Bangladesh has four ministries responsible for transportation with the support of Dhaka City Corporation (DCC), Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK) and Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA). With continued economic growth and development there are lot of traffic malfunctions are existing such road accident, rail accident and others with lost and injured lot of valuable lives which reaches people to vulnerability. Therefore this paper focuses to addressing the causes of transport problems with identifying the countermeasures for reducing vulnerability to bring up sustainable development. This slide made of discussion of five core points with mentioning statistical graphs and highlighting action policy for moving up.
Sustainable Development, relationships, norms, values, and hierarchies, Gradual change, Reduction of natural resources
Food, water and energy shortages, Loss of biodiversity
The pressure of accelerating urbanization and population growth, Climate change and natural disasters
Cost-benefit analysis in the transport sectorOECD Governance
Presentation by Lorenzo Casullo, OECD International Transport Forum, at a RIA workshop for the transport infrastructure regulator of Peru (OSITRAN) which took place in Lima 20-22 February 2017. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/
The planning commission of India was transformed into Niti aayog and the changes that put forward by Niti aayog and the difference between the planning commission and the Niti aayog are depicted in these slides.
The Five Year Plans are described by the PowerPoint Presentation with the details. It includes plan holidays, there sole reasons and some of the core objectives of planning also explained in the PowerPoint.
Urban Poverty, Migrants, Livelihood Issues in IndiaRavikant Joshi
This PPT to Scholars of Indian School of Public Policy discusses various issues and status associated with Urban Poverty, Seasonal and other type of migrants and urban livelihood issues in Indian Cities.
This presentation on NITI Aayog covers various aspect of NITI Aayog, with justification for change in policy outlook and how it differ from Planning Commision,
Transport is an important part for any nation's economy. Since the liberation of our country the development of infrastructure within the country has progressed at a rapid pace, and today there is a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and air. In contrast to practice in other nations, Bangladesh has four ministries responsible for transportation with the support of Dhaka City Corporation (DCC), Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK) and Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA). With continued economic growth and development there are lot of traffic malfunctions are existing such road accident, rail accident and others with lost and injured lot of valuable lives which reaches people to vulnerability. Therefore this paper focuses to addressing the causes of transport problems with identifying the countermeasures for reducing vulnerability to bring up sustainable development. This slide made of discussion of five core points with mentioning statistical graphs and highlighting action policy for moving up.
Migori County is bound between latitudes 1° 4' 0" South of the equator, and longitudes 34° 28' 0" east of the prime meridian. It borders Homa Bay County to the North; Kisii County to the East; and to the West, it borders Narok County and the Republic of Tanzania to South. It touches Lake Victoria on its Western margins. The County is one of the six counties in Nyanza Province. The County experiences two rainy seasons, and with temperatures between 21-35 degrees Celsius. The county was delineated in 2012 by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) of Kenya which made Migori to have seven administrative districts namely: Migori District, Kuria East District, and Kuria West district, Uriri District, Awendo District, Rongo District and Nyatike Districts respectively. Her capital is in Migori town, about 22 kilometers from Kisii town.
Africa straddles the equator which bestows a rich diversity of wildlife and landscapes on the world's second largest continent. Large predators roam the sweeping savannas among huge herds of grazing herbivores, while apes, monkeys and snakes inhabit its dark, dense forests. Widely regarded as the place where human life originated, Africa is home to many of the world's best loved and most fascinating animals, as well as to some of its most endangered.
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Rail development in landlocked African countries has the potential to stimulate economic growth, enhance trade, and promote regional integration. However, realizing these benefits requires sustained investment, effective governance, and coordinated efforts to address the various challenges and risks involved.
Infrastructure plays a crucial role in Nepal's economic growth and social development. As a landlocked country with diverse geography and challenging terrain, Nepal heavily relies on a well-developed infrastructure to overcome geographical barriers, connect regions, and drive economic activities.
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Infrastructure consists of
the following:
1. Transport
2. Telecommunication
(Information and
Communication
Technology ICT)
3. Water supply and
sanitation
4. Energy etc…
INTRODUCTION
This topic reviews the linkages between
infrastructure and economic development.
The main component is that economic
growth arises from investment in
infrastructure.
Policy makers use infrastructure as a tool
to realize economic benefits.
The quality of infrastructure and the level
of investment in physical infrastructure has
a direct correlation with the level of
economic growth.
Intensive investment in physical
infrastructure translates to higher economic
benefits e.g. application of modern
technology in manufacturing industry leads
to increased productivity of goods and
services.
3. 1.Water supply and sanitation
a. Water Supply
Water supply and
sanitation in Kenya
is characterized by
low levels of access,
particularly in the
urban slums and
rural areas, as well
as poor services and
quality in form of
intermittent water
supply.
The development of infrastructure has therefore led to
increase in distribution of water to various places in
different regions.
Through the water Act No. 8 the water sector is
undergoing various reforms contrary to previous years
where it was the responsibility of a single company:
The National Water Conservation and Pipeline
Corporation, and a few local utilities established since
1996.
After enacting the Act service provision was gradually
decentralized to 117 Water Service Providers (WSPs).
4. a. Water supply (Continued…)
Today water is
distributed to many
regions all over the
country for various
uses due to
improvement in
pipeline services
i.e. for domestic
purposes,
irrigation in farms,
in industries and
factories etc…
According to Joint Monitoring Programme
for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP)
estimates, access to improved water
sources in urban and rural areas have
increased by 20%.
5. b. Sanitation
Countrywide estimates
for 2008 by the Joint
Monitoring Programme
for water supply and
sanitation (JMP)
indicated that 31% (27%
of urban and 32% of
rural) Kenyans had
access to private
improved sanitation
(This includes flush,
pour flush toilets
connected to a piped
system, septic tanks, VIP
latrines and pit latrines).
In Nairobi, sanitation coverage was
about 23% in 2006 – 2007.
The Kenyan integrated household
Budget Survey later reported a
much higher sanitation
improvement by 84%.
6. 2. Transport
Economic infrastructure is vital for economic growth and
poverty reduction since it plays a key role in enhancing
competitiveness thereby facilitating trade and integrating
countries to the rest of the world. This involves roads,
railway, air transport and seaports.
7. a. Roads
Road infrastructure
provides basic
national and
regional
connectivity to
major towns and
country capital in
the interior opening
up unconnected
regions to trade and
investments like
companies and
estate apartments.
Road transport improves access to goods and
services delivery, reducing loss of goods in terms of
damage, increased productivity and time
performance through access to input of raw
materials and finished products due to reduction in
congestion on roads because of construction of
bypass like the Northern Bypass, Eastern Bypass
and the Southern Bypass.
Road transport has also provided employment
opportunities hence increased per capita income.
8. a. Roads (Continued…)
Investment in road infrastructure
has led to sustainable growth and
development of the economy
which arises due to the multiplier
effects of government spending
on infrastructure
Improved road transport therefore
shows a positive impact on
economic growth.
Transport infrastructure has
undergone major upgrades over
the past 5 years in order to
support the high trade demand in
the East African region. The
Nairobi Southern bypass, for
example, was commissioned in
2012 and is already 40%
complete.
9. b. Railway
“Most rail networks in
Kenya are as old as 100
years and have not been
upgraded since they were
first constructed in
colonial days due to lack
of funds. These networks
cannot meet the demands
of modern times, observes
the African Development
Bank (AfDB).
Most lines are low-speed,
small-scale,
undercapitalized networks
carrying low axle loads.”
Kenya’s railway corridor is of strategic
importance to the region linking the port of
Mombasa to Nairobi and going to Uganda
and Rwanda.
The standard gauge railway (SGR) which
is 609km is expected to raise Kenya's GDP
by 1.5% on its completion by 2018.
The SGR will facilitate movement of bulky
goods easing pressure on congestion in
roads, speed up industrialization through
cheaper transport and establishment of new
service industries.
Railway development promotes opening up
of most areas and more so creating
employment to the jobless population.
10. b. Railway (Continued…)
“Kenya’s standard
gauge railway (SGR),
a new rail track that
will stretch from
Mombasa to Nairobi,
is the most ambitious
infrastructure project
in the country since
independence. The
609km-long line is
expected to cost $3.6-
billion, with China’s
Exim Bank footing
90% of the bill and
the Kenyan
government providing
the other 10%.”
- The SGR is part of the grand trans East
African railway project, one of many ‘mega’
infrastructure projects currently under way
in that region.
- It is a direct effort to connect East Africans
and their economies, and in so doing:
build economies of scale,
lower the cost of doing business,
attract foreign investment, and
ultimately accelerate growth and
development.
- The SGR, which should be completed by
2017, is the first part of the broader Lamu
Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia transport
corridor. This integrated mega-project will
connect countries in the region via oil
refineries, ports and railway lines.
11. c.Air Transport
In a bid to cement its
position as one of
Africa’s major gateways,
Kenya is building a new
terminal at Jomo
Kenyatta International
Airport in Nairobi.
Dubbed the ‘Greenfield
Terminal’, and financed
largely by the African
Development Bank, the
terminal will cost an
estimated $612-million,
span 178,000 square
meters and handle an
annual 20-million
passengers.
Kenya is investing in air transport to improve
economic development of the country through the
Greenfield Terminal.
A successful public-private partnership in air
transport has helped to make the country’s airline
one of the top three carriers in the Sub-Saharan
Africa.
JKIA is one of the key international gateways into
the continent widening the market for most
Kenya's export products and tourists.
Air transport is a means of linking Kenya to the
international destinations thereby increasing
economic development of Kenya.
In addition to this, in 2013 Kenya signed a
financing agreement with the French Development
Agency to upgrade Moi International Airport in
Mombasa. This is a major entry point for tourists
visiting the coastal city, with more than a dozen
airlines flying in directly from Europe.
12. d. Seaports
Kenya is endowed with
seaports such as the
ports of Lamu,
Mombasa, and Malindi
which open international
markets facilitating
exports and imports of
products enhancing
trading activities.
This generates
government revenue
through custom duties
levied on imported goods
enabling the country to
provide essential goods
and services (Public
Utilities).
Inland transport like that of Kisumu
enables regional corporation opening
economic development in the East
African Countries.
13. e. Energy
Energy is a foundation stone
of the modern industrial
economy. Energy provides an
essential ingredient for
almost all human activities:
it provides services for
cooking and space/water
heating,
lighting,
health,
food production and
storage,
education,
mineral extraction,
industrial production and
transportation.
- There are diverse energy sources some of
which include the following:
Hydropower (HEP) e.g. in Masinga dam
Geothermal Power e.g. in Olkaria
Wind energy from wind mills e.g. Ngong
Hills
Solar Power using solar panels e.g. in
Arid and semi arid lands of North Eastern
Kenya
Biomass, and
Biogas.
- Energy consumption is important to drive
a country’s development process in a
number of ways.
14. e. Energy (Continued…)
Modern energy services are a
powerful engine of economic
and social development, and
no country has managed to
develop much beyond a
subsistence economy without
ensuring at least minimum
access to energy services for a
broad section of its
population.
Throughout the world, the
energy resources available to
them and their ability to pay
largely determine the way in
which people live their lives.
Nevertheless, it is critical to
recognize that what people
want are the services that
energy provides, not fuel or
electricity per se.
The use of biomass energy has made charcoal a cash crop
contributing to a monetized economy, and in some urban areas,
there are active markets in local wood fuels.
The concept of energy diversity is responding to uncertainty
and this underpins energy security which helps deliver
economic performance and improves the quality of life.
Availability of adequate supply of energy helps the industries
to reduce production costs of manufactured and processed
goods and subsidized service delivery thereby maximizing on
production.
Energy diversity provides additional options for substitution on
supplies I which a country is over-reliant hence minimize
losses on interruption in supply.
Energy production process creates employment opportunity to
a larger number of people.
Availability of energy has made it possible to use the locally
available resources in the production process like it is in the
welding and Jua Kali industries.
Use of energy in the agriculture sector promotes productivity
hence a food security policy.
Use of energy in rural Kenya has enhanced rural economic
development as rural areas increase output per household
15. f. Information and Communication Technology
(ICT)Since 2000 Kenya's
economy has grown at
an average of 3.7%.
Without ICT this growth
would have been at
2.8% and per capita
income would have
stagnated.
Kenya has been ranked
among the top 5 African
countries with the
fastest growth in
telecommunication
infrastructure in mobile
money innovation. The
engine behind the rapid
growth has been mobile
telephony.
In the mobile telephony, mobile money transfer
(MPesa) has driven change in the business model of
most financial institutions in the country.
Mobile money agents represents 3/4s of the total
financial access and they are major drivers in
bringing financial access points close to the
population.
INFORMATION and communication technology
has been recognized as a powerful enabler for
economic and social development.
ICT enhances economic growth, social inclusion,
increase health and education services and
improving governance at all levels.
The United Nations MDGs identifies the potential
of ICT for development and MDG target-8 calls to
develop a global partnership for development and in
corporation with the private sector make available
the benefits of new technologies especially in ICT.
16. f. Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) Continued…
Mobile Internet access
revenue will soar at a 12.7%
CAGR, from US$236.83bn in
2014 to US$441.47bn in
2019, accounting for close to
two out of every three dollars
spent on Internet access in
that year. In 2019, Kenya and
South Africa will see more
than 75% of total Internet
access revenue derived from
mobile, with South Africa at
an industry-leading 90.7%.
The internet has also led to economic
development with servers to that have a proxy to
e-commerce has interlinked buyers or potential
customers to the sellers from all over the world
hence facilitating trading activities promoting
economic development.
In education sector ICT has enabled more learners
to affordably access learning materials at a lower
cost. This area has a potential growth boosting
online education and facilitating massive and
online content.
ICT has become the highest distributor platform
of providing public and private services to
millions of people in rural and poor areas, market
information, financial services and health sectors
have largely been unavailable for long.
With the growth of ICT, in particular high speed
internet, are changing how large companies are
doing business, transforming public service
delivery and democratizing innovation.
17. CONCLUSION
While cash is crucial for
Kenya’s capital-intensive
projects, land disputes and
security concerns have
provided the most
unexpected challenges,
particularly at the terminus
in Lamu.
Infrastructural
development is beyond
doubt the key aspect of
economic development of
any nation.
There is therefore an urge
to forward our
infrastructural
development level so as to
win the myriads of
economic benefits in the
EAC.
Infrastructure plays a crucial role in the economic
development of any nation whether developed or
still developing.
Infrastructure provides basic and solid foundation
on which the development and growth can be
erected.
Obviously if the foundation is weak and fragile, it
is doubtful that any structure can be built on it.
Super or simple is likely to provide continuous
and stable services for the foreseeable future.
Once the infrastructural foundation is strong
development is not easily attainable but is also
continuous, stable, quantitative and qualitative.
Editor's Notes
CITATONS AND REFERENES:
A. Eberhard, "Infrastructure Regulation in Developing Countries", PPIAF Working Paper No. 4 (2007) World Bank
Ascher, Kate; researched by Wendy Marech (2007). The works: anatomy of a city (Reprint. ed.). New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0143112709.
Christian K.M. Kingombe 2011. Mapping the new infrastructure financing landscape. London: Overseas Development Institute
Fulmer, Jeffrey (2009). "What in the world is infrastructure?". PEI Infrastructure Investor (July/August): 30–32.
Georg Inderst, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure", OECD Working Papers on Insurance and Private Pensions, No. 32 (2009)
Hayes, Brian (2005). Infrastructure: the book of everything for the industrial landscape (1st ed.). New York City: Norton. ISBN 978-0393329599.
Huler, Scott (2010). On the grid: a plot of land, an average neighborhood, and the systems that make our world work. Emmaus, Penn.: Rodale. ISBN 978-1-60529-647-0
Infrastructure | Define Infrastructure at Dictionary.com
Larry W. Beeferman, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure: A Resource Paper", Capital Matter (Occasional Paper Series), No.3 December 2008
M. Nicolas J. Firzli & Vincent Bazi, "Infrastructure Investments in an Age of Austerity : The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective", published jointly in Revue Analyse Financière, Q4 2011 issue, pp. 34– 37 and USAK/JTW July 30, 2011 (online edition)
Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 474. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.
http://www.theafricareport.com/North-Africa/transport-infrastructure-before-development.htm
http://www.opendb.net/element/19099.php
http://129.3.20.41/eps/urb/papers/0506/0506002.pdf
http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj11n2/cj11n2-4.pdf