Earthcube Essay

Earthcube Essay
n 2011 the U.S. National Science Foundation initiated EarthCube, a joint effort of NSF's Office of
Cyberinfrastructure (OCI), whose interest was in computational and data–rich science and
engineering, and the Geosciences Directorate (GEO), whose interest was in understanding and
forecasting the behavior of a complex and evolving Earth system. The goal in creating EarthCube
was to create a sustainable, community–based and open cyberinfrastructure for all researchers and
educators across the geosciences.
The NSF recognized that currently there was no infrastructure that could manage and provide access
to all geosciences data in an open, transparent and inclusive manner, and that progress in
geosciences would be increasingly reliant on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fundamental challenge was the heterogeneity of scientific disciplines and technologies that
needed to cooperate to accomplish this goal, and the necessity of getting all stakeholders to
cooperate in its development. A compounding factor is that while technology evolves rapidly,
people's habits, work practices, cultural attitudes towards data sharing, and willingness to use other's
data, all evolve more slowly. How the relationship of people to the infrastructure evolves determines
whether it succeeds or fails.
A significant element of NSF's strategy for building EarthCube was to make it a collective effort of
geoscientists and technologists from the start, in hopes of ensuring that what was developed did
indeed serve the needs of geoscientists and would in fact find widespread uptake. A series of
community events and end–user workshops spanning the geoscience disciplines were undertaken
with the dual goals of gathering requirements for EarthCube and building a community of
geoscientists willing to engage with and take ownership of the EarthCube process.
NSF began issuing small awards to explore concepts for EarthCube. These were followed by the
funding of an initial set of "building blocks" meant to demonstrate potential components of
EarthCube. The Brokering Building Block (BCube) was one of these awards. BCube sought both to
solve real problems of interoperability that
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A New Economic Vision For America 's Infrastructure
The Way Forward
A New Economic Vision for
America's Infrastructure
May 2014
By
Robert Puentes, The Brookings Institution
Bruce Katz, The Brookings Institution
Marc Lipschult z, KKR
Raj Agrawal, KKR
Summary
Disruptive market, demographic, fiscal, and environmental dynamics are fundamentally reshaping
America's economic landscape. In this new reality, the United States should think of infrastructure
not in the general but in the specific, understanding the ways in which different infrastructure
sectors–such as transportation, energy, and water–are governed, financed, and delivered. At the same
time, metropolitan areas need to outline their priorities given their distinct economies, competitive
advantages, and infrastructure needs. As public ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United States faces an unprecedented number of economic, demographic, fiscal, and
environmental challenges that compel both the government and the private sector to rethink the way
they do business. While these new forces are incredibly diverse–including everything from the shale
gas revolution to renewed consumer preferences for urban living– they share one underlying need:
modern, efficient, and reliable infrastructure. Tangible assets made of concrete, steel, and fiber–optic
cable are essential building blocks of the American economy. Infrastructure enables global trade,
powers businesses, connects workers to their jobs, creates new opportunities for struggling
communities, and protects America from an unpredictable natural environment. From private
investments in telecommunication systems, broadband networks, freight railroads, energy projects,
and pipelines, to public investments in transportation, water, public buildings, and parks,
America's infrastructure is the backbone of a healthy national economy. Infrastructure also supports
American workers, providing millions of jobs each year to build and maintain the structures and
facilities that power our economy. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics reveals that
approximately 14 million Americans are employed in fields directly related to infrastructure. From
locomotive engineers, electrical power line installers and truck drivers to airline

Value Of Value For Money
INTRODUCTION
Value for Money is the utility derived from every purchase or every sum of money which is spent. It
is not only based on minimum purchase price but together with efficiency and effectiveness of
purchase.
The concept of value for money includes both qualitative and quantitative aspects. In addition, it
typically involves an element of judgment on the part of a government. There is no precise indicator
to measure value for money. Value for money can broadly be defined as what a government judges
to be an optimal combination of quantity, quality, features and price (i.e. cost), expected (sometimes,
but not always, calculated) over the whole of the project's lifetime.
There are 3 elements for Value for Money:
Economy in the use of resources so as to maximize inputs per dollar, euro, pound, yen, etc.
Efficiency to maximize outputs per input.
Effectiveness to maximize outcomes per output.
Qualitative VFM analysis typically involves sense–checking the rationale for using PPP–that is,
asking whether a proposed project is of a type likely to be suitable for private financing. This often
takes place at a relatively early stage of PPP development.
Quantitative VFM analysis involves comparing the value for money of a proposed PPP (or actual
bids received) with a "Public Sector Comparator" (PSC)–that is, a model of the project if
implemented through traditional public procurement.
TIMING AND ROLE OF VFM ANALYSIS
VFM analysis is used to carry out all public

Essay on Why Higways are Impoved and Constructed
Why Highways Are Improved and
Constructed
Enhancing an existing highway is preferred to the construction of a new one. Highways are
developed to meet general traffic needs, to eliminate or decrease negative impacts caused by traffic
or when changes in land use so require. A new highway shall be constructed when the existing
highway network no longer meets the requirements of traffic or land use, and these requirements
cannot be satisfied or eliminated through road improvements or other transport system
developments, or the negative impacts caused by traffic cannot be reduced enough.
Reasons to improve existing highways and construct new ones include the following:
Improve mobility/travel due to residential, work place and service ... Show more content on
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More detailed plans for pedestrian and bicycle traffic, public transport, parking etc. are made when
required. transport system plans have been drawn up for many urban areas and some provinces. In
smaller urban areas, the planning emphasis is usually on traffic network planning. For numerous
purposes, feasibility studies can have different names and content. The most common project–
specific feasibility studies are the development study, needs assessment and development/action
plan. The beginning points of a feasibility study are existing land use and current road and traffic
conditions. Societal development make changes in travel needs and traffic conditions. These
changes are examined during the feasibility study phase and the actions required to meet the goals
set for the development of traffic conditions are planned.
The outcome of the feasibility study is a project or several projects for which preliminary
examinations have been conducted of possible alternative actions, including the related impacts and
costs.
During the feasibility study, the need for interaction varies according to the nature of the project.
Participation by municipalities and regional councils are usually emphasized during co–operation.
The decision to begin planning can be made based on the feasibility study. Such a decision consists
of the road authority's statements concerning the necessity, timing and further planning of

The Importance Of Technology And Development In Economic...
assistance to poorer countries and to help less developed nations progress
To build an infrastructure and promoting industrialization there are factors which are bound to be
followed and they include; as much as there is advancement in the manufacturing and employment,
there is need to invest and develop infrastructure of the third world countries who are still in the
process of developing. This will ensure that the gross domestic product of the country (third world
countries) will double by 2030.
– Such improvements include sustainable transport system which will create more job opportunities
and the boosting of the economic development (Griggs, D et.al. 2013). Manufacturing as a key
factor in economic development, helps in creation of employment and social stability. Due to the
technological advancements, countries have adapted a more efficient and less energy consuming
industries. This has greatly reduced the amount of carbon dioxide gas been released to the air by old
manufacturing companies hence leading to global warming and a significant share in the global
manufacturers.
– There have been a lot of researchers coming up with the aim of investing in the research and
development. Recently, manufacturing has upgraded to a more technological complex product. The
medium and the high technological products achieve always been nominated the manufacturing
production in the industrialized economy. The invention of mobile phone has made it possible for
the people who

Building And Maintain A Cyber Operations Force
Strategic Goals
Build and maintain a cyber operations force: The Department of Defense requires personnel to be
trained to the highest standards and have the highest quality technology available to them in order to
operate effectively. To this end the Department of Defense initiated the Cyber Mission Force in 2013
("Department of Defense Cyber Strategy," 2015). The Cyber Mission Force is 133 cyber teams: 68
Cyber Protection teams focused on defending the network, 13 National Mission teams to defend
critical national infrastructure, 27 Combat Mission teams assisting combat commanders in planning
and strategy, 25 Support Teams to support the National Mission and Combat Mission teams. Of the
40 completed teams, 80 percent are members of the military, the remaining 20 being civilian, and
the teams average age is 24 (Pomerleau, 2016). With the current push to expand cyber security in
the private sector, there is major concern with the Cyber Mission Force being able to complete and
retain its staffing with all the range of skills required while the private sector offers more
competitive wages (Schmidt, 2015).
Prepare and Defend DoD info network, data, mitigate damage
As it is not possible to defend against everything everywhere, the Department of Defense must
identify, prioritize, and defend its most important networks, including in a degraded or disrupted
environment in the event of a successful attack ("Department of Defense Cyber Strategy," 2015).
One of the steps expected is

The Effects Of Private Participation On Infrastructure
This paper examines the effects of private participation in infrastructure (PPI) in the developing
world on the provision of infrastructure services. This process is colloquially referred to as
privatization and involves the transfer of previously state–owned and operated infrastructure assets
to operation and sometimes ownership by the private sector. Analysis of more than two decades
worth of evidence showed that, in terms of the impact on infrastructure provision, PPI tends to
provide positive gains in efficiency, quality of and access to infrastructure services. With regard to
realizing the benefits of privatization, effective regulation and the introduction of competition are
crucial. Notably, positive impacts from PPI are not seen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand I was familiar with the arguments of the proponents of privatization, who argue
that private companies are better positioned than the government to provide most services in an
efficient manner. In the face of this debate I wanted to explore the evidence in an attempt to reach
some fact–based conclusions about the impact of the privatization of infrastructure service on their
delivery.
3. The Research Process
Thankfully PPI in the developing world has been ongoing for over two decades at this point, so
there is a substantial body of academic literature on the impact of infrastructure privatization for
specific cases and for each infrastructure sector.
Research for this paper was mainly conducted through Georgetown Library resources and Google
Scholar. Case studies for infrastructure privatization projects are a plenty and I had to sift through
them to identify more comprehensive reports that looked at a set of case studies or a specific sector.
Most comprehensive reports on infrastructure privatization in the developing world date from the
early 2000s, though I was able to find two recent comprehensive assessments of the evidence that
provided me fresh overviews of the current knowledge base and leads for further sources.
4. Introduction
Across the developing world, private participation in infrastructure accounts for less than 20% of
infrastructure

Essay On Ahmedabad
BACKGROUND
AHMEDABAD
Ahmedabad was founded roughly 600 years ago, as a walled city on the eastern bank of Sabarmati.
Now, it is the seventh largest metropolis in India and the largest in Gujarat. Ahmedabad lies, 500 km
north of Mumbai and 96 km from the Gulf of Cambay and has good connectivity with Mumbai, the
commercial capital of India and Delhi, the capital of India and is one of the few Indian cities having
an international airport.
Ahmedabad has historically been one of the most important centres of trade and commerce in the
western part of India. Once referred to as the 'Manchester of India' on account of its textile industry,
the city is still the textile capital of India. The city is home of several scientific and educational
institutions of national importance, including the prestigious Indian Institute of Management
Ahmedabad. The city also has a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The city's attractiveness can be accounted to the following factors– It is the erstwhile capital of
Gujarat, the present commercial capital, located at close proximity to Gandhinagar, the city has in
general an environment of safety and the entrepreneurial people of Ahmedabad.
The city thrives due to a strong industrial base of traditional manufacturing industries; located on the
proposed Delhi–Mumbai industrial corridor continues to be attractive destination for investments.
Anticipating the likely growth in travel demand, rate of motorization and its likely impact on
functioning of environment, the City and State Governments have made several initiatives to build
state of the art infrastructure that will enhance city's economic development prospectus and ensure
high standards of quality of

Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of Infrastructure Investment
Conclusion:
SECTORAL ADVANTAGES
Infrastructure
 Investment to rise from an estimated 5% of GDP in 2006–07 to 9% of GDP in 2011–12
 Total investment during 2007–12 projected at US$ 515 billion
 Public Private Partnership (PPP) model being encouraged
 Share of private sector investment in infrastructure spending to become 30% in 11th Five Year
Plan from 20% in 10th Five Year Plan
 Special emphasis on rural infrastructure development in the 11th Five Year Plan
 Committee on Infrastructure (CoI) to oversee fast track projects
 Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL) to provide long term loans to finance
infrastructure projects
Infrastructure – A US$ 514.04 billion opportunity!!!
Infrastructure Investment Estimates in 11th Plan (2007–12) ... Show more content on
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The industry in nascent stage compared to other Asian economies
 SME sector which contributes significantly to India's GDP is a lucrative segment for credit too
Defence
 US$ 100 billion market
 10th largest defence expenditure in the world
 3rd largest importer of defence hardware
 FDI allowed up to 26% and private participation up to 100% of equity
 Offset policy offers opportunities for OEMs to partner with Indian Defence Industry – offset
potential to reach US$ 10 billion by

External Factors ( Or External Environment )
Case Study
External Factors (or External Environment)
During the 1970s and 1980s, the Republic of Korea achieved exceptional economic development.
However, the government focused on regional development rather than infrastructure development
(Hine & Chelliah, 2009). Therefore, the rate of infrastructure investment had been decreasing in the
1980s in particular, which drove a lot of traffic bottlenecks in many regions, and high traffic
congestion costs in roads, railways, and seaports. At the beginning of the 1990s, the government
acknowledged the limits to fund the needed construction of infrastructure facilities and felt the need
to mobilize new sources to invest infrastructure (Kim et al., 2011).
To promote the PPP program as a new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The government modified this law again in January 2005. The revised Act established a specialized
agency ("Public–Private Infrastructure Investment Management Center") to provide technical
assistance to the Ministry of Strategy and Finance and procuring authorities. Also, the MRG was
amended due to excessive demand. In October 2009, the MRG program ended, and was replaced by
the support measurement of compensation of base cost, under which the government shares
investment risks within the limit of the government's cost, if the project was conducted as a public
project. Therefore, the changes in toll road PPP projects characteristics can be divided as shown in
Table 2 (Hine & Chelliah, 2009; Kim et al., 2011).
Current Status of PPP highways
The first PPP highway is the Incheon International Airport Expressway completed in November
2000. As of 2015, there are 24 PPP highways in Korea, and 10 of them are operating, 8 projects are
under construction, 3 of them are in the planning stage and the remaining 3 projects are under
discussion. The total investment cost for 24 routes is 41.2 trillion won. The ratio of PPP highways
continuously increased after 2000, and the PPP highways account for 11% (460km) of the total
Korean national highways (4,139km) as of 2015. On the other hand, the PPP projects were
developed as solicited PPP projects, but since 2005, projects were in progress by unsolicited
projects.
The Problem of Risk Sharing: Minimum Revenue

Essay On National Manufacturing Policy
Economist Nicholas Kaldor theorized the structural transformation of the manufacturing sector as
the engine of growth and stipulated that there exist a close relationship with the gross domestic
product of a nation. After independence, India's manufacturing sector has developed through several
phases from the underlying industrialization and the license raj to liberalization and the present
period of worldwide competitiveness. However, still, the share of this sector in overall GDP has
stagnated since 1980 and was only 15.8% in 2010–11. Furthermore, India has not been able to make
their presence felt in the worldwide for manufacturing products to a far greater extent than similar
levels of developing countries in Asia, where the share was ... Show more content on
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These zones would develop as large integrated industrial townships with condition of–craftsmanship
infrastructure; land use by zoning; clean and energy efficient innovation, aptitude advancement
social infrastructure and skill development facilities, mainly to provide a favorable environment for
manufacture sector. So far, Government has granted Fourteen NIMZs in–principle approval outside
the DMIC region and some NIMZs at Medak in Telangana, Prakasam in Andhra Pradesh and
Kalinganagar, Jajpur district in Odisha have given final approval.
Evaluation of the NMP 2011 at Tumkur NIMZ, Karnataka
Karnataka government proposed a plan to set up a mega industrial zone Tumkur region as a NIMZ
under this policy. This area is a home to 24 large scale industries with an investment of 911.42
crores. Large–scale sectors with an investment of 911.42 crores generate employment for 6445
persons. The existing eight medium scale and 23804 others employ 132994 persons accounting for
an investment of 790 crores as of March 2012.
The state government is responsible for the land acquisition and internal infrastructure within
NIMZ, like power and water supply. Power Grid Corporation of India (PGCIL) will set up a solar
power plant, an estimated 600 MW, and expected to use gas from the Dabhol pipeline that is hardly
5 km away from NIMZ. The project is scheduled to commission in June 2018.
On 9th May 2017, Fali Nariman committee on the Cauvery basin has granted the permission that

The Impact Of The Internet Of Things
With the click of a button or a tap on a screen, you can discover profound knowledge, it navigates
you to where you need to go, or it even tells you miscellaneous things such as which place to go to
get the best pumpkin spice latte. The Internet of things has significantly impacted everyday lives and
continues to develop throughout generations. It refers to pertinent things such as the ever–growing
networks of everyday physical objects, and other internet–enabled systems and devices which
process and analyze large and fast–moving data set along each other. To sum it up, the internet of
things is a fast growing network of materials where everything is synced and can collect as well as
exchange data using sensors that are embedded in devices. Although individuals believe that the
Internet of Things (IoT) consequently, will strip every one of privacy and security, the internet of
things ought to be utilized in society as it positively transforms the way you live and relate to our
environment to make it more productive and useful for us.
The concept of the internet of things abbreviated as IoT was introduced as early as the late 90's by
Kevin Ashton, the Executive Director of Auto–ID Labs and a professor at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. Now, "the Internet of things is already a disruptive technology capable of determining
fundamental changes that are happening in everyday life, and it is considered the fourth industrial
revolution." (Hucanu) The Internet of Things (IoT)

College Of Environmental Science And Forestry
COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND FORESTRY SEMINAR IN URBAN
INFRASTRUCTURE BIG CITIES AIRPORTS Wilivan Silva Fall 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 ORIGINS ................................................................................................02 02 RATIONAL
.............................................................................................03 03 FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE
..................................................................04 04 MAGNITUDE OF COSTS
..........................................................................05 05 DURABILITY AND MATERIALS
.................................................................06 06 DEGREE OF NECESSITY
.........................................................................07 07 IMPACTS IN CITIES
.................................................................................08 08 VISUAL QUALITIES
.................................................................................09 09 LAND USES
...........................................................................................10 10 ART EXAMPLES
.....................................................................................11 INTRODUCTION The paper and the
presentation were made to explain the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Traveling, trade, economy, technologies were completely changed after its creation. The world
became smaller, and people started to think differently about the world. Two main stories are
important for the invention of the aircraft. First, the Wright brothers are known as the creators of the
airplane. They are believed to be the inventors of the machine for the most part of the world. The
brothers created a prototype that was able fly with the help of a catapult, in other words, the machine
could just float. It could not put itself in the by using self–propulsion. The second story is that the
creation of the airplane is given to Santos Dumont, a Brazilian citizen that expanded his aircraft
studies in France; A man who studied many different types of flying equipment, including the
airplane. His prototype, the14 BIS, could fly and handle itself on the air with a gas engine developed
to do so. The first airplanes were developed in the beginning of the 20th century right before the
World War I in which aircraft was most utilized for observation. With the evolution of the
technology, aircraft started to have more utilization so that during the World War II they were very
important weapons delivery and bombing the battle fields. Reconnaissance was another function for
the aircraft during World War II. Thus, the development of the planes had to be followed by the
creation of the airports. In the early days of aviation airports were known as flying

Water for Human Development
Water is an essential commodity for human development. Unfortunately, many communities
experience the lack of quality water resources. The aim of this paper is to describe and consider the
most common water supply challenges facing many communities and their consequences for
firefighting. The paper presents some demonstrations of the primary water supply difficulties
leveraging communities. The consequences of these water supply difficulties on firefighting
capabilities are suggested in this paper. Recommendations to improve community water supply and
firefighting methods are provided.
Water is an essential commodity for human development. Unfortunately, many communities
experience the lack of quality water resources. Changes in community dynamics and the financial
and communal adversities facing communities impede the development of creative water supply
designs. Water vulnerabilities have really become an attribute characteristic of many communities,
with far–reaching significances for their firefighting capabilities. Needless to state, in communities
that need get access to water, even the smallest fire can lead to a grave catastrophe. As of today, the
need of hydrants, unsuitable firefighting apparatus, troubles with dip sites, and the need of
collaboration with the water utility management make communities exceedingly susceptible to the
hazards of fire. In the absence of productive water supply systems, no community is absolutely
defended from firefighting

Weaknesses Of Our Infrastructure Created By Cyber Threats
Weaknesses in our infrastructure created by cyber threats
1. Technology infrastructure that holds the vulnerabilities.
2. Examples of previous exploitation and specific software's
3. How these issues can be addressed?
In almost every application of modern infrastructure, technology plays a huge part in running and
maintaining said infrastructure as efficiently, precisely and reliably as possible. Traffic lights run on
automated cycles, airports have their booking and flight data entirely digitized, and water treatment
systems rely on computerized controls and systems. All of these and many more are pieces of
infrastructure that had once been done by hand, but now use computers and technology to operate at
the rates vital for our fast moving and massive societies. It can be said with great certainty that the
computerized systems behind many of our societies support structures have intrinsically become
what we define with the title of "critical infrastructure." The problem with the otherwise efficient
and superior implementations of computerized technology is that now, in the wake of programs such
as STUXNET, it is incredibly apparent that this infrastructure is vulnerable. For any number of
reasons or motivations, terrorist or criminal hackers are able to find ways in to the computerized
systems of critical infrastructure, and as we move forward, these vulnerabilities could easily turn
into catastrophic disasters. Computerized technology has become integral to modern

Role Of Pt Jasa Marga
The Participation of PT. Jasa marga in developing highway traffic,
To support the economic movement of Indonesian society.
Jua
Written by :
Muhammad Akmal Al–Fatah
00170550
Ma'had Al Zaytun
L3DC – NCC
2017
Content
I. Introduction
A. Background 1
B. Objective 1
II. The Participation of PT.Jasa marga in developing highway traffic to support the economic
movement of Indonesian society
A. The Hstory of PT.Jasa marga (Persero),Tbk 1
B. Structure of Organisation PT. Jasa Marga (Persero), Tbk 2
C. The development of PT.jasa marga (Persero) ,Tbk 3
D. The Participation of PT.Jasa marga in developing highway traffic to support the economic
movement of Indonesian society 4
III. Conclusion
A. summary 5
B. Recommendation 5
IV. Bibliography 5 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Structure Organisation Of PT. Jasa Marga (Persero) ,Tbk
Structure Organizational of PT. Jasa Marga (Persero) ,Tbk is an illustration in organizing resources
owned in achieving the company's goal of providing quality road service quality.
httpblog.ub.ac.idparadityagalangfiles201410paradityagalang–125030100111042.jpg
C. The development of PT.Jasa marga (Persero) ,Tbk The development of highways to meet the

needs of public transportation from 1978 – present, as a means of travel to Increase the state of
Indonesia.
Period I
1978 – 1987
Single Operator for Highway
1978 – Jasa Marga was founded as the single operator of Highway in term of management,
maintenance, and network procurement.
1979 – Rajamandala Toll Brigde commenced operation and was returned to the government in 2003
1981 – Tallo Lama Highway (Ujung Pandang) commenced operation and was handed over to PT
Bosowa Marga Nusantara for management in 1995
1981 – Wonokromo Toll Bridge (Surabaya) commenced operation and was returned to the
government in 1986
1982 – Kapuas Toll Brigde commenced operation and was returned to the government in 1991
1983 – Semarang Section A Highway (Srondol – Jatingaleh) commenced operation
1984 – Jakarta–Tangerang Highway commenced

Construction In Brazil
This report provides detailed market analysis, information and insights into the Brazilian
construction industry including:
The Brazilian construction industry's growth prospects by market, project type and type of
construction activity
Analysis of equipment, material and service costs for each project type within Brazil
Critical insight into the impact of industry trends and issues, and the risks and opportunities they
present to participants in the Brazilian construction industry
Profiles of the leading operators in the Brazilian construction industry.
Data highlights of the largest construction projects in Brazil
Browse Full Report With TOC: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Government spending under the PAC rose from BRL513.0 billion (US$259.7 billion) for 2007–
2010 to BRL958.9 billion (US$526.0 billion) for 2011–2014.
Brazil's infrastructure construction market will be supported by large–scale

Understanding the Infrastructure Industry and How it is...
The main objective behind this study of is to understand how the Infrastructure industry functions
and how infrastructure is essential for the growth of any nation. The factors which necessitated a
study to be conducted as to how the industry functions and how the said firms are conducting their
businesses in this largely unorganized sector are as follows–  To demonstrate two of the
dominating players of this industry and their rivals.  To find existing competition in this industry
around the world.  Comparison between the companies regarding their market share, acceptability
and popularity.  To find consumer perception towards these companies from various companies
available to them.  To write a well presented paper by being focused, consistent and original thus
providing enough evidence to make our argument or theory convincing 3.2 Limitations The research
was entirely carried out with the sources of secondary data. Some of the data may be unreliable due
to passage of time and therefore making the results defective. Accuracy of the data is not assured.
Since the data is secondary in nature, it may be vague in nature and therefore may not be of much
help in decision making. The companies publishing the data may be biased in their approach and
hence unreliable. Lack of prior research studies on the topic –– citing prior research studies forms
the basis of your literature review and helps lay a foundation for understanding the research problem

Case Study on India China Infrastructure
A Case Study,
Overcoming Infrastructure Roadblocks: Are Chinese Lessons Relevant?
This paper aims to document and analyse the different approaches in overall infrastructure sector
performance for these two very different countries from the policy and institutional dimensions. It
identifies factors that have worked in China and India. It also identifies some important lessons
which could be relevant for future infrastructure development.
For the last two decades, both India and China have grown at twice the global rate and If this trend
continues for next few decades, with their vast labor supply, favorable demographics, and
aspirations for reaching the developed world per ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Employment generation through construction of rural roads, and ground water and minor irrigation
to support food security received much higher priority compared to need to enhance logistics to
support industrial growth and improving overall economic efficiency.
In five year plans a major goal was to connect all villages (with population of more than 1,500
inhabitants) with rural road network; however, this was done through "minimum needs program"
supporting employment creation and leading to waste and inefficiency. Most of the roads thus
created did not meet quality standards because fiscal space was not adequate to accommodate both
the demand for resources for rural roads and also the national highway network which was getting
congested. Even in the case of power sector, village electrification was a priority so as to provide
power for the farms, but not necessarily to households. Emphasis on connectivity, without
improvements in overall economic efficiency meant unsustainable financial burden on the
government budgets. In the time of slower economic growth or external shocks such as wars and
high oil prices, infrastructure investments were major casualty. China with its high economic growth
rates and higher savings rates was able to allocate much larger resources for investments in general.
In the 1980, China saved 35% of GDP whereas India's savings rate was less than half at 15.5%. This
combined, with higher fiscal deficits in

Vietnam As A Dominant Party System
Vietnam is communist state, a government ruled by a dominant party system. Over the last decade,
Vietnam has shown remarkable growth since they have adapted the modernization theory. Vietnam
has a spectacular progress in their growth domestic product (GDP), with a GDP of 49.42 billion in
U.S dollars in 2005 to a GDP of 171.39 billion in U.S dollars in 2014.They have also achieve a high
poverty reduction, from a poverty headcount of nearly 60 percent to 20.7 percent in the past 20
years. Vietnam has become more industrialized, Vietnam's agricultural shares of economic output
has shrink from 25% in the year 2000 to less than 20% in 2013, while industry's share increased
from 36% to more than 42% in the same period. Today, Vietnam is considered to be one of the
leading exporters in Southeast Asia. With the top ten exports commodities that include electrical
machinery, oil and mineral fuels, footwear, apparel: non knit, apparel: knit, industrial machinery,
seafood, coffee and spices, furniture and cereals.
An ongoing debate on whether a Democratic or Autocratic type of government would facilitate fast
economic growth. This is an important factor because this could be the reason why Vietnam has
grown so quickly. Base on the fact that Vietnam's economy has rapidly developed, it's safe to agree
that an autocratic government would facilitate faster growth. "Under democracy, politicians seeking
reelection have an incentive to reflect the will and interest of a majority

Feb 2013Lesson 310 Facilities EngineeringIntroductionKey...
Feb 2013
Lesson 3.10: Facilities Engineering
Introduction
Key Element of the DOD Acquisition Process
Facilities Engineering is a key element of the DOD acquisition process. This discipline encompasses
a variety of functions that focus on the life cycle design, construction, and maintenance of military
installations, facilities, civil works projects, airfields, roadways, and ocean facilities.
Providing and Maintaining Critical Infrastructure
Facilities Engineering provides and maintains the critical infrastructure needed for both domestic
and worldwide operations.
This infrastructure includes system–specific facilities and the full range of other facilities needed to
develop, test, produce, deploy, operate, and support the nation's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
3
Feb 2013
Traditional facilities planning includes, but is not limited to:
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Scenario planning;
Land use planning;
Requirements generation;
Facilities planning (small area planning);
Transportation planning;
Demographic analysis;
Constraints analysis; and

Serving as political/community liaison.
Real Estate
Real Estate professionals plan, organize, monitor and manage real estate activities. They also issue,
execute, manage, renew, supplement, oversee, or revoke real estate documents. Real
Estate professionals are also "accountable" for real and personal property for their Services' annual
reports to Congress and the General Services Administration. Real Estate duties may require
identifying, establishing, organizing or implementing real estate objectives, policies, and procedures.
Real Estate actions cover:
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Appraisals and cartography;
Acquisition of facilities, lands or lesser interest in land;
Use of land by non–DOD entities, management of title and unauthorized use; and
Utilization of space, and disposal of Government–owned or controlled real property.
Engineering and Construction
The Engineering and Construction workforce plans, organizes, directs, monitors, manages, oversees
and performs activities related to life cycle facilities acquisition in the areas of:
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Analysis;
Criteria development;
Research;
Engineering; and
Construction management.
Engineering and Construction

Restoring And Improving Urban Infrastructure
The Engineering Grand Challenge of restoring and improving urban infrastructure involves a
foundation of challenges faced by architectural engineers today. Specifically, it is about repairing the
infrastructure of a society, including its power grids, water infrastructure, roads, bridges, sustainable
structures, and anything that provides support to our thriving lifestyle. Admittedly, improving
infrastructure is an important challenge that can be fixed if there are new systems put in place that
allow for improvement at any time in the future. The challenge of restoring and improving an urban
infrastructure can be accomplished, but there need to be technological advances, and support from
the government. Equally important is the need for programs with sufficient financial resources that
can provide for a more up to date installation of the various components of an urban infrastructure.
Perhaps, the best way to solve the Grand Challenge of restoring and improving infrastructure would
be to apply the new technologies that have been investigated and tested the most, and put them into
action. There is no doubt that the infrastructure from the 20th century has been a great
accomplishment, however, we have pushed the problem of improving and restoring the
infrastructure off for years, when it is in current need of repair. Moving forward, it is a necessity that
our old infrastructure be replaced and re–engineered the best it can be. Additionally, infrastructure
needs to be built

Building A Project For Public Welfare
INTRODUCTION
Public private partnership refers to an association between a Government agency and a private–
sector organization that intend to complete a project for public welfare. This relationship is basically
used to finance, build and purpose projects like public transportation systems, conference centers
and parks. Aiming for a project to be accomplished on priority or may be sooner can be allowed in
the association with public private partnerships.
Typically, the PPP can be referred neither a privatization not a partial privatization. Privatization has
usually been defined as a course of shifting the ownership, functioning or management of a service
or action wholly or partly, from the government to the private sector.
The key difference between the PPP and privatization is that the responsibility for delivery and
backing a particular activity lies with the private sector in privatization. The PPP, on the other hand,
involves full retention of responsibility by the government for rendering services. Under
privatization, all the risks inherent in the business rest with the private sector while, under the PPP,
risks and rewards are shared between the government and the private sector.
The Indian case
In the Indian circumstance, the term PPP is adopted for developing public assets in various forms as
explained in schemes and modalities. According to Ministry of Finance Government of India, "the
PPP project means a project based on a contract or concession agreement,

History Of The Flint, Michigan Water Crisis
The Flint, Michigan water crisis has caused the nation to rethink if the water they drink is safe or not
due to toxic substances such as lead posing a threat to drinking water. It leads to a nationwide
investigation on the water system and most of them have failed to meet federal safety standards for
lead and other harmful substances. Such crisis puts spotlights on government agencies responsible
for tracking the water system and why they fail to protect the public from this crisis. The water
infrastructure of the nation is old and worn out and fixing it would cost 30 billion to replace lead
pipes and one trillion to upgrade the water mains. The first step taken towards solving the water
crisis issue was back in 1974 with the Safe Drinking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has caused the nation to look for lead tainted water and questions the actions of government in
keeping our water networks safe. Parents across the nation are insisting that the school districts
should check for lead levels in water regularly which is not a policy enforced by the government.
One of the major issue that rises from the crisis is whether or not we can trust the government to
handle the water crisis anymore. The state officials have been violating federal law that protects
drinking water in flint and the people want the federal court to involved in this crisis because they
can't trust the same officials/government to regulate the drinking water anymore. Another case
happened in Chicago where the residents sued the city because it failed to warn them for years about
lead in their drinking water. It also served towards Obama signing the Lautenberg Chemical safety
act which enhances the EPA's authority to regulate new chemicals found in everything from
consumer products to industrial manufacturing. The Flint crisis was an eye opener for the people as
well the government about the importance of safe drinking water and its maintenance. In conclusion,
safety of drinking water has been getting more attention since the flint crisis. Even though the issue
is not solvable at in a short time period, raising awareness and taking small steps into fixing it is
definitely a good place to start. Water is a

Analysis Of Marc Reisner's Cadillac Desert
For this paper water structures and infrastructures were selected as focus points because the longer
we wait to fix issues with them, the more expensive it will get, in other words, we are in a race
against time. Studying the past it is easy to see how water availability made population explode in
an area such as Southern California, where savvy marketing and great politics made it happen.
Particularly, for Los Angeles and for the purposes of public narrative, Marc Reisner's Cadillac
Desert does a great job at understanding and identifying the politics and key figures in getting water
to Los Angeles. Great hydrologic structures were created using both manpower and water politics. It
is important to state that there are connections between water, politics, environment, and geography
when analyzing what the biggest problems involving water structures and infrastructures (Reisner.)
We must think of water as both a socio–political issue and a natural resource, whose fate is molded
by the understanding of its connectivity to itself, man–made structures, geography, environment, and
society. The classes taken in this program have taught us ideals that in order to become a great water
resource manager, one must master the political and scientific knowledge to make decisions that are
prosperous for society and the environment. Furthermore, one must know the United States'
hydrological history in order to gain manipulation upon the system that makes it both thrive and
deteriorate.

Critical Infrastructure Sectors: The Department Of...
Introduction
The Department of Homeland Security is task with a very important job of coming up with a critical
infrastructure and key resources sectors in order to properly protect, withstand, and rapidly recover
from all hazards whether is natural disasters or from a terrorist attack. Through a critical
infrastructure set in place the Department of Homeland Security can provide strategic guidance to
the public and private partners, encouraging national unity of effort, as well as coordinating the
overall federal effort to promote the safekeeping and spirit of the United States (The Department of
Homeland Security, 2015). The department of Homeland Security's approach to identifying all the
Critical Infrastructures and Key Resources Sectors, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bush back in 2003 (McNeil & Weitz, 2010). The critical infrastructure sector list cover all the way
dams, roads, chemical, power plants, emergency services, energy, agricultural, defense, to healthcare
& public service and communication. However, there is a lot of criticisms towards the Department
of Homeland security from the public and private sector for continually keep adding to the list and
for the time frame is taking the DHS to have a complete critical infrastructure sector list (McNeil &
Weitz, 2010). In my opinion the private sector has all the rights to criticize the DHS because in order
for the federal, state, local, and private sector are able to work as one there must have an SOP
(standard operating procedures). Therefore, if they are continuously changing the list it would be
difficult for all the groups to come up with a training plan and a proper SOP to protect, withstand,
and rapidly recover from natural disasters and/or an act of

Introduction. Civil Engineering Is A Professional Engineering
Introduction
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design of the physical
and naturally built environment. One aspect of civil engineering is water resource engineering.
Water resource engineering is a specific kind of civil engineering that involves the design of new
systems and equipment that help manage the human water resources. In simpler terms water
resources engineering is concerned with the collection and management of water. It particularly
concerns the quality and quantity of water being managed in both underground and above resources.
Since ancient times we civil engineers have been refining and expanding the concept of this aspect
of water resources engineering. About 70% of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The dams built for irrigation are often diversion dams, which are usually constructed to stop the
natural course of the river for sending the water to a different place of need. To control flooding in
certain areas, detention dams are constructed to either stop or slow the flow of the water in a river or
stream. These dams have been constructed worldwide for drinking water, flood control, drinking
water, hydropower, irrigation, navigation, and water storage. Structures such as towers or bridges do
not even experience a fraction of the forces acting on that of a dam holding back the flow of a river
or a lake. There are numerous factors one must consider before the construction of a dam. The basic
concept that one must understand before the construction of a dam, are the forces that act on a dam.
There are tremendous forces acting on the material used in the construction of the dam. For
example, concrete is an essential material for the construction of a dam and factors such as its
compressive strength must be considered when a huge mass of water acts on it. Furthermore, to
construct any dam, engineers must consult a variety of criteria. For example, flowing water tends to
erode everything eventually no matter the material whether it be soil or the concrete used to
construct the dam. Civil engineers who specialize in water resource engineering are tasked with
designing a dam that can

Role Of Jasa Marga
The Participation of PT. Jasa marga in developing highway traffic,
To support the economic movement of Indonesian society.
Jua
Written by :
Muhammad Akmal Al–Fatah
00170550
Ma'had Al Zaytun
L3DC – NCC
2017
Content
I. Introduction
A. Background 1
B. Objective 1
II. The Participation of PT.Jasa marga in developing highway traffic to support the economic
A. The Hstory of PT.Jasa marga (Persero),Tbk 1
B. Structure of Organisation PT. Jasa Marga (Persero), Tbk 2
C. The development of PT.jasa marga (Persero) ,Tbk 3
movement of Indonesian society 4
III. Conclusion
A. summary 5
B. Recommendation 5
IV. Bibliography 5 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jagorawi Jakarta–
Tangerang
JIRR Prof. Dr. Ir.
Sedyatmo
Jakarta–

Critical Infrastructure: Identifying Threats
Critical Infrastructure: Critical Infrastructure is any system or service that is essential to the function
of a society. A more comprehensive definition would include the finance, energy, technology,
chemical, water systems, and the health and emergency services. Identifying Threats: A superpower
such as the United States is always being targeted by other individuals and nationalists in hopes of
weakening its power. The U.S. must remain vigilant in its resolve to secure our critical
infrastructures and protect it from threats. There are 3 recognized threats to critical infrastructures
and they fall under, natural threats, human threats and accidental or technical threats. Natural threats
are those disasters caused by earthquakes, floods,

The Need for a Revival of American Infrastructure
America made a multibillion dollar investment when the Federal Highway Act of 1956 was signed
into law by Dwight Eisenhower. This was a milestone for America, connecting the nation like it had
never been before. Since this time, however, the United States has done very little in terms of
infrastructure investment. Currently, the American Society of Civil Engineers ranks America's
infrastructure as a D + (2013). American no longer leads the world in the best roads, airports, rail, or
bridges. This is a serious problem that will lead to security, environmental, economic, and political
issues if not addressed fully and swiftly. America needs to act promptly to revive the nation's
infrastructure system before additional nations surpass the US while the cost becomes too big to
bear. The Interstate System that was created under the Federal Highway Act of 1956 cost 128.9
billion dollars and currently spans 46,876 miles long (Federal Highway Administration). This
system links the North to the South and the East Coast to the West Coast. Today, America does not
spend nearly the amount of time nor attention to the betterment of the nation's infrastructure. For the
last four year, the American Society of Civil Engineers, or ASCE for short, has ranked America's
system in the D range (NPR 2013). President of the society, Gregory DiLoreto, stated that:
We waste hours sitting in traffic; power outages become more frequent; we lose billions of gallons
of water through leaky

India, a Land Of Construction Projects
India, a Land Of Construction Projects
India is serving piping hot construction projects all across the country. With India's economy getting
bigger and bigger. A new study by Global construction perspectives and Oxford Economics says,
India will become the world's third largest construction market by 2025, adding 11.5 million homes
a year to become a $1 trillion a year market. Infrastructure industry led by some of the established as
well emerging companies have constituted a strong domestic market and has displayed a sturdy
performance with continuous growth.
The renowned top players in the infrastructure industry of India are:
Larsen and Toubro: A multinational headquartered in India, it remains the undisputed top
infrastructure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Apart from the various successful projects they are majorly into the road projects from
Maharashtra–Goa border to Panaji–Goa–Karnataka. The project includes a six–lane cable–stay
bridge over the Zuari river.
Hindustan Construction Company (HCC): HCC Groups delivers world class engineering and
construction services. They are pioneers in the Indian Infrastructure industry. HCC has a rich history
of work ranging from tunnels, bridges, expressway, treatment plants, nuclear plants, dams etc. One
of the recent popular project is city of Lavasa, India's first and largest planned city.
Gammon India: Gammon is one of the best construction companies in India comprising of
transmission lines, infrastructure management and power sector.
While the above mentioned companies are forerunners, many new players are keen to join the game.
The liberalization of government regulations makes India a tempting destination for more
investment in the infrastructure market. There are few restrictions on foreign direct investment
(FDI) and tax holidays are granted for developers of most types of infrastructure projects. Despite
the global downturn, the growths of infrastructure companies continue at 7–7.5%. Looking ahead, it
is imperative that infrastructure development occurs in a sustainable manner, in India and around the
globe. The impact of climate change is to be slowed down

Global Strategies and Winning Strategy of First...
GLOBAL STRATEGIES AND WINNING STRATEGY OF FIRST PHILIPPINES HOLDING
CORPORATION
First Philippine Holdings vision is to become a truly global organization, recognized as one of the
world's leading infrastructure businesses. First Philippine Holdings are maintaining strong
foundations in the Philippines and using it as a basis to build their infrastructure business as one of
the world's leading infrastructure businesses .For become a global company and sustain their market
share first Philippines holding use the various global and winning strategy which are Grow in new
geographies and market sectors, Deliver greater value to clients, Improve operational performance
and cost effectiveness and Continue to show leadership in values and behavior, it was also use the
merger and diversification strategy to expand the business. First Philippine Holdings distinctive
combination of deep asset knowledge and broad local presence gives particular competitive strength
in infrastructure markets – notably transport, mining, water.
Procurement strategy
Their procurement strategy is a decisive key factor in ensuring the overall success of the First
Philippine Holdings. The company's procurement strategy derives directly from their procurement
mission " We will leverage our competencies and experience from energy, infrastructure, real estate,
and industry to drive business strategies and solutions for the benefit of our customers and other
stakeholders ".
First Philippine Holdings achieve

The Construction Of Panjagutta Flyover
Scenario
During the construction of panjagutta flyover sudden collapsion of flyover took place on 9th
September year 2007.A flyover under construction at panjagutta has collapsed leaving 15 people
dead, there was no particular reasons founds for the sudden collapsion of panjagutta flyover. It is
still uncertain if the incident happened because lack of quantity in the recently undertaken works,
lack of safety measures or due to heavy rains occurred. The foundation stone construction of the
bridge was done in September 2005, the flyover works were delayed and he administration extended
the dead line of the completion of flyover and asked the company to complete work according to
their comfort. The total road length of the project i.e. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A range of possible meanings of Risk
–Risk = an unwanted event which may or may not occur
– Risk = the cause of an unwanted event which may or may not occur.
–Risk = the probability of unwanted event which may or may not occur.
–Risk – The statistical expectation value of unwanted event which may or may not occur.
Some safety measures should be taken before constructing a highway.
Workers Safety : As our highway infrastructures agency and many transport agencies are focusing
on rebuilding and improving existing road ways. That means more hard work is being performed on
roadways that are open to traffic.
Worker Visibility:
 –Requires the use of high visibility safety apparels by workers who are working with the sights of
way of federal and highway.
 High visibility standards – Provides a guide to the design performance specifications and use of
high visibility and reflective apparel including vests, Jackets, Blub /jumpsuit coveralls trousers and
harness.
 NWSH recommendations to prevent back over injuries and fataceteces – Provides
recommendations for employees and include topics such as equipment operation and servicing
communication and training.
 NIOSH construction equipment visibility – Discusses the national institute of occupations safety
and health's (NIOSH) efforts to reduce the number of workers struck by road construction
equipment.
 Know the bund sports – This illustrates hazards

Sri Lanka Development Stratergies
1. Introduction
Sri Lanka's development policies are being reoriented under the stewardship of the United People's
Freedom
Alliance (UPFA) Government, aimed at acceleration of economic growth with special consideration
given to pro–poor growth strategies. The development strategy consolidates positive elements of the
policies followed over the past two decades and revisits the weaknesses, limitations and lapses in
past policies in order to ensure equitable development in the country.
As stated in the Economic Policy Framework, 2004 –Creating our Future, Building our Nation 2004
– and further articulated in the budget 2005, the new development strategy is premised on pro–poor
pro–growth income improvement and redistribution policies with ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
3 of 2003 and Medium Term Macro Economic Framework, Dr. Sarath Amunugama, M.P.,
Minister of Finance and Planning.
( 4 )
Human Development Index (HDI) Sri Lanka ranked 96th with an index of 0.740 among 177
countries, in
2004. However, poverty still remains an issue affecting nearly one in four Sri Lankans on average. It
is a major challenge in several provinces where the incidence of poverty is much larger in
magnitute.
The sectoral composition of the economy has changed from that of an agriculture based economy to
one dominated by the services sector. The services sector has been the highest contributor to GDP, at
56 per cent, followed by the industrial sector at 26 per cent and the agricultural sector at 18 per cent
in
2004. Liberalization, private sector participation and increased competition have contributed to the
expansion of the services sector, with buoyant performance in transportation, communications,
financial services, trade and tourism. The performance in the agricultural sector is an important
determinant of
GDP, as this sector directly accounts for around one–fifth of national output and employs over one–
third of the workforce. Its importance is larger than these figures indicate because of links between
agriculture, manufacturing and services.
The manufacturing base is dominated by the apparel industry, although the production of food and
beverages, as well as chemical and rubber based goods, is also important. Industrial exports are

The Importance Of Art
Art forms a very intricate part of the evolution of our society. It is a popular means of preserving our
heritage in visually striking images and paintings. Artistic forms such as paintings also help to foster
empathy in society from understanding the various emotions being expressed by any piece of art.
They also help to pass information about particular cultures and their unique characteristics, and this
causes an increased overall understanding of each other. Art is thus an important part of social life
on this planet, and it is imperative that keen study is undertaken to establish the motivations for
creating a piece of artwork, the intended message to be passed by the art and the various
environmental influences on the type and quality of the art.
Broadway on a rainy evening is one such painting that not only leaves an impression but also holds
much significance to the evolutionary heritage of New York City. The painting is watercolor based
with gouache and pastel highlights over a piece of graphite paper. In the painting is a street with
vehicles and people using the road and several buildings stretching to the horizon. The road is wet,
and the air appears hazy and gloomy just like any other rainy evening. The street is also lit with
lamp posts and even by some shops along the street. Vehicles along the road pick up passengers as
they go. The buildings and lighting suggest that the painting represents Broadway Street during the
early 1900s. This is also evident by the

Economic Development As A Tool Of Foreign Policy
During the Cold War, the US believed in the prevalent domino theory, which was as one fell under
communism, its neighbor was likely to fall under the threat communism. While China and North
Korea fell under communism, the US had a goal of containing Southeast Asia from falling under
communism and modernizing the nation to liberal capitalist system. The US believed that the
advance of communism was threatening the economic development in the regions.
Due to the French colonization, Vietnam had low economic development and lacked physical
infrastructure. The US believed that if poverty and underdevelopment persisted in a country, the
country is more likely to succumb to communism. Therefore, the US proposed programs dedicating
economic development as a tool of foreign policy. The US increased its foreign aid to rebuild and
modernize Vietnam. The US launched its state–building project in Vietnam in 1954 due to the
reasons of "the increased attention to these nations and people, the rise in foreign aid, and the
emergence of modernization ideas" as solutions to fight against communism.
In Vietnam, there were strong nationalism and called for removal of outside intervention. The US
thought that Vietnam was incapable of self–government. Through the state–building projects in
Vietnam, the US wanted to demonstrate American power in building capacity and influence in the
Cold War.
In 1960s, the US focused on counterinsurgency plan, which called for augmenting the level of
Diem's

The World Bank Is The Largest Public Development Institution
The World Bank is the largest public development institution in the world, lending around US $25
billion a year to developing countries. (The World Bank and IMF) The World Bank is designed to
provide financial and long–term loans to support the underdeveloped countries to build big,
financially intensive infrastructure projects. The main purposes of the Bank are to assist in the
reconstruction and development of territories of members by facilitating the investment of capital
for productive purposes. As with any loan, there are conditions upon the borrower that must be met.
The World Bank promotes the long–range balanced growth of international trade and the
maintenance of equilibrium in balances of payments by encouraging international ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
One strategy is privatization, and it is intended to encourage governments in low–income countries
to lease their public water operation over to private corporations. Most of these companies are large
global conglomerates with no previous involvement in the country where they would operate. A
series of P3 contracts for water utilities have been established in many developing countries. For
instance in Cancun, Mexico, concessions were awarded to private foreign water operators. In 1991,
prior to the P3 arrangement, the public water supply was limited to serving six million people. After
the implementation of the partnership, the private operators were able to increase water services to
ninety–three million by 2000 (Marin, 2009).
Overview of Cochabamba and the P3 Water Agreement
Cochabamba is a city located in a valley at the foothills of the Andean mountain range, 8,000 feet
high, in the country of Bolivia. In 1950, Cochabamba's population was 75,000, and it topped
500,000 in 2001. Given limited annual rainfall, compounded by increased population growth, in
2001 the community faced significant water challenges (Shultz, 2008). In addition, Cochabamba
was faced with a high level of poverty among residents, and a government that was continually
going into debt (Forero, 2005).
Outside of their control, Bolivia was forced to deal with climate

The Centre For Interactive Research On Sustainability
The Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability. Vancouver, British Columbia.
Perkins + Will. Heatherbrae Construction. Fast + Epp. Stantec. Core Groups Consultants.
Isela Liu
The Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS) is designed to be the greenest building
in North America and its continual development in sustainable practices has allowed the building to
be an internationally recognized leader. Thus, it is certified LEED Platinum. The CIRS has been a
UBC project since 1999 – as it went through several iterations, location, inhabitants and owners
over the period of time. Simultaneously, significant advancements were made in sustainable
technology, public awareness and green building policies. Therefore, the design ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The site conditions, microclimate, surrounding context, accessibility of the site and campus,
building program, inhabitant comfort, circulation, and construction were put into consideration
during the development of the design of the CIRS building. The CIRS has an urban relationship to
the site as the building stretches out to the edge of all sides and creates opportunity to provide rain
protection through overhangs along the sidewalks. The adjacent street, Sustainability Street, is a mix
of landscape and urban infrastructure project; it combines transportation infrastructure, accessible
pedestrian travel, native planting, storm water retention, bio–filtration and ground water recharge.
Passive design for heating, cooling and ventilating was put into consideration during the design
process of the CIRS. The building relies significantly on natural ventilation when the outside
conditions allow it. The central atrium uses the "stack effect" due to the automatic vents on the
curtain walls and skylight. Windows are shaded on sun–facing sides of the building in order to block
excess glare and heat gains. The permanently occupied spaces in the building have full access to
natural light and outside views, which reduces the amount of artificial lighting and energy.
Photovoltaic panels are located on the atrium skylight and on the window shades and they transform
sunlight into electricity. Tall windows allow lots of natural light to reach the

Analysis Of Flint And The Nation's Aging Pipeline...
Flint's and The Nation's Aging Pipeline Infrastructure
In the wake of Flint's water crisis it was realized that their aging pipeline infrastructure needed an
extreme update. Flint is not the only CIKR catastrophe caused by being too tightly coupled, almost
every community around the country has experienced some type of catastrophic infrastructure
failure that has led to a "large–scale service interruptions, significant property damage, and human
injury" as a result of being tightly coupled (Van Leuven, 2011, pp.40). A lot of the nation's aging
pipeline infrastructure is still in need of renovations or replacement because it has exceeded its
planned operating life (Van Leuven, 2011, pp.40).
Matthew Dolan of the Detroit Free Press stated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The city officials were not very competent on the WWS. They believed that they could just save
money by switch over a few things without fully investing the time in actually understanding how
the WWS operates. Over a dozen lawsuits have been filed in local, state and Federal courts
involving Flint residents who were directly impacted by the lead contaminated waters. The plaintiffs
seek monetary compensations in the millions. One victim sought $100 million because they
obtained Legionnaires' disease, which they believed that they received from the contaminated water
(Dixon, 2016). Others are suing an engineering company that was involved with the switching
process of the water from the Detroit water system to the Flint River. It is believed that the
engineering company knew that the water was dangerous without proper anti–corroding agent
(Dixon, 2016). The remaining lawsuits seek everything else, which range from replacing the leaded
pipeline infrastructure, medical and health compensation due to contamination, and also water bills
(Dixon, 2016). The defendants ranged from state, local, and government officials including the
Governor Rick Snyder.
How to address the problem The first thing that needs to be done is to hire competent state officials
and emergency managers. The governor did not know the first thing about water nor did the people
around him know as well. "Catastrophic failures often have resulted when central

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