The document discusses the design and development of a mobile phone voting system in South Africa. It aims to provide a more accessible and efficient alternative to the traditional paper-based voting system. The proposed system allows voters to use their mobile phones to register and cast their votes through a mobile application. The application was tested in a case study with 124 participants. Results found 88% found it easy to use and 92% found it easy to learn. The mobile voting application proved suitable, accessible, efficient and feasible for elections.
A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY ON THE VALUE STRUCTURE OF MOBILE INTERNET USAGE: COMPA...Ranti Yulia Wardani
Abstract: This study aims to examine the usage a pattern of mobile Internet from perspective of intercultural among developing countries. Data obtained from a survey of questionnaire which is distributed in both Thailand and Indonesia during 2013. The multiple regression analysis has been applied to identify between value structures (functional value, emotional value, social value and monetary value) and overall satisfaction in each country. Finding shows that functional value, emotional value, social value, and monetary value significantly affect satisfaction for Indonesia users which is similar to Thai users except the emotional value does not affect the satisfaction. A comparison test to examine the difference in value structure between Indonesia and Thailand has been analyzed. The results show that the functional value, emotional value, social value and monetary value between Indonesia and Thailand are different. The results of these differences are influenced by the perceptions of respondents in Indonesia and Thailand to the different mobile Internet usage pattern. In this case it turns out different cultures influence the way in perceiving the use of different technologies, especially in the mobile Internet usage pattern.
A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY ON THE VALUE STRUCTURE OF MOBILE INTERNET USAGE: COMPA...Ranti Yulia Wardani
The number of mobile Internet users has been growing rapidly worldwide. Access to the Internet
via mobile cellular networks has also grown rapidly. The effects of different culture of mobile Internet would be interesting to be investigated. The research objective is to investigate the usage pattern differences of mobile Internet users in Indonesia and Japan and to interpret them within the framework of a value structure. The data collection technique used in this study was the survey method. The same questionnaire written in mother language of each country was given to respondents in Japan and Indonesia directly. The result shows that value structures (functional value, emotional value, social value, and monetary value) simultaneously affect the satisfaction of mobile Internet usage of Indonesian respondents, which affect the satisfaction of Japanese respondents. Social value did not
significantly affect the satisfaction of mobile Internet usage of Japanese respondents. The implications of cross-cultural differences of mobile Internet will be discussed in this paper. This paper will be ended with discussion, conclusion with practical implications and limitations.
This document discusses barriers to adoption of mobile internet, particularly among digitally disadvantaged users. It summarizes previous research identifying factors like cost, lack of awareness, lack of knowhow, and perceived risk as influencing adoption decisions. It then describes a study surveying nearly 100 mobile internet users and non-users in Cape Town, South Africa, finding that being digitally disadvantaged significantly impacts adoption due to these factors. The study aims to understand how to more widely adopt mobile internet among digitally disadvantaged populations.
the Web tools have been used as a means of dissemination and mobile as a means of voting and counting to hold the first International Digital Direct Election - ID2E. This article aims to describe the ID2E performed in order to test the viability for the international voting by mobiles using SMS protocol, using Web 2.0 tools to facilitate discussions about the election main theme.
This document summarizes a study that examined perceptions and use patterns of mobile phones in Tehran, Iran. The researchers surveyed 600 people from 6 districts in Tehran to assess perceptions and mobile use rates among different social and demographic groups. They found significant differences between men and women, employed and unemployed individuals, and singles and married people in terms of mobile use rates. Perceptions of mobile phones showed some similarities across groups. Younger respondents saw mobile phones more for self-expression, while older people viewed them more as tools. The results provide insights into sociocultural behaviors related to mobile communication in large urban areas in developing countries.
This document discusses equity issues related to technology use. It notes that while technology access has increased, disparities still exist for some groups. Specifically, it outlines concerns around unequal access, a persisting gender gap, age disparities, and a lack of accommodations for individuals with disabilities. Addressing these inequities fully is important to provide equal educational opportunities for all.
Application of ICT and Electronic Technology in Election Management: Challeng...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper has presented the applications of Information Communication Technology and election management. The study has reviewed several challenges and bottleneck encountered in the electoral democratic system in Nigeria election. During the study, the use of electronic technology adoption in the electoral process has actually reduced human involvement in election process; this is due to irregularities and incessant increase in violence among electorates, party agents and other stakeholders. The relevance of this paper is to address the integration of ICT as well as electronic digital devices in carryout electrons in Nigeria. The research was conducted in the rural areas of the South-Eastern Nigeria States, it was discovered that about 60% of the respondent stated that the use of electronic technology in the deployment to rural areas has inadequate trained personnel in effective handling of the gadgets, issues on the use of card reader malfunctioning was also sported out. It was recommended that the electoral bodies should sensitized, make adequate available of electronic devices for efficient and effective election management in Nigeria.
A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY ON THE VALUE STRUCTURE OF MOBILE INTERNET USAGE: COMPA...Ranti Yulia Wardani
Abstract: This study aims to examine the usage a pattern of mobile Internet from perspective of intercultural among developing countries. Data obtained from a survey of questionnaire which is distributed in both Thailand and Indonesia during 2013. The multiple regression analysis has been applied to identify between value structures (functional value, emotional value, social value and monetary value) and overall satisfaction in each country. Finding shows that functional value, emotional value, social value, and monetary value significantly affect satisfaction for Indonesia users which is similar to Thai users except the emotional value does not affect the satisfaction. A comparison test to examine the difference in value structure between Indonesia and Thailand has been analyzed. The results show that the functional value, emotional value, social value and monetary value between Indonesia and Thailand are different. The results of these differences are influenced by the perceptions of respondents in Indonesia and Thailand to the different mobile Internet usage pattern. In this case it turns out different cultures influence the way in perceiving the use of different technologies, especially in the mobile Internet usage pattern.
A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY ON THE VALUE STRUCTURE OF MOBILE INTERNET USAGE: COMPA...Ranti Yulia Wardani
The number of mobile Internet users has been growing rapidly worldwide. Access to the Internet
via mobile cellular networks has also grown rapidly. The effects of different culture of mobile Internet would be interesting to be investigated. The research objective is to investigate the usage pattern differences of mobile Internet users in Indonesia and Japan and to interpret them within the framework of a value structure. The data collection technique used in this study was the survey method. The same questionnaire written in mother language of each country was given to respondents in Japan and Indonesia directly. The result shows that value structures (functional value, emotional value, social value, and monetary value) simultaneously affect the satisfaction of mobile Internet usage of Indonesian respondents, which affect the satisfaction of Japanese respondents. Social value did not
significantly affect the satisfaction of mobile Internet usage of Japanese respondents. The implications of cross-cultural differences of mobile Internet will be discussed in this paper. This paper will be ended with discussion, conclusion with practical implications and limitations.
This document discusses barriers to adoption of mobile internet, particularly among digitally disadvantaged users. It summarizes previous research identifying factors like cost, lack of awareness, lack of knowhow, and perceived risk as influencing adoption decisions. It then describes a study surveying nearly 100 mobile internet users and non-users in Cape Town, South Africa, finding that being digitally disadvantaged significantly impacts adoption due to these factors. The study aims to understand how to more widely adopt mobile internet among digitally disadvantaged populations.
the Web tools have been used as a means of dissemination and mobile as a means of voting and counting to hold the first International Digital Direct Election - ID2E. This article aims to describe the ID2E performed in order to test the viability for the international voting by mobiles using SMS protocol, using Web 2.0 tools to facilitate discussions about the election main theme.
This document summarizes a study that examined perceptions and use patterns of mobile phones in Tehran, Iran. The researchers surveyed 600 people from 6 districts in Tehran to assess perceptions and mobile use rates among different social and demographic groups. They found significant differences between men and women, employed and unemployed individuals, and singles and married people in terms of mobile use rates. Perceptions of mobile phones showed some similarities across groups. Younger respondents saw mobile phones more for self-expression, while older people viewed them more as tools. The results provide insights into sociocultural behaviors related to mobile communication in large urban areas in developing countries.
This document discusses equity issues related to technology use. It notes that while technology access has increased, disparities still exist for some groups. Specifically, it outlines concerns around unequal access, a persisting gender gap, age disparities, and a lack of accommodations for individuals with disabilities. Addressing these inequities fully is important to provide equal educational opportunities for all.
Application of ICT and Electronic Technology in Election Management: Challeng...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper has presented the applications of Information Communication Technology and election management. The study has reviewed several challenges and bottleneck encountered in the electoral democratic system in Nigeria election. During the study, the use of electronic technology adoption in the electoral process has actually reduced human involvement in election process; this is due to irregularities and incessant increase in violence among electorates, party agents and other stakeholders. The relevance of this paper is to address the integration of ICT as well as electronic digital devices in carryout electrons in Nigeria. The research was conducted in the rural areas of the South-Eastern Nigeria States, it was discovered that about 60% of the respondent stated that the use of electronic technology in the deployment to rural areas has inadequate trained personnel in effective handling of the gadgets, issues on the use of card reader malfunctioning was also sported out. It was recommended that the electoral bodies should sensitized, make adequate available of electronic devices for efficient and effective election management in Nigeria.
This document provides an overview of Mongolia's ICT sector and key initiatives to promote ICT-based growth. The ICT sector is overseen by the Information, Communication and Technology Policy Authority (ICTPA) and regulated by the Communications Regulatory Commission (CRC). Major policies and programs discussed include the E-Mongolia Program, National Broadband Program, Digital Broadcasting Program, and E-Government National Program. The document also outlines ICT services, technologies, projects and initiatives in Mongolia aimed at expanding infrastructure, promoting access, and developing ICT-based sectors like education, health, mining and agriculture.
This document provides an introduction to eTourism and discusses the implications of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the tourism industry. Some key points:
- Tourism is the #1 industry for eCommerce, with many travelers researching and booking trips online.
- Singapore saw over 10 million visitors in 2008, generating $14.8 billion in tourism receipts despite a small decline in visitors. Visitor days reached a record 41.3 million days.
- ICTs like the internet, mobile apps, and wireless technologies provide opportunities for both travelers and tourism suppliers to access and share travel information online.
- Emerging technologies like ambient intelligence and digital TV continue enhancing the digital tourism experience.
An evaluation of mobile phone usage restriction in selected public places in ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated compliance with mobile phone usage restrictions in selected public places in Akure, Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered at examination halls, banks, and correctional facilities to assess restriction compliance, attitudes, and phone user perceptions. Analysis found the highest restriction violation in examination halls. While public place managers were encouraging of restrictions, users were not in favor. A proactive method is needed to curb unauthorized mobile phone use.
Internet voting: Will communities decide?marcoadria
This presentation considers potential methods for communities to help shape and influence the decision as to whether Internet voting will be adopted. In particular, a case study will be presented of the use of the public-involvement method of a Citizen Jury to deliberate on the question of whether Internet voting should be adopted. It is argued that because considerations other than public opinion, such as the interests of stakeholders and the influence of mass and online media in framing of issues, will continue to affect the opinions of elected representatives, community-informatics theorists and practitioners should develop innovative methods of ensuring that the voice of citizens can be meaningfully incorporated into the decision as to whether Internet voting will be adopted.
Information and communications
technologies (ICTs) are different tools
and technologies to transmit information
and communicate with the community
(one to one or in groups). Through the
use of computers and interconnected
networks it provides a feasible and
accurate platform to increase the mobility
of information for different issues and
exchange of knowledge.
ICT for Development is a TEDxKabul Talk presentation presented on 11 Oct 2012 Kabul, Afghanistan. The Presentation describes the key areas of development in the ICT sector. It also describes the involvement of woman in the development on ICT.
Current trend in internet access and utilization using mobile devices among p...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the current trends in accessing the internet using mobile devices and utilization patterns among pharmacy lecturers in South-South universities in Nigeria. It found that 3G modems and laptops were the most commonly used mobile devices for internet access. The study also found that lecturers most frequently accessed the internet at home on a daily basis for research activities like accessing electronic journals and databases using search engines like Google. In general, the trend was for lecturers to access the internet using 3G modems connected to laptops.
The document discusses how information and communication technologies (ICT) can support national development goals through ICT services and e-citizen solutions. It outlines the ICT environment and challenges of ICT services design. Key points discussed include how ICT can impact socioeconomic development, the Philippines' development agenda that ICT aims to support, and ICT decision imperatives around principles, architecture, infrastructure, applications, investment, and governance. Examples of e-citizen solutions presented are e-government, e-commerce, and social networks.
The document summarizes a study that examined factors influencing the adoption of 3G mobile services in Jammu and Kashmir, India. The study surveyed 200 respondents to understand their awareness, usage patterns, and perceptions of 3G services. Key findings included that the most popular 3G services were high-speed internet and gaming applications. However, adoption rates remained low due to poor network coverage and high prices. Users expected improvements in coverage and lower costs to increase adoption. The study provided recommendations for mobile operators to better understand customer needs and improve 3G services in the region.
Making Elections Accessible to All is Still a Wicked Problem (or Curbcuts for...Center for Civic Design
The goal of completely accessible elections is still a work in progress. But there is progress. Let’s talk about current work to make elections secure, accurate and accessible. Whitney brings a perspective few others have. She has been a leader in creating voting system standards for 18 years. Now as the director of the Center for Civic Design, she works with elections offices and advocacy groups around the country on everything elections, from voter registration to materials to help voters get information about elections and vote by mail.
Presentation at Accessibility DC, June 7, 2018
An Examination of the Prior Use of E-Learning Within an Extended Technology A...Maurice Dawson
The purpose of this empirical study was to test specific factors of behavioral intention to use m-learning in a community college setting using a modified technology acceptance model and antecedent factors suggested by the researcher’s review of the literature. In addition, the study’s purpose was to expand understanding of behavioral intention to use m-learning and to contribute to the growing body of research. This research model was based on relevant technology acceptance literature. The study examines the significance of “prior use of e-learning” and correlation with the behavioral intention to use m-learning. Existing models have looked at prior use of e-learning in other domains, but not specifically m-learning. Other models and studies have primarily looked at the prior use of e-learning variable as a moderating variable and not one that is directly related to attitude and behavioral intention. The study found that there is a relationship between prior use of e-learning and behavioral intention to use m-learning. This research direction was proposed by Lu and Viehland.
Internet affordability and access using the cell phoneRangaswamy
The document discusses internet affordability and access in India, specifically regarding cell phone calls and data. It summarizes a study on how the telecom revolution in India has impacted internet access and affordability. Key findings include that the introduction of Jio in 2016 significantly lowered mobile data and call prices, benefiting libraries and users. The study found most use their smartphones for online communication, entertainment and social networking. Respondents reported improved voice quality, data plans and internet speeds after Jio's launch. BSNL and Airtel were rated the top cellular providers. The document recommends further studies on Jio's impact and India's varying mobile service pricing policies.
The document discusses the rapid global diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICT), focusing on mobile phones in Africa. It notes the economic and social implications of widespread ICT adoption, arguing that governments must carefully consider the costs and benefits of spending on technologies and regulate their use. While ICTs improve connectivity, they can also be distracting or addictive if overused. The document concludes that policies are needed to ensure technologies primarily benefit people, not the other way around, and that precious resources are not wasted on devices or software that harm consumers.
The document discusses the challenges of efficient spectrum usage in South Africa due to the growing demand for mobile internet. Spectrum is a limited resource that is becoming overburdened by increasing mobile internet usage, especially among youth. South Africa's current spectrum allocation methods are outdated and do not allow for efficient usage. The document proposes investigating cognitive radio technology, which enables dynamic spectrum sharing between mobile operators, as a potential solution to better manage limited spectrum and meet growing bandwidth demands in South Africa and other developing countries.
The document discusses the potential for mobile democracy (M-Democracy) to improve civic engagement and political participation, especially for "democracy-hungry groups" that lack access to traditional tools. It outlines emerging M-Democracy technologies like smartphones, applications for texting, videoconferencing and mobile blogging. The document proposes a framework showing how M-Democracy could supplement traditional media as a disruptive innovation, presents case studies of its use in Egypt, Nepal and Omaha, and concludes more development is needed to realize its potential.
This document discusses the need for higher education institutions to establish a technology infrastructure to support mobile governance (m-governance). It begins by defining m-governance as using mobile devices to improve government services and access information anytime, anywhere. The document then argues that m-governance can complement existing e-governance efforts by providing another channel for stakeholders in higher education to access important information. It presents the benefits of m-governance for higher education, such as improved efficiency, reduced costs and barriers, and equal access to information regardless of location. Finally, the document proposes a broad framework for a university's m-governance technology infrastructure to facilitate interaction between the institution and its stakeholders through mobile devices
This document summarizes a research study on emerging trends in electronic banking in Ghana. The study examines customer and employee acceptance and usage of SpeedBanking, an electronic banking innovation.
The study found high acceptance of SpeedBanking among bank employees (88%) but lower acceptance among customers (52%). Both customers and employees cited benefits like convenience and time savings. However, most customers reported dissatisfaction with SpeedBanking, while most employees were satisfied.
Regression analysis showed that SpeedBanking positively impacts employee time efficiency and performance. However, the innovation seems to have mixed effects on customer satisfaction with service delivery. While addressing some issues like security and accessibility, SpeedBanking may not fully meet customer expectations.
This document summarizes a student research project on the adoption of e-banking facilities among customers in Ecobank Ghana. It includes sections on background, statement of problem, research objectives/questions, literature review, methodology, findings, and conclusions/recommendations. The objectives were to determine customer awareness levels, identify factors affecting adoption, and identify benefits of e-banking to customers and banks. Methodology included surveys and interviews with 100 Ecobank customers. Key findings included high acceptance levels but also reliability issues with networks and ATMs that could impact adoption. The report concluded e-banking provides benefits if reliability is addressed.
Mobile Voting System Using Advanced NFC Technologyijsrd.com
Electronic voting system are becoming popular with wide spread use of computer and embedded system. Security is the main important issue should be considered in such system. Mobile voting system is basically used for collecting and counting votes. In this technology include punch card, optical scan voting system. This paper proposes a new Mobile based voting system using advanced NFC technology, Voting is the process that allows the general public or the people to choose their leaders and articulate views on how they will be governed. This gives a comprehensive analysis of security with respect to NFC. This study deals with the use of information technology to handle electoral processes starting from voters and candidates registration to the actual casting and counting of ballots. Exploring mobile voting from a systems perspective can demonstrate the attributes of the current systems and the possible solutions for the voting process so any one can caste their vote from any place.
Abstract The dynamic nature of loads, seasonal variation of soil properties, uneven soil strata below footings or inappropriate design of foundation makes differential settlement inevitable. Differential settlement is largely responsible for developing forces or changing the existing forces in the structure and is often considered as the underlying cause of many structural failures. A structural engineer has to take into account these forces while designing the structure. Different structural parameters like stiffness of columns and beams and number of storeys and bays affect the response of the structure to differential settlement. In the present study, a plain portal frame subjected to constant differential settlement of 10 mm is analyzed for different cases using a structural analysis software i.e. STAAD Pro. Different parameters of the frame are varied to understand their influence on frame forces developed due to differential settlement. The parameters taken into account in this study are length of beam, height of column, moment of inertia of beam and column and number of storeys and bays. It is found that the forces in the frame developed due to differential settlement decrease on increasing beam lengths and column heights. Also, decreasing the moment of inertia of beams and columns is effective in reducing these forces. In addition, differential settlement tends to affect forces more in lower storeys as compared to higher storeys. The frame forces are more prominent for bays which are near to the support subjected to settlement. The increase or decrease in frame forces due to differential settlement can be attributed to the change in stiffness of the members. Hence, the study concludes that the stiffer members tend to develop higher forces for constant differential settlement in frames. Key Words: Differential settlement, Portal frame, Structural response, Frame forces, Storey, Bays
This document provides an overview of Mongolia's ICT sector and key initiatives to promote ICT-based growth. The ICT sector is overseen by the Information, Communication and Technology Policy Authority (ICTPA) and regulated by the Communications Regulatory Commission (CRC). Major policies and programs discussed include the E-Mongolia Program, National Broadband Program, Digital Broadcasting Program, and E-Government National Program. The document also outlines ICT services, technologies, projects and initiatives in Mongolia aimed at expanding infrastructure, promoting access, and developing ICT-based sectors like education, health, mining and agriculture.
This document provides an introduction to eTourism and discusses the implications of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the tourism industry. Some key points:
- Tourism is the #1 industry for eCommerce, with many travelers researching and booking trips online.
- Singapore saw over 10 million visitors in 2008, generating $14.8 billion in tourism receipts despite a small decline in visitors. Visitor days reached a record 41.3 million days.
- ICTs like the internet, mobile apps, and wireless technologies provide opportunities for both travelers and tourism suppliers to access and share travel information online.
- Emerging technologies like ambient intelligence and digital TV continue enhancing the digital tourism experience.
An evaluation of mobile phone usage restriction in selected public places in ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated compliance with mobile phone usage restrictions in selected public places in Akure, Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered at examination halls, banks, and correctional facilities to assess restriction compliance, attitudes, and phone user perceptions. Analysis found the highest restriction violation in examination halls. While public place managers were encouraging of restrictions, users were not in favor. A proactive method is needed to curb unauthorized mobile phone use.
Internet voting: Will communities decide?marcoadria
This presentation considers potential methods for communities to help shape and influence the decision as to whether Internet voting will be adopted. In particular, a case study will be presented of the use of the public-involvement method of a Citizen Jury to deliberate on the question of whether Internet voting should be adopted. It is argued that because considerations other than public opinion, such as the interests of stakeholders and the influence of mass and online media in framing of issues, will continue to affect the opinions of elected representatives, community-informatics theorists and practitioners should develop innovative methods of ensuring that the voice of citizens can be meaningfully incorporated into the decision as to whether Internet voting will be adopted.
Information and communications
technologies (ICTs) are different tools
and technologies to transmit information
and communicate with the community
(one to one or in groups). Through the
use of computers and interconnected
networks it provides a feasible and
accurate platform to increase the mobility
of information for different issues and
exchange of knowledge.
ICT for Development is a TEDxKabul Talk presentation presented on 11 Oct 2012 Kabul, Afghanistan. The Presentation describes the key areas of development in the ICT sector. It also describes the involvement of woman in the development on ICT.
Current trend in internet access and utilization using mobile devices among p...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the current trends in accessing the internet using mobile devices and utilization patterns among pharmacy lecturers in South-South universities in Nigeria. It found that 3G modems and laptops were the most commonly used mobile devices for internet access. The study also found that lecturers most frequently accessed the internet at home on a daily basis for research activities like accessing electronic journals and databases using search engines like Google. In general, the trend was for lecturers to access the internet using 3G modems connected to laptops.
The document discusses how information and communication technologies (ICT) can support national development goals through ICT services and e-citizen solutions. It outlines the ICT environment and challenges of ICT services design. Key points discussed include how ICT can impact socioeconomic development, the Philippines' development agenda that ICT aims to support, and ICT decision imperatives around principles, architecture, infrastructure, applications, investment, and governance. Examples of e-citizen solutions presented are e-government, e-commerce, and social networks.
The document summarizes a study that examined factors influencing the adoption of 3G mobile services in Jammu and Kashmir, India. The study surveyed 200 respondents to understand their awareness, usage patterns, and perceptions of 3G services. Key findings included that the most popular 3G services were high-speed internet and gaming applications. However, adoption rates remained low due to poor network coverage and high prices. Users expected improvements in coverage and lower costs to increase adoption. The study provided recommendations for mobile operators to better understand customer needs and improve 3G services in the region.
Making Elections Accessible to All is Still a Wicked Problem (or Curbcuts for...Center for Civic Design
The goal of completely accessible elections is still a work in progress. But there is progress. Let’s talk about current work to make elections secure, accurate and accessible. Whitney brings a perspective few others have. She has been a leader in creating voting system standards for 18 years. Now as the director of the Center for Civic Design, she works with elections offices and advocacy groups around the country on everything elections, from voter registration to materials to help voters get information about elections and vote by mail.
Presentation at Accessibility DC, June 7, 2018
An Examination of the Prior Use of E-Learning Within an Extended Technology A...Maurice Dawson
The purpose of this empirical study was to test specific factors of behavioral intention to use m-learning in a community college setting using a modified technology acceptance model and antecedent factors suggested by the researcher’s review of the literature. In addition, the study’s purpose was to expand understanding of behavioral intention to use m-learning and to contribute to the growing body of research. This research model was based on relevant technology acceptance literature. The study examines the significance of “prior use of e-learning” and correlation with the behavioral intention to use m-learning. Existing models have looked at prior use of e-learning in other domains, but not specifically m-learning. Other models and studies have primarily looked at the prior use of e-learning variable as a moderating variable and not one that is directly related to attitude and behavioral intention. The study found that there is a relationship between prior use of e-learning and behavioral intention to use m-learning. This research direction was proposed by Lu and Viehland.
Internet affordability and access using the cell phoneRangaswamy
The document discusses internet affordability and access in India, specifically regarding cell phone calls and data. It summarizes a study on how the telecom revolution in India has impacted internet access and affordability. Key findings include that the introduction of Jio in 2016 significantly lowered mobile data and call prices, benefiting libraries and users. The study found most use their smartphones for online communication, entertainment and social networking. Respondents reported improved voice quality, data plans and internet speeds after Jio's launch. BSNL and Airtel were rated the top cellular providers. The document recommends further studies on Jio's impact and India's varying mobile service pricing policies.
The document discusses the rapid global diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICT), focusing on mobile phones in Africa. It notes the economic and social implications of widespread ICT adoption, arguing that governments must carefully consider the costs and benefits of spending on technologies and regulate their use. While ICTs improve connectivity, they can also be distracting or addictive if overused. The document concludes that policies are needed to ensure technologies primarily benefit people, not the other way around, and that precious resources are not wasted on devices or software that harm consumers.
The document discusses the challenges of efficient spectrum usage in South Africa due to the growing demand for mobile internet. Spectrum is a limited resource that is becoming overburdened by increasing mobile internet usage, especially among youth. South Africa's current spectrum allocation methods are outdated and do not allow for efficient usage. The document proposes investigating cognitive radio technology, which enables dynamic spectrum sharing between mobile operators, as a potential solution to better manage limited spectrum and meet growing bandwidth demands in South Africa and other developing countries.
The document discusses the potential for mobile democracy (M-Democracy) to improve civic engagement and political participation, especially for "democracy-hungry groups" that lack access to traditional tools. It outlines emerging M-Democracy technologies like smartphones, applications for texting, videoconferencing and mobile blogging. The document proposes a framework showing how M-Democracy could supplement traditional media as a disruptive innovation, presents case studies of its use in Egypt, Nepal and Omaha, and concludes more development is needed to realize its potential.
This document discusses the need for higher education institutions to establish a technology infrastructure to support mobile governance (m-governance). It begins by defining m-governance as using mobile devices to improve government services and access information anytime, anywhere. The document then argues that m-governance can complement existing e-governance efforts by providing another channel for stakeholders in higher education to access important information. It presents the benefits of m-governance for higher education, such as improved efficiency, reduced costs and barriers, and equal access to information regardless of location. Finally, the document proposes a broad framework for a university's m-governance technology infrastructure to facilitate interaction between the institution and its stakeholders through mobile devices
This document summarizes a research study on emerging trends in electronic banking in Ghana. The study examines customer and employee acceptance and usage of SpeedBanking, an electronic banking innovation.
The study found high acceptance of SpeedBanking among bank employees (88%) but lower acceptance among customers (52%). Both customers and employees cited benefits like convenience and time savings. However, most customers reported dissatisfaction with SpeedBanking, while most employees were satisfied.
Regression analysis showed that SpeedBanking positively impacts employee time efficiency and performance. However, the innovation seems to have mixed effects on customer satisfaction with service delivery. While addressing some issues like security and accessibility, SpeedBanking may not fully meet customer expectations.
This document summarizes a student research project on the adoption of e-banking facilities among customers in Ecobank Ghana. It includes sections on background, statement of problem, research objectives/questions, literature review, methodology, findings, and conclusions/recommendations. The objectives were to determine customer awareness levels, identify factors affecting adoption, and identify benefits of e-banking to customers and banks. Methodology included surveys and interviews with 100 Ecobank customers. Key findings included high acceptance levels but also reliability issues with networks and ATMs that could impact adoption. The report concluded e-banking provides benefits if reliability is addressed.
Mobile Voting System Using Advanced NFC Technologyijsrd.com
Electronic voting system are becoming popular with wide spread use of computer and embedded system. Security is the main important issue should be considered in such system. Mobile voting system is basically used for collecting and counting votes. In this technology include punch card, optical scan voting system. This paper proposes a new Mobile based voting system using advanced NFC technology, Voting is the process that allows the general public or the people to choose their leaders and articulate views on how they will be governed. This gives a comprehensive analysis of security with respect to NFC. This study deals with the use of information technology to handle electoral processes starting from voters and candidates registration to the actual casting and counting of ballots. Exploring mobile voting from a systems perspective can demonstrate the attributes of the current systems and the possible solutions for the voting process so any one can caste their vote from any place.
Abstract The dynamic nature of loads, seasonal variation of soil properties, uneven soil strata below footings or inappropriate design of foundation makes differential settlement inevitable. Differential settlement is largely responsible for developing forces or changing the existing forces in the structure and is often considered as the underlying cause of many structural failures. A structural engineer has to take into account these forces while designing the structure. Different structural parameters like stiffness of columns and beams and number of storeys and bays affect the response of the structure to differential settlement. In the present study, a plain portal frame subjected to constant differential settlement of 10 mm is analyzed for different cases using a structural analysis software i.e. STAAD Pro. Different parameters of the frame are varied to understand their influence on frame forces developed due to differential settlement. The parameters taken into account in this study are length of beam, height of column, moment of inertia of beam and column and number of storeys and bays. It is found that the forces in the frame developed due to differential settlement decrease on increasing beam lengths and column heights. Also, decreasing the moment of inertia of beams and columns is effective in reducing these forces. In addition, differential settlement tends to affect forces more in lower storeys as compared to higher storeys. The frame forces are more prominent for bays which are near to the support subjected to settlement. The increase or decrease in frame forces due to differential settlement can be attributed to the change in stiffness of the members. Hence, the study concludes that the stiffer members tend to develop higher forces for constant differential settlement in frames. Key Words: Differential settlement, Portal frame, Structural response, Frame forces, Storey, Bays
Heliodisplay is a technology used for displaying images in mid air.
Invented by Chad Dyner.
In the heliodisplay, a projector focuses the image onto a layer of mist in mid-air, resulting in a two-dimensional display that appears to float.
Hi-Tech projector that display pictures in the air.
An interactive free space display developed by IO2 technologies.
It is a planar display i.e. 2D not 3D.
Works as a free space touch screen when connected to PC.
Eco-friendly , low power consuming and various image and video formats.
The device converts the imaging properties of the air so that the air is taken in, converted instantaneously, and then re-ejected out.
The system thus creates a dynamic, non solid particle cloud by ejecting atomized condensate present in the surrounding air.
Now the projector projects the given input on the found invisible screen.
This document discusses audio spotlighting technology which uses ultrasonic energy to create narrow beams of sound similar to light beams. It exploits the non-linearity of air to generate audible sound from inaudible ultrasound, producing a highly directional sound beam. The technology was pioneered in the 1960s for sonar but more recent developments have improved directivity and reduced distortion. It works by modulating audio signals onto ultrasonic carriers, which generate audible sound through nonlinear interactions in air as they propagate. This allows sound to be focused onto a specific area without others nearby hearing it.
This document is Shishu Pal's seminar report on spintronics submitted in partial fulfillment of a bachelor's degree in electronics and communication engineering. The report contains a declaration by Shishu Pal, a certificate signed by their advisors, acknowledgements, an abstract on spintronics, a table of contents and list of figures. The report explores the emerging field of spintronics which uses the spin of electrons in devices rather than just their charge. It discusses technologies like giant magnetoresistance and applications in memory chips, sensors and other devices.
The document proposes a mobile voting system using iris recognition and cryptography. Voters would register through a website providing identification details. On voting day, authenticated voters would receive an encrypted SMS with candidate lists. Voters would select a candidate and the vote would be encrypted before transmission. The system aims to increase voter participation and security while reducing costs compared to traditional voting methods. However, mobile voting systems also face challenges regarding security, reliability, and preventing multiple votes.
The document is a seminar report on Heliodisplay technology. It provides an introduction to Heliodisplay, explaining that it is a projector that can display images in mid-air using a mist screen. The document discusses the history and development of Heliodisplay, from its creation by Chad Dyner in 2003 to its commercialization. It also covers the principles and working of Heliodisplay technology, how it transforms water into a mist screen to project 2D images that appear to float in space.
This document is a seminar report on 3D holographic projection technology submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the basics of holographic technology including different types of holograms and how they are recorded and reconstructed. The principles of 3D holographic projection systems and their importance are examined. The working of holograms and 3D projection technology is described. Recent advancements and applications in various fields like marketing, education and entertainment are highlighted. The advantages of holographic projection over traditional displays are also noted.
DTH (Direct-to-Home) technology allows television broadcasts to be received directly by homes via satellite signals and a dish antenna, without requiring cable television. It began in the 1960s with early satellite transmissions but matured later. In India, DTH was proposed in 1996 but faced issues before being allowed in 2000. Major components of DTH systems include satellites that transmit signals, a broadcast center that receives programming and beams it to satellites, multiplexers that combine channels, and set-top boxes that receive the signals for viewing.
The document proposes a secure mobile-based voting system that allows voters to cast their votes from anywhere using a mobile device. It outlines the existing electronic and ballot-based voting systems and their drawbacks. The proposed system uses speech recognition and a three-tier architecture to authenticate voters and securely collect, count, and store votes. It aims to improve accessibility, participation, and reduce costs compared to traditional voting methods.
Seminar report on Raspberry Pi, submitted in SEMINAR subject of GTU Gujarat Technological University by Nipun Parikh from Bhagwan Mahavir College of Engineering & Technology
This document discusses Direct-to-Home (DTH) television in India. It provides a history of DTH in India, explaining how services were first proposed in 1996 and allowed in 2000. It describes the basic concepts of a DTH network, including transmission stations, receive terminals, antennas, set top boxes, and how geostationary satellites and communication bandwidth facilitate the transmission of content. DTH applications allow viewers to access pay and free TV channels on their home TV. The document concludes that DTH provides cost-effective entertainment and information to both urban and rural areas in India.
industry analysis of DTH(electronic media)guestacd5bd
This document provides an overview and analysis of the direct-to-home (DTH) satellite television industry in India. It discusses the growth of the industry since the liberalization of the Indian economy in the 1990s, the key players in the industry including Dish TV, Tata Sky, Sun Direct, BIG TV, Airtel Digital TV and Videocon d2h, and the technologies used for signal distribution. The DTH industry is growing rapidly due to rising disposable incomes and the availability of affordable pay-TV options for consumers across India.
This document is a technical seminar report on cloud computing submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree. It introduces cloud computing as a concept where computing resources such as servers, storage, databases and networking are provided as standardized services over the Internet. The document discusses the history, characteristics, implementation and economics of cloud computing and provides examples of major companies involved in cloud services.
Report on cloud computing by prashant guptaPrashant Gupta
The document is a technical seminar report submitted by Prashant Gupta on cloud computing. It includes an abstract, introduction, table of contents, and initial sections on the concept and history of cloud computing. The introduction provides a definition of cloud computing and discusses the shift from centralized to distributed computing models. It highlights the scalability and on-demand access to computing resources that cloud computing provides.
This document proposes a mobile e-voting system for Nigeria's electoral process. It describes a two-level hierarchical architecture including national and state infrastructure. Voters would use electronic voting terminals equipped with smartcard readers to authenticate and cast votes. Votes would be transmitted over a virtual private network on existing mobile networks to centralized tallying servers at the state and national levels. The system aims to improve voter participation and reduce issues like ballot stuffing that have challenged previous elections in Nigeria. Security features like public key infrastructure and voter authentication smartcards are incorporated to protect vote integrity and transparency.
Mobile, Secure E - Voting Architecture for the Nigerian Electoral Systemiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Top 10 Read Articles of Managing Information Technology - June 2021IJMIT JOURNAL
International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of the strategic application of information technology (IT) in organizations. The journal focuses on innovative ideas and best practices in using IT to advance organizations – for-profit, non-profit, and governmental. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia, government and industry to focus on understanding both how to use IT to support the strategy and goals of the organization and to employ IT in new ways to foster greater collaboration, communication and information sharing both within the organization and with its stakeholders. The International Journal of Managing Information Technology seeks to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in these areas
The adoption and challenges of electronic voting technologies within the sout...IJMIT JOURNAL
Literature has shown that countries such as Brazil and India have successfully implemented electronic
voting systems and other countries are at various piloting stages to address many challenges associated
with manual paper based system such ascosts of physical ballot paper and other overheads, electoral
delays, distribution of electoral materials, and general lack of confidence in the electoral process. It is in
this context that this study explores how South African can leverage the opportunities that e-voting
presents. Manual voting is often tedious, non-secure, and time-consuming, which leads us to think about
using electronic facilities to make the process more efficient. This study proposes that the adoption of
electronic voting technologies could perhaps mitigate some of these issues and challengesin the process
improving the electoral process. The study used an on-line questionnaire which was administered to a
broader group of voters and an in-depth semi-structured interview with the Independent Electoral
Commission officials. The analysis is based on thematic analysis and diffusion of innovations theory is
adopted as a theoretical lens of analysis. The findings reveal that relative advantage, compatibility and
complexity would determine the intentions of South African voters and the Electoral Management Bodies
(IEC) to adopt e-voting technologies. Moreover, the findings also reveal several other factorsthat could
influence the adoption process. The study is limited to only voters in Cape Town and these voters were
expected to have some access to the internet. The sample size limits the generalizability of the findings of
this study.
Highly Secured Online Voting System (OVS) Over Networkijbuiiir1
Internet voting systems have gained popularity and have been used for government elections and referendums in the United Kingdom, Estonia and Switzerland as well as municipal elections in Canada and party primary elections in the United States. Voting system can involve transmission of ballots and votes via private computer networks or the Internet. Electronic voting technology can speed the counting of ballots and can provide improved accessibility for disabled voters. The aim of this paper is to people who have citizenship of India and whose age is above 18 years and of any sex can give their vote through online without going to any physical polling station. Election Commission Officer (Election Commission Officer who will verify whether registered user and candidates are authentic or not) to participate in online voting. This online voting system is highly secured, and its design is very simple, ease of use and also reliable. The proposed software is developed and tested to work on Ethernet and allows online voting. It also creates and manages voting and an election detail as all the users must login by user name and password and click on his favorable candidates to register vote. This will increase the voting percentage in India. By applying high security it will reduce false votes.
The document proposes an online voting system that uses one time passwords (OTPs) for authentication to improve security. It discusses how existing e-voting systems lack strong security measures. The proposed system would register voters with their voter ID, Aadhaar ID and password. When a voter logs in, they receive an OTP on their registered mobile phone that must be entered to cast a vote. This adds an extra layer of security through pseudorandom OTPs that change each time. The system is evaluated through a prototype and results show it can identify over 90% of voters in under a minute, improving security, trust and efficiency over traditional methods.
The document describes a proposed electronic voting system using fingerprint biometrics. It notes issues with current paper-based systems, such as inefficiency and the potential for invalid votes. The proposed system would use fingerprint minutiae extracted from voters' fingerprints to identify them and allow electronic voting. A pilot test of the system was conducted among a class of students to select a representative. Analysis of the pilot showed the system could resolve issues with current methods by leveraging biometric technology. The system aims to provide more efficient, accurate and trustworthy elections.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of E-Voting The Estonian ExperienceGina Rizzo
This document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of e-voting using Estonia as a case study. The key advantages identified are reduced costs and greater convenience which boosted voter turnout. However, security risks from hacking and a potential digital divide are disadvantages. While e-voting has security risks, Estonia has implemented strategies like smartphone verification to address this. Overall, the document concludes that for Estonia, the advantages of e-voting outweigh the disadvantages.
A review of the underlying concepts of electronic votingAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a review paper on the underlying concepts of electronic voting (e-voting). It discusses the motivation and benefits of e-voting such as enhancing security, confidentiality, and cost savings. It describes the core criteria that e-voting systems should meet, including accuracy, democracy, privacy, and verifiability. It also outlines the typical phases of an e-voting process, including voter registration, authentication, casting votes, vote tallying, and results publication.
11.a review of the underlying concepts of electronic votingAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a review of the underlying concepts of electronic voting (e-voting). It discusses the motivation and criteria for e-voting, including principles like direct suffrage, universal suffrage, equal suffrage, free suffrage, and secret suffrage. It also discusses core properties of e-voting systems like accuracy, democracy, privacy, and verifiability. Finally, it provides an overview of the typical phases of an e-voting process, including voter registration, authentication, voting and saving votes, vote counting, and publication of results.
402 Trends and Technology in E-Payment Alexand.docxBHANU281672
402
Trends and Technology in E-Payment
Alexander N. Chen, University of Central Arkansas
Steven M. Zeltmann, University of Central Arkansas
Ken Griffin, University of Central Arkansas
Michael Rubach, University of Central Arkansas
Michael E. Ellis, University of Central Arkansas
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This research examines the forms of e-payments used in the global economy today. The Internet is a critical component of the
business landscape, lowering the cost of communication, helping meet customer needs, making supply chains more efficient,
and improving business practice integration. Smart devices are leading the charge for new methods of payment, especially in
regions lacking the legacy infrastructure to facilitate traditional payments. E-payment use is also on the rise in developed
countries because of the benefits they afford to all parties. E-payment is also becoming a competitive necessity for entities
wishing to remain relevant in online markets.
Keywords: E-payments, Online commerce, Smartphone, Social media, Internet security, Global markets
INTRODUCTION
The Internet has been recognized as a user-friendly medium of communication and a good tool to get information and process
financial transactions (Hashim, Hameed, Ayyub, Ali, & Raza, 2016). For people who are used to living in this wired world,
the use of the Internet has become a necessity not only for work but also for academics, communication, entertainment, and
business transactions (Kelleci & Inal, 2010). The Internet is now impacting almost every aspect of our lives from influencing
how we interact, the way we do business, and the way we learn.
The digital world is becoming immensely crowded. Internet use has grown exponentially with the majority of users being
young people and adolescents (Younes, Halawi, Jabbo, El Osta, Karam, Hajj, & Rabbaa Khabbaz, 2016). Since the Internet is
now a part of our daily lives, it is not a surprise that the number of active users and Internet penetration as a percentage of
population continue to grow globally. Based on data collected from the Global Digital Statshot of 2018 on www.slideshare.net,
Table 1 provides a summary of the distribution of Internet users by world region.
From Table 1, it is observed that the Internet is used worldwide, and significant disparities exist between developed and
developing regions. Specifically, developed regions have higher internet penetration. For instance, in North America, 88% of
the population has Internet access, as does 90% of the population of Western Europe. East Europe and South America have
relatively high penetration rates of 74% and 68%, respectively. Africa and South Asia have the lowest rates, both coming
below 35%. These two regions, with their combined populations of over 3 billion, have the most potential to develop and
expand Internet usage.
403
TABLE 1
Regional Population, Internet Users, and Internet.
402 Trends and Technology in E-Payment Alexand.docxblondellchancy
402
Trends and Technology in E-Payment
Alexander N. Chen, University of Central Arkansas
Steven M. Zeltmann, University of Central Arkansas
Ken Griffin, University of Central Arkansas
Michael Rubach, University of Central Arkansas
Michael E. Ellis, University of Central Arkansas
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This research examines the forms of e-payments used in the global economy today. The Internet is a critical component of the
business landscape, lowering the cost of communication, helping meet customer needs, making supply chains more efficient,
and improving business practice integration. Smart devices are leading the charge for new methods of payment, especially in
regions lacking the legacy infrastructure to facilitate traditional payments. E-payment use is also on the rise in developed
countries because of the benefits they afford to all parties. E-payment is also becoming a competitive necessity for entities
wishing to remain relevant in online markets.
Keywords: E-payments, Online commerce, Smartphone, Social media, Internet security, Global markets
INTRODUCTION
The Internet has been recognized as a user-friendly medium of communication and a good tool to get information and process
financial transactions (Hashim, Hameed, Ayyub, Ali, & Raza, 2016). For people who are used to living in this wired world,
the use of the Internet has become a necessity not only for work but also for academics, communication, entertainment, and
business transactions (Kelleci & Inal, 2010). The Internet is now impacting almost every aspect of our lives from influencing
how we interact, the way we do business, and the way we learn.
The digital world is becoming immensely crowded. Internet use has grown exponentially with the majority of users being
young people and adolescents (Younes, Halawi, Jabbo, El Osta, Karam, Hajj, & Rabbaa Khabbaz, 2016). Since the Internet is
now a part of our daily lives, it is not a surprise that the number of active users and Internet penetration as a percentage of
population continue to grow globally. Based on data collected from the Global Digital Statshot of 2018 on www.slideshare.net,
Table 1 provides a summary of the distribution of Internet users by world region.
From Table 1, it is observed that the Internet is used worldwide, and significant disparities exist between developed and
developing regions. Specifically, developed regions have higher internet penetration. For instance, in North America, 88% of
the population has Internet access, as does 90% of the population of Western Europe. East Europe and South America have
relatively high penetration rates of 74% and 68%, respectively. Africa and South Asia have the lowest rates, both coming
below 35%. These two regions, with their combined populations of over 3 billion, have the most potential to develop and
expand Internet usage.
403
TABLE 1
Regional Population, Internet Users, and Internet ...
— Short Message Service (SMS) is the text communication service component of phone, web or mobile communication systems, using standardized communications protocols that allow the exchange of short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone devices. The usage SMS as data application in the world is enormous, with 2.4 billion active users, or 74% of all mobile phone subscribers. This paper develops an SMS voting system that can be used in conducting a trustworthy and generally acceptable electoral conduct based on the legislation of a particular country. It is base on a level structure and a national SIM card module used for only electoral process. The SIM card can be used for either the Internet voting system or the SMS voting. The method is cheap and fast and guarantees prompt election result.
This article explores the role of a biometric attendance terminal in persuading patients to complete follow-up health visits in slum communities of New Delhi, India. almost three years of deployment in India, CGNet Swara has logged more than 137,000 phone calls and released 2,100 messages.
1) The document describes the design and development of an electronic voting system that uses Global Positioning System (GPS) for voter authentication and tracking polling station locations.
2) The system has three phases - a GPS client interface to determine polling station coordinates and serve as access code, a client station where voters can register and vote using fingerprint and facial recognition, and a server to store and process results from various clients.
3) The system aims to solve the problem of identifying votes with their corresponding polling stations during and after voting to ensure votes are securely tied to the correct stations.
Development of a Global Positioning System-Enabled Electronic Voting Systemiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Smart Voting System Using Java ServletsIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed smart voting system created using Java servlets. The system aims to provide online voting to eliminate issues with traditional paper-based voting methods. It would allow voters to cast their ballots from anywhere using authentication to verify voter eligibility. The system architecture involves roles for administrators to manage voter profiles and ballots, and for voters to register and vote within their constituencies. If implemented, the smart voting system could improve access, efficiency, and transparency in elections.
This document provides a brief survey of mobile forensics analysis on social networking applications. It discusses two popular social networking applications, Tagged and Hi5, and describes some of their key features that could be relevant to forensic investigations. Specifically, it outlines features like registration details, friend networks, media sharing, instant messaging, status updates, and other profile building features. The document suggests electronic evidence retrieved from activities on these social networking platforms could help investigate criminal cases by incriminating or proving the innocence of suspects.
A presentation by Boris Weber, World Bank Institute
Youth Anti-Corruption Forum in Brussels on 27 May 2010.
Session: ICT for Governance and Anti-Corruption (GAC)
1. The document proposes a secure internet voting system called E-VOTE that would allow voters to cast ballots via a free mobile app or online.
2. It argues that internet voting could significantly increase voter turnout by making the voting process more accessible and convenient, especially for younger generations who are accustomed to conducting business online.
3. However, critics argue that internet voting poses security risks until the systems can be made 100% secure and protected from fraud. The document maintains that internet voting systems will continue to be discussed as mobile technology adoption increases.
1. Designing, developing and testing a
mobile phone voting system in the South
African context
Noluntu Mpekoa
Department of Information Technology
Faculty of Engineering, Central University of Technology
Free State, South Africa
nmpekoa@cut.ac.za
Abstract
Voting is a critical feature of any democratic process and is a vital expression of the
people's power. For centuries, South Africa has been using the popular paper-based
voting system though it does not provide the desirable blend of accessibility and efficiency.
Missing ballot papers, invalid votes and miscount are some of the challenges associated
with the paper-based voting system. Numerous electronic voting technologies have been
proposed and presented by researchers that provide an easily accessible and efficient
voting mechanism. Electronic voting has been attracting a lot of attention and research for
the past few years, for it has some remarkable advantages over traditional paper-based
voting. Mobile voting which is a subset of electronic voting, is continuously gaining
popularity because it creates an efficient, effective, error free and time saving voting
platform. Mobile phone voting has the capability to augment the participation rate and the
quality of voting. This research contributes to the voting system reform by designing and
developing a mobile phone voting framework and an application. The mobile phone voting
application facilitates users to spontaneously and timeously vote using existing mobile
phone networks and technologies. We developed the application in C# using Visual studio
2010 and the database was created using MySQL Server 2008. The case study was
conducted at a private organisation with 124 participants to enhance the voting processes
for the election of the Union president. Data about the system were collected from the
participants using a self-completion questionnaire, which showed 88% of participants
saying it is easy to use, 92% of participants saying it is easy to learn. The mobile voting
application proved its suitability, accessibility, efficiency and feasibility.
Keywords
M-Voting, mobile phones, democracy, voters
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Steyn, J., Van Greunen, D. (Eds). (2014). ICTs for inclusive communities in developing societies. Proceedings of the 8th
International Development Informatics Association Conference, held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
ISBN: 978-0-620-63498-4 Pages 372-385
372
2. 1. INTRODUCTION
Voting is a patriotic right where voters choose their representatives; this allows people to
express their opinions. The goal of any voting system is to establish the intent of
each individual voter and translate those intents into a final tally. The paper-based voting
system was introduced in South Africa (SA) during the apartheid epoch (Alvarez-Rivera
2010:10; Habib & Naidu 2006:82). This system is time consuming and can result in a
number of problems (Abu-Shanab et al 2010; Kumar et al, n.d), including:
voters leaving without voting because of long queues
a very high intolerable percentage of lost, stolen, or miscounted ballots
high number of unclear or invalid ballot
limited or no accommodation for people with disabilities
bad weather might also cause people not to walk long distances to voting stations to cast their
votes.
intimidation of voters by agents
Many other countries have made several attempts to replace the traditional paper-based
voting system with modern voting technology (Storer & Duncan, 2008:78; Solehria &
Jadoon, 2011; Ayo et al, n.d). These modern voting systems and equipment evolved
through the years with technology advances, from traditional paper-based voting system to
paper punching machines to the latest Internet voting system, normally referred to as i-
voting.
Literature suggests that electronic voting (e-voting) systems started to emerge as early as
in 1892 (Ofori-Dwumfuo & Paatey, 2011: 92). E-voting systems have the potential to
improve traditional paper-based voting procedures by providing convenience and flexibility
to the voter (Okediran et al, 2011:135-142; Feng & Schwiderski-Grosche, 2006). Due to
the numerous benefits of e-voting systems, several countries have since introduced e-
voting solutions either as a pilot system or in its entirety. Countries that have tested and
found e-voting satisfactory include Brazil, Belgium, United States, Canada, UK, India,
Ireland, Geneva Venezuela, and Estonia. E-voting is being piloted in a number of African
countries as well, like Kenya, Ghana and Nigeria (Enguehard, 2008: 1-13; Ekong & Ekong,
2010: 111-116).
Recently, mobility has become one of the most important ICT trends which affect all of us
in our daily lives (Roberto, 2010). Due to these technological revolutions in the ICT
industry, the deployment of mobile systems is able to offer sophisticated and complex
services for example mobile information systems, mobile television, mobile payments and
even mobile government. M-voting is a further development of telephone and e-voting
systems. Recently mobile voting systems have received increasing attention, in theory and
practice (Ofori-Dwumfuo & Paatey, 2011; Ali, 2010; Gentles & Sankaranarayanan, 2012:
57-68).
Mobile phone voting systems are designed such that a voter can use a mobile phone to
cast their vote via the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network, outside
the restricted boundaries of the electoral staff. There are numerous methods of using a
mobile phone to cast a vote, for example using SMS (Enguehard, 2008; Okediran et al,
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Steyn, J., Van Greunen, D. (Eds). (2014). ICTs for inclusive communities in developing societies. Proceedings of the 8th
International Development Informatics Association Conference, held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
ISBN: 978-0-620-63498-4 Pages 372-385
373
3. 2011) or using a third party application for voting (Pallav et al, 2012; Ayo et al, n.d).
Mobile phone voting is still in its infancy more so in SA, there is still enormous research
needed around this topic. Specific issues that we encountered during this research include
security, audit trial which has a potential of making the voters trust the system and also
providing the system in all eleven SA official languages.
This paper is organised as follows: In Section 2, we present the literature review. In
Section 3, we discuss the proposed mobile phone voting architecture and Section 4
presents the research methodology adopted for the study. Section 5 presents the
prototype voting application we developed and Section 6 explains the data analysis
method used. In Section 7, we discuss the usability testing results and Section 8
concludes the paper.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2. 1. Voting History
Elections have been utilized to decide various questions for at least 2000 years. An
election enables certain formal decisions to be made through participation of a given
population (Rexha et al, 2012). Research indicates that voting systems started from the
oral voting system, the famous raising of the hand, to the Kudavolai system which was
used in ancient India. In ancient Greece, people would vote by putting a white or a black
stone/ball in a bucket. The first paper ballot substituted the oral voting in Rome in 139BC
that is according to Douglas Jones (cited by Ofori-Dwumfuo & Paatey, 2011). South Africa
still makes use of this paper-based voting system.
Literature suggests that improvements in voting systems started as early as in 1892 with
the introduction of the lever arch machine, then the introduction of optical-scan machines
and punch card systems for voting (Ofori-Dwumfuo & Paatey, 2011). The next evolution
saw the introduction of Direct Recording Electronic (DREs), Telephone, Kiosk, Internet
voting systems and lastly the mobile phone voting systems (Okediran et al, 2011).
Electronic voting (e-voting) has been attracting a lot of attention and research for the past
few years all over the world, for it has some remarkable advantages over traditional paper-
based voting.
In a modern society, mobility has become one of the most important ICT trends, affecting
all facets of modern life (Kumar et al, n.d). In South Africa and in most countries, mobile
phones are the easiest and least expensive and are in fact more pervasive than Internet
access. Mobile phones exhibit some unique characteristics that distinguish them from the
online medium (Little & Duncan, n.d).
These ubiquitous devices are portable, affordable and in wide-spread use today, with
about a third of the world’s population having at least one. This phenomenon offers instant
connection to friends, family, information, entertainment and resources all around the
globe from anywhere. This experience has been driven primarily by the rapid growth of
mobile phone subscribers in the world (Kumar et al, n.d). The massive mobile phone user
base in our country presents us with an extraordinary opportunity to expand the reach of
public services, public elections in particular to every resident, especially in the rural areas
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Steyn, J., Van Greunen, D. (Eds). (2014). ICTs for inclusive communities in developing societies. Proceedings of the 8th
International Development Informatics Association Conference, held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
ISBN: 978-0-620-63498-4 Pages 372-385
374
4. (South Africa, 2012; South Africa Online, 2011).
2. 2. Related Work
As a result of mobile phone penetration, there has been a growing number of authors who
have done research in mobile phone voting. Some of these are discussed:
The SMS Based Voting machine developed by (Ofori-Dwumfuo & Paatey, 2011) allows
voters to cast their vote by sending a sms in a predefined format with a unique password
and identification number in the comfort of their own homes. The voting system makes use
of a pic microcontroller and a GSM modem to receive messages from voters. In this
system, there are no security measures put in place to provide integrity and open to
security threats. On the other hand, Little & Duncan developed a biometrics authenticated
mobile voting system, which makes us of fingerprint supported biometric control
information and encryption as well as Secure Socket Layer to make the software more
secure. Their system utilizes the existing GSM mobile system, which consists of a GSM
SIM card and the software developed operates only on Android 3.0 operating system. The
voter must possess a smart phone to be able to use this system as it requires high tech
camera and scanning capabilities to capture ridges of the fingerprints and biometrics
information for authentication.
According to Kumar et al, there are more than one billion GSM users worldwide, hence in
his system he proposes the use of GSM integrated into an electronic voting scheme. In
this way his system exploits the existing GSM authentication mechanism which is provided
by mobile operators and provides improved voter authentication and mobility while
maintaining voter privacy. Their scheme performed well with improvements needed to
address the importance of trust on the Authentication Centre.
eVOTZ founder Klein 2010 who won the North American portion of the European Satellite
Navigation Competition developed a mobile phone voting system that helps solve the
problems of authentication and verification, providing a secure and trustworthy e-voting
solution. He combines cloud computing, GNSS, cell-ID triangulation, GPS location-based
services, SIM card technologies and social-media which offers voting into the hands of the
voters. For future reference or auditing his system makes use of the onboard camera of
the mobile phone that scans the signature document to provide a paper-based record.
The research question for this study is: How can mobility, efficiency and effectiveness be
provided to all participants of an electioneering system? Our main objective is to design an
efficient and effective system that allows the voters to instantly cast a vote without the limit
of time and place. This research examines the existing methods of public elections and
explores alternatives to more efficiently meet the needs of voters.
3. SYSTEM DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE
3.1. Proposed Architecture
Our goal was to design an efficient and effective system that allows the voters to instantly
cast a vote without the limit of time and place. We developed an application that is
installed on user mobile phones, which is simple for everyone to use.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Steyn, J., Van Greunen, D. (Eds). (2014). ICTs for inclusive communities in developing societies. Proceedings of the 8th
International Development Informatics Association Conference, held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
ISBN: 978-0-620-63498-4 Pages 372-385
375
5. Figure 1. Proposed MPVS architecture
In our architecture in Figure 1, we propose the use of a mobile phone by the voter to cast
the vote. The mobile voter connects to the mobile network using the 2G, 3G or the 4G
technology that allows the mobile voter to connect to the application server to download
the application. Once the application is downloaded and installed, the mobile voter
registers to vote using the application. During the registration, the application connects to
the Staff database to verify the Identity Document (ID) number of the mobile voter. After a
successful registration, the mobile voter can cast his/her vote.
3.1.1. Mobile Voter
The mobile phone allows the voter to download the application from the MPVS application
server. Once the application is installed, the voter can register to vote and then cast their
vote using their mobile phones. Our proposed application allows voters to share one
mobile phone, from one person to the other by registering their own individual account on
the system. Voting using this application is not per phone but per person registered, so it is
not linked to the mobile phone or mobile phone number.
3.1.2. Mobile Network Operators
The Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) provides communication between the mobile voter
and the application server. All voters are to be registered with any of the MNOs in South
Africa; this information will not be linked with voter's choice.
3.1.3. Mobile Phone Voting System Application and Database server
The application server houses the mobile phone voting application and also handles all
application operations between the voters and the MPVS database. During the voting
process, the voter interacts with MPVS database through the MPVS application interface.
Mobile phone devices have small screens with restricted display and navigation
capabilities; restricted data-entry capability due to the size of the key-pad; with the
disadvantage of low bandwidth and network latency. Consequently, the application
developed is simple, user friendly but still detailed with no ambiguities so that voters can
cast their votes with little or no assistance regardless of their educational background. The
simplicity allows the voters to register and cast their vote at a very minimum time as
possible.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Steyn, J., Van Greunen, D. (Eds). (2014). ICTs for inclusive communities in developing societies. Proceedings of the 8th
International Development Informatics Association Conference, held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
ISBN: 978-0-620-63498-4 Pages 372-385
376
6. The ballot design takes form of the traditional paper-based ballot which incorporates the
candidate name and photo. To further enhance usability and friendliness, we propose a
multi-lingual application, this assist voter of different backgrounds. Voters can decide to
stop the voting process at any time before they confirm the vote, but the vote will not be
counted.
The MPVS database performs back-end tasks such as data analysis, storage, data
manipulation and archiving. The database is built using MsSQL and stores all registered
voters, all contesting candidates and the voter's roll according to the Staff database. The
databases stores complete information about each eligible voter and also status
information related to them. Each voter record has two status flags, the first flag
automatically becomes "True" once the voter has registered and the second flag
represents whether the voter has casted the vote or not. Initially all status flags are
"False". The vote choice is not linked with the voter to provide privacy to the voters.
3.2. System Design
The application was developed as follows:
3.2.1. User Interface
The mobile voter downloads the application from the application server. The voter installs
the application, then registers to use the application which saves all relevant details into
the application database. Once registered, the voter is allowed to cast his vote and all
relevant information is stored into the application database. The "Check Status" menu
allows the voter to check registration status; check personal details - under this sub-menu,
the voter can update their personal details; check vote status and results
3.2.2. Backend Servers
The application server stores the application and connects the mobile voter interface and
the database server. The database server authenticates, authorizes, and performs auto
tallying of the votes. During the registration process, authentication is provided through the
Staff table.
3.2.3. Registration
After the mobile voter has downloaded and installed the application. The voter initiates the
registration process. In this process, the voter is prompted to enter his/her ID Number,
which is checked for validity against the Staff database.
If the ID number is invalid, the voter receives the proper message with another opportunity
to enter a valid ID number. If the person is found to be inactive (e.g. maternity leave), the
proper message is sent to the voter and given another opportunity to enter a valid ID
number. If the person is under 18 years of age, they also received a proper message and
given two option, to either continue with the registration knowing that they are not able to
continue with voting otherwise, they terminate the registration process.
The voter is then prompted to enter their personal details like: name, surname, address,
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Steyn, J., Van Greunen, D. (Eds). (2014). ICTs for inclusive communities in developing societies. Proceedings of the 8th
International Development Informatics Association Conference, held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
ISBN: 978-0-620-63498-4 Pages 372-385
377
7. race and gender. This information is also compared with information in the Staff database
still using the voter ID number. If name and surname are incorrect, then the voter gets
proper message and prompted for personal details again. If all information is correct, then
the voter creates a pin which is purely a numeric value, a password which should be ten or
more mixed characters of letters, numbers and symbols. The voter also selects a secret
question and its relevant answer that is used when the voter recovers a pin or a password.
If the password does not meet the above criteria, the voter receives the necessary
message and prompted to enter it again. If the security question and its relevant answer
are not selected then the system also sends the voter a message and given a chance to
select these again. Once everything has been checked and is ok, the voter information is
saved in the voter's roll. The voter is ready to cast the vote.
3.2.4. Casting a vote
The voter opens the application and login by using his/her ID number, pin and password.
The combination of the three makes sure that even if another person pilfers the ID number,
they cannot guess the pin and password. If the combination is incorrect, the voter is given
two more attempts then the system blocks them. Then the voter has to vote manually. This
provides authenticity to the system. If the combination is correct, the voter is given a menu
where they can choose "vote" to cast their vote. The electronic ballot appears and the
voter has to make a choice from a list of contestants.
A confirmation is needed before the choice is saved into the database which has automatic
tallying capability. The voter receives a message that they have voted for their contestant.
The vote is not attached to the voter but to the contestant. In this way anonymity is still
maintained and also accuracy provided as each vote is counted immediately. The
automatic tallying capability of mobile voting systems means that there results are
available instantly after closing time and also there is no room for invalid votes, spoilt
votes, over-voting or under-voting providing accuracy. Once the voter has voted, the "vote"
menu is no longer accessible as they have already voted, which offers uniqueness to the
system.
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study adopted a quantitative research approach. The study used literature review,
which assisted us in understanding the different types of elections existing in South Africa
and the stakeholders of the election ecosystem. The literature review was conducted
through the collection and review of relevant documentation on the study area. Primary
investigation was undertaken through interviews. Oral interviews were used for election
stakeholders. The questions were a combination of structured and unstructured questions;
the interviews were a good way of collecting detailed information from the election
stakeholders and more importantly the voters. The interviews focused on obtaining
information about role player involvement, their roles and responsibilities. A selective
quantitative assessment which used questionnaires was administered through structured
questionnaires to participants.
The mobile phone voting system was implemented by developing an application in C#
using Visual Studio 2010 and the database was created using MsSQL Server 2008. Then
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Steyn, J., Van Greunen, D. (Eds). (2014). ICTs for inclusive communities in developing societies. Proceedings of the 8th
International Development Informatics Association Conference, held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
ISBN: 978-0-620-63498-4 Pages 372-385
378
8. the study conducted a usability testing, during the usability testing the participants filled in
both the pre and the post test questionnaires, which gave us background information
about the participants and the feelings of the participants with regards to the application.
The prototype system we developed was tested by both novice and more advanced
mobile users in different age groups. The facilitator collected data on how the system
performs according to the participant's expectations (success rate, speed of performance
and general satisfaction). The findings were both qualitative and quantitative data.
5. IMPLEMENTATION
We implemented the m-voting solution by developing a client (voter) application in Visual
Studio 2010 for Windows-based mobile phones. The application is called XaP because it
cuts (X) out the queuing time and all other inconveniences brought by traditional paper-
based voting system, which makes voting fast and easy as possible. Before the
registration can start, the voters are expected to have registered their mobile phone with
the MNOs, downloaded the mobile application from the application server, and install the
application on their mobile phone.
Figure 2. User initial screen
All users of the system are required to be registered to be able to use the system, but vot-
ing is not compulsory. The initial screen after the application has loaded is the login screen
as shown in Figure 2 above. To register the voter must click on the "+" option.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Steyn, J., Van Greunen, D. (Eds). (2014). ICTs for inclusive communities in developing societies. Proceedings of the 8th
International Development Informatics Association Conference, held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
ISBN: 978-0-620-63498-4 Pages 372-385
379
9. Figure 3. User registration
The log-in button is inactive as all necessary information is not entered yet. During the
registration process (Figure 3), the voter is required to enter the ID number, which is
verified with the Staff database. Once the voter has been verified (Figure 3), then all other
fields become available to fill-in. The date of birth will be used to calculate the actual age
of the voter, if a voter is less than 18 years of age he/she can register but cannot vote. The
voter must create a password, which must be a mix of 10 or more characters (letters,
numbers and symbols).
Figure 4. Registered User message
Once the voter has been registered, a message appears with the PIN (Figure 4).
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Steyn, J., Van Greunen, D. (Eds). (2014). ICTs for inclusive communities in developing societies. Proceedings of the 8th
International Development Informatics Association Conference, held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
ISBN: 978-0-620-63498-4 Pages 372-385
380
10. Figure 5. Active log-in
Once the voter has successfully registered, then they log-in to access the main menu of
the system as shown in Figure 5. The voter enters the ID number, the password they
created during the registration process and also the PIN they received after the
registration.
Figure 6. Voter Main menu
After a successful log-in, the voter can now access the system main menu (Figure 6). The
voter has three options to choose from the main menu which is voting, check results or up-
date personal details.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Steyn, J., Van Greunen, D. (Eds). (2014). ICTs for inclusive communities in developing societies. Proceedings of the 8th
International Development Informatics Association Conference, held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
ISBN: 978-0-620-63498-4 Pages 372-385
381
11. Figure 7. Voter casting a vote
Once the voter clicks on "Voting" option, the ballot appears on the screen as shown in
Figure 7 and the "Save" button is inactive. After the voter has made the choice, the "Save"
button becomes available. The radio button associated with each party can only accept
one choice, so there will be no over or under voting or otherwise invalid votes. The voter
confirms their choice by clicking "OK" or otherwise cancels it by clicking "Cancel". Once
the voter has confirmed the choice the system will give a message that shows that the
vote has been cast. After a successful voting process, the "Vote" option in the main menu
becomes inactive because the voter has already casted his/her vote.
6. DATA ANALYSIS
ISO 9241-11 define usability as the effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction with which
the intended users can achieve their tasks in the intended context of product use (ISO,
1998). In this study, we assessed effectiveness as success or failure in completing the task
and efficiency as time spent performing the task. To assess user satisfaction, we took note
of user comments as they performed tasks, and we also used their ratings and comments
on the post-test questionnaire. According to Laskowski et al. (2004) effectiveness in
usability is defined as the degree to which an interface facilitates users in accomplishing
their tasks and goals.
In this study, we looked at the number of participants who were able to complete each
task. The effectiveness of the system communicated to us how well users can achieve
specific goals. During the usability test sessions, the time participants took to complete
each task was observed. The length of time recorded for each participant for each task
was used to measure the application's efficiency. Time limits were used to ensure
participants were able to complete all tasks within the expected session time and also
used to analyze the level of efficiency of the application.
Another element of efficiency that was also analyzed for the usability test results was the
number and types of errors that were observed while users were completing the five tasks.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Steyn, J., Van Greunen, D. (Eds). (2014). ICTs for inclusive communities in developing societies. Proceedings of the 8th
International Development Informatics Association Conference, held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
ISBN: 978-0-620-63498-4 Pages 372-385
382
12. The usability errors analyzed provided us with information on the errors and key
improvements on design features of the application. Errors were observed and categorized
as either a user error or system error. Satisfaction consists of a set of subjective measures
regarding a user's perception of usability and evaluation. For this study, we made use of
one standardized rating scale which is the System Usability Scale (SUS). The SUS has
sub-scales for efficiency, effective, satisfaction, helpfulness, ease of use and learnability.
Immediately after performing the five tasks, the participants were asked to rate the
application in terms of the above mentioned sub-scales.
The post-test questionnaire had 15 statements, which aimed to investigate the opinions
and impressions of the participants about the application. The participants were asked to
use the five-point agreement Likert scale (Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree,
Strongly Disagree) about the statements. We chose the Likert scale because of the
technique used for selecting items that help identify items which lead to extreme
expressions of the attitude that had to be captured.
7. RESULTS
The study was conducted at a private organisation and the 124 participants were staff
members there. The staff members were electing the Union president for the 2014/2015
period. For the elections, the organisation introduced mobile phone voting which ran
parallel with the traditional paper based voting. The voters’ role had 124 eligible voters who
casted their votes using mobile technologies while there was none who opted to use the
traditional paper based voting system. The study consisted of three parts: the completion
of the pre-test questionnaire, the five tasks to be completed using the application, and a
post-test questionnaire. A semi-structured questionnaire was distributed to the participants
and 100% of the questionnaires were returned.
The pre-test questionnaire gathered information about the participants' age, gender,
education, mobile phone use, voting behavior and interests. From the analyzed data, 113
participants (91%) were registered to vote and 8 participants (6%) were not registered to
vote for the 2014 national elections. 93% of the participants said what they disliked mostly
about the current paper-based voting system is the time they have to waist queuing to vote
and the terrible blue mark that remains for a long time after voting. Ninety-five per cent of
the participants had mobile phones and used it mostly for SMS, MMS, visiting social sites,
Internet banking and browsing.
Immediately after performing the five tasks using the voting application, the participants
were asked to rate the application. The post-test questionnaire had 15 statements, which
aimed to investigate the opinions and impressions of the participants about the application.
The participants were asked to use the five-point agreement Likert scale about the
statements. Seventy-three percent of the participants both strongly agreed and agreed that
the application was comfortable and satisfying to use.
For ease of use, 88% of the participants both used strongly agree and agree to rate the
application. In terms of learnability, the application scored the highest among the
participants, with 92% of the participants finding the XaP application easy to learn.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Steyn, J., Van Greunen, D. (Eds). (2014). ICTs for inclusive communities in developing societies. Proceedings of the 8th
International Development Informatics Association Conference, held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
ISBN: 978-0-620-63498-4 Pages 372-385
383
13. The XaP application received an overwhelming response from the participants, the overall
participant satisfaction of the application was rather worthy. Participants described the
overall usability test experience as exciting, interesting and very cool. The results proved
to the team that the XaP application is what South Africans want and need.
8. CONCLUSION
Mobile phone voting is still in its infancy more so in SA, there is still enormous research
needed around this topic. Specific issues that we encountered during this research include
security, audit trial which has a potential of making the voters trust the system and also
providing the system in all eleven South Africa official languages.
The technological infrastructure in SA is well developed, enough to support mobile voting
for those who need it, more especially the disabled people. The application would assist
avoid many of the architectural and practical problems that are faced during the election
time. Furthermore, election generals must drive for adoption of these emerging
technologies since they reduce election costs.
This research forms a guideline for election generals in developing a fully functional
system that has the potential to increase voter turnout and participation. This research is
also a ground work for the research for their PhD project; the researcher will focus on
mobile phone voting system security, as this is the major key to winning voters trust.
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Steyn, J., Van Greunen, D. (Eds). (2014). ICTs for inclusive communities in developing societies. Proceedings of the 8th
International Development Informatics Association Conference, held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
ISBN: 978-0-620-63498-4 Pages 372-385
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