Audiences theories
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This document discusses audiences for media texts and different audience theories. It defines an audience as people who consume media, and identifies three types of audiences: mass, niche, and individual. The document then outlines several theories about how audiences interact with media, including hypodermic needle theory, cultivation theory, two-step flow theory, and reception theory. It provides brief descriptions of each theory.
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Hypodermic Needle Theory
The hypodermic needle theory suggests that mass media in the 1940s-1950s had a direct and powerful influence on audience behavior by "injecting" them with messages designed to elicit a specific response. It views audiences as passive receivers who uncritically accept media messages. However, the theory is now considered outdated and invalid because it fails to account for variability in how people consume and interpret media messages.
Hypodermic needle theory
The document discusses several theories of audience reception of media:
1) The hypodermic needle theory suggests audiences passively receive ideas injected by media without mediation.
2) The two-step flow model proposes ideas spread from media to opinion leaders then the wider population.
3) Uses and gratifications theory views audiences as active, consuming media to fulfill different needs like diversion, relationships, identity and surveillance. Blumer and Katz expanded on four functions identified by Wright Mills.
Hypodermic needle
The hypodermic needle theory from the 1940s-1950s suggested that mass media had a direct and powerful influence on audiences by "injecting" them with messages that would trigger desired responses. It viewed audiences as passive receivers who uncritically accepted whatever messages they were exposed to via radio, television, advertising, and propaganda. This theory is now considered outdated as later research found that audiences interact with media in more complex ways and are not uniformly influenced. The radio broadcast of "War of the Worlds" led some listeners to mistakenly believe the fictional story of a Martian invasion was real news, demonstrating how early audiences may have passively accepted media messages. However, the hypodermic needle theory fails to account for differences
Hypodermic Needle Theory
The hypodermic needle theory suggests that the media has a direct and powerful effect on passive audiences by "injecting" ideas and views. It was popular in the 1940s-1950s when radio, TV, and ads first became widespread and were thought to influence behavior. The theory says the audience is powerless to resist media messages and will believe anything they see or hear. However, it is now seen as outdated since audiences are more media-literate and able to reject messages critically rather than just accepting everything passively.
The hypodermic needle theory
The hypodermic needle theory proposed in the 1930s suggested that mass media had a direct, powerful, and immediate effect on passive audiences. It was based on the assumptions of the time when radio and films were the only media and all received the same messages. During World War II, the theory was supported by the Nazi use of propaganda to influence the German public. However, the theory is now largely disregarded because media and audiences have changed dramatically with new technologies allowing people more choice and interaction with information. While outdated, the hypodermic needle theory was an early attempt to understand media effects.
The hypodermic needle theory
The hypodermic needle theory suggests that mass media has a direct, powerful, and immediate effect on passive audiences. It views audiences as unable to resist media messages that are injected into them, influencing their beliefs and behaviors. This theory was prevalent in the 1940s-1950s but is now seen as outdated, as audiences are not purely passive and can reject messages. A famous example was a 1938 radio broadcast about a Martian invasion that some listeners initially believed was real news.
Hypodermic syringe model
The Hypodermic Needle model theory from the 1940s-1950s viewed audiences as passive and easily influenced by mass media such as propaganda, advertising, radio and television. It claimed media had a direct and powerful effect on audiences by "injecting" messages that would create a specific response, similar to how a hypodermic needle works. However, the theory was criticized and largely disproven as audiences were found to be more active and able to make rational judgments, leading to more sophisticated theories that recognized the complexity of media effects.
Theory
The document summarizes several media theories:
1) The Hypodermic Needle Theory suggests that mass media can directly influence large groups of people uniformly by delivering targeted messages to trigger desired responses. An example was the 1938 "War of the Worlds" radio broadcast that caused a panic.
2) The Inoculation Theory proposes that exposing people to weak arguments beforehand makes them more resistant to stronger persuasive messages later.
3) The Two Step Theory argues that media information moves in two stages - first to opinion leaders who then pass on their own interpretations to influence others they are similar to.
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Hypodermic Needle Theory
The hypodermic needle theory suggests that mass media in the 1940s-1950s had a direct and powerful influence on audience behavior by "injecting" them with messages designed to elicit a specific response. It views audiences as passive receivers who uncritically accept media messages. However, the theory is now considered outdated and invalid because it fails to account for variability in how people consume and interpret media messages.
Hypodermic needle theory
The document discusses several theories of audience reception of media:
1) The hypodermic needle theory suggests audiences passively receive ideas injected by media without mediation.
2) The two-step flow model proposes ideas spread from media to opinion leaders then the wider population.
3) Uses and gratifications theory views audiences as active, consuming media to fulfill different needs like diversion, relationships, identity and surveillance. Blumer and Katz expanded on four functions identified by Wright Mills.
Hypodermic needle
The hypodermic needle theory from the 1940s-1950s suggested that mass media had a direct and powerful influence on audiences by "injecting" them with messages that would trigger desired responses. It viewed audiences as passive receivers who uncritically accepted whatever messages they were exposed to via radio, television, advertising, and propaganda. This theory is now considered outdated as later research found that audiences interact with media in more complex ways and are not uniformly influenced. The radio broadcast of "War of the Worlds" led some listeners to mistakenly believe the fictional story of a Martian invasion was real news, demonstrating how early audiences may have passively accepted media messages. However, the hypodermic needle theory fails to account for differences
Hypodermic Needle Theory
The hypodermic needle theory suggests that the media has a direct and powerful effect on passive audiences by "injecting" ideas and views. It was popular in the 1940s-1950s when radio, TV, and ads first became widespread and were thought to influence behavior. The theory says the audience is powerless to resist media messages and will believe anything they see or hear. However, it is now seen as outdated since audiences are more media-literate and able to reject messages critically rather than just accepting everything passively.
The hypodermic needle theory
The hypodermic needle theory proposed in the 1930s suggested that mass media had a direct, powerful, and immediate effect on passive audiences. It was based on the assumptions of the time when radio and films were the only media and all received the same messages. During World War II, the theory was supported by the Nazi use of propaganda to influence the German public. However, the theory is now largely disregarded because media and audiences have changed dramatically with new technologies allowing people more choice and interaction with information. While outdated, the hypodermic needle theory was an early attempt to understand media effects.
The hypodermic needle theory
The hypodermic needle theory suggests that mass media has a direct, powerful, and immediate effect on passive audiences. It views audiences as unable to resist media messages that are injected into them, influencing their beliefs and behaviors. This theory was prevalent in the 1940s-1950s but is now seen as outdated, as audiences are not purely passive and can reject messages. A famous example was a 1938 radio broadcast about a Martian invasion that some listeners initially believed was real news.
Hypodermic syringe model
The Hypodermic Needle model theory from the 1940s-1950s viewed audiences as passive and easily influenced by mass media such as propaganda, advertising, radio and television. It claimed media had a direct and powerful effect on audiences by "injecting" messages that would create a specific response, similar to how a hypodermic needle works. However, the theory was criticized and largely disproven as audiences were found to be more active and able to make rational judgments, leading to more sophisticated theories that recognized the complexity of media effects.
Theory
The document summarizes several media theories:
1) The Hypodermic Needle Theory suggests that mass media can directly influence large groups of people uniformly by delivering targeted messages to trigger desired responses. An example was the 1938 "War of the Worlds" radio broadcast that caused a panic.
2) The Inoculation Theory proposes that exposing people to weak arguments beforehand makes them more resistant to stronger persuasive messages later.
3) The Two Step Theory argues that media information moves in two stages - first to opinion leaders who then pass on their own interpretations to influence others they are similar to.
Hypodermic needle
The document discusses the hypodermic needle theory of mass communication, which suggests that media messages are directly injected into passive audiences, immediately influencing them. It notes that this theory from the 1930s is now considered outdated. The two-step flow model is presented as an alternative, in which opinion leaders influence the public rather than direct media effects. Lasswell's communication formula is also described as analyzing the basic questions of who communicates what through which channel to whom with what effect.
Magic bullet theory (assignment based)
This theory is based on media's direct effect on Pakistani society. It is an assignment based presentation.
Hypodermic needle model
The hypodermic needle model is a communications model from the 1930s that suggests audiences passively receive information transmitted through media without processing or challenging it. The model holds that an intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver. It suggests audiences are manipulated by media creators and their behavior and thinking can be easily changed. The model considers audiences to be passive and homogeneous.
Hypodermic Needle Theory
The hypodermic needle theory emerged in the 1940s-1950s and suggested that mass media had a powerful and direct effect on audiences, "injecting" them with messages that would trigger a desired response. Several factors contributed to this view, including the rise of radio and TV, advertising and propaganda industries, and studies of media influence on children. The theory saw audiences as passive receivers with no ability to resist media messages. An example was a 1938 radio dramatization of War of the Worlds that some listeners mistakenly believed was real news of a Martian invasion. While the theory provided large datasets, it is now seen as too simplistic since audiences interpret media differently and are more sophisticated than assumed.
Audience research
The hypodermic needle model suggests that media messages are directly injected into passive audiences, immediately influencing them without their ability to resist. This theory was exemplified by the 1938 War of the Worlds radio broadcast causing a wave of panic. The uses and gratifications model counters this by focusing on how audiences actively use media to fulfill cognitive needs for knowledge, affective needs for emotions, personal integrative needs for self-esteem, social integrative needs for social interaction, and tension-free needs for escapism.
Theories
The document summarizes several media theories:
- Auteur Theory asserts that the director is the "author" of a film and their creative vision shapes the film. It looks at three components: technical competence, personality, and interior meaning.
- Reception Theory holds that media messages can be decoded differently by audiences - as the dominant, negotiated, or oppositional reader.
- The Hypodermic Needle Model views media as having the power to influence and control audiences like a hypodermic needle. However, this ignores that audiences do not always passively receive messages.
- The Male Gaze portrays and looks at women in a way that empowers men while sexualizing and diminishing women.
Hypodermic needle theory
It talks about the media and effects. it explains how the western scholars tested the media effects and theorized the concepts
Theories on mass communication
The "Hypodermic theory" assumed that mass media had a powerful and direct effect on audiences. It suggested that media could uniformly influence large groups by "injecting" them with targeted messages designed to trigger a desired response. This theory, which was popular in the 1940s-1950s, viewed audiences as powerless against media messages that could allegedly cause instant reactions without hesitation. While influential at the time, the theory is now criticized for ignoring audience interpretation and agency.
Representation
Representation refers to the construction of aspects of reality such as people, places, events, and identities through various media like speech, writing, pictures, and video. It involves both how these identities are portrayed in media texts and how they are constructed in the processes of media production and reception by people with different demographic backgrounds and perspectives. Consider how men and women view images of each other through "the gaze."
Presentation
This document provides an overview of gatekeeping theory and the hypodermic needle theory. It defines gatekeeping theory as the process by which information passes through various "gates" or gatekeepers on its way to the audience. It traces the history and development of gatekeeping theory from Lewin to Shoemaker. It also discusses cases of gatekeeping in journalism, marketing, and at the individual level. The document then defines the hypodermic needle theory as the idea that media messages have a direct influence on audiences. It discusses the history and limitations of this theory, and provides cases like The War of the Worlds radio broadcast. Finally, it considers how these theories apply in modern social media, where audiences can now interact with media
Media effects
The document discusses several theories of media effects:
- Hypodermic needle theory sees audiences as passive and unable to resist media messages.
- Uses and gratifications theory sees audiences as active and making deliberate choices in their media interactions. It identifies four uses: surveillance, diversion, personal identity, and personal relationships.
- Cultivation theory argues that media messages have long-term effects by repetition and influence audiences' views over time.
- Reception theory focuses on how audiences interpret and make their own meanings from media texts, seeing audiences as active rather than passive.
The hypodermic needle theory
The Hypodermic Needle Theory suggests that mass media in the 1940s-1950s had a direct and powerful influence on audience behavior. It viewed audiences as passive receivers who were immediately influenced by whatever media messages were "injected" into them. However, the theory is now considered outdated and invalid because audiences are not simply passive - people consume media selectively and can resist or reject messages. Modern audiences are also more media literate and aware of how institutions operate due to technological changes.
Spiral of silence
The document discusses Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's spiral of silence theory of communication. The theory proposes that individuals are less likely to express opinions they believe are in the minority due to fear of isolation. It also suggests that the media can influence which opinions are perceived as majority or minority views. The document outlines the key assumptions, factors, and examples of the theory, as well as its strengths in explaining how public opinion may change over time, especially on controversial issues.
Spiral of Silence
This document provides an overview of Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's Spiral of Silence theory. The theory posits that people are less likely to express minority views due to fear of isolation. It suggests the media plays a role in shaping public opinion and silencing minority views. However, committed activists or "hard cores" can shift public opinion over time by sustained advocacy. The document outlines the key concepts of the theory including the role of the media and assessments of public opinion.
Two step flow of communication
The document discusses the two-step flow model of communication, which hypothesizes that ideas from mass media flow first to opinion leaders and then from opinion leaders to the wider population. It was first introduced in 1944 and elaborates that most people are influenced indirectly through opinion leaders who are exposed to media messages and interpret them based on their own opinions before spreading them to others. Opinion leaders tend to be similar demographically or socially to those they influence. The two-step model provides an explanation for why some media campaigns do not change attitudes at a wide scale.
Spiral of silence tip
The document summarizes the Spiral of Silence theory proposed by Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann. The theory suggests that individuals have a fear of isolation from society that causes them to remain silent about minority opinions on controversial issues. This silence can lead minority views to gradually diminish as media focuses on majority views. The theory is based on assumptions that individuals try to assess public opinion and conform their behavior accordingly. While heuristic, the theory has also received some criticisms around its logical consistency and ability to explain all behaviors.
Audience Theory
The document summarizes several audience theory models:
1) The Hypodermic-Syringe Model suggests audiences respond uniformly to media messages, but it has been criticized as outdated.
2) The Two-Step Flow Model proposes ideas spread from media to opinion leaders then the wider audience. Research shows this occurs on Twitter.
3) Uses and Gratifications Theory holds that audiences actively select media to fulfill needs like entertainment, social interaction, and education.
4) The Nationwide Project identified three types of audience readings: dominant, negotiated, and oppositional.
Audience theory hypodermic
The Hypodermic Needle Theory assumes that audiences passively accept media messages without questioning. It suggests the media can directly "inject" ideas into people's minds to produce a desired response. The theory views audiences as passive recipients of one-sided media content. It has been widely criticized for lacking evidence and being an outdated view of human nature from the 1930s, when people had fewer media sources and may have been less skeptical than modern audiences who can access multiple perspectives.
The future of media research
Two thousand communications satellites circle the globe providing instant worldwide telephone, audio, video, and internet access. Several government agencies are working to regulate this telecommunications revolution as multinational corporations increasingly replace state ownership. New technologies are introducing changes in how media is structured, used, and conceptualized for the 21st century as mass communication theory gives way to media theory.
Why we have film trailers #
Film trailers are short video sequences lasting 2-4 minutes that are released months before a film to entice audiences to watch the film. Trailers consist of selected exciting or noteworthy shots from the film edited together without spoiling the overall plot. Their purpose is to attract audiences and they are distributed widely on media like YouTube. The first film trailer was created in 1913 by Loews Cinemas to promote a film called "The Pleasure Seekers" and played before films, setting the standard practice still used today of previewing trailers before movies.
Ideas generation
MI5 agents have been tasked with investigating strange behavior by the President. They must uncover the secret behind his actions. The idea proposes scenes taking place at the President's house/White House involving MI5 agents, the President, his security detail, and includes props like guns and an American flag. Production may be challenging due to the large cast and difficulty obtaining locations and props. The target audience is primarily middle-aged and teen males who tend to enjoy action movies.
Film funding in the uk
Creative Skillset, BFI, and Film4 are three major sources of funding for independent films in the UK. Creative Skillset offers bursaries up to £800-£5,000 for craft training and international scholarships. The BFI is the largest public film fund in the UK, spending £26M annually which will increase to £30M by 2017. Applicants must have a producer and appeal to a wide audience. Film4 invests £15M per year in films that receive theatrical releases and television premieres on Channel 4. Other potential sources include charities that support issues addressed in films and crowd-funding campaigns.
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Hypodermic needle
The document discusses the hypodermic needle theory of mass communication, which suggests that media messages are directly injected into passive audiences, immediately influencing them. It notes that this theory from the 1930s is now considered outdated. The two-step flow model is presented as an alternative, in which opinion leaders influence the public rather than direct media effects. Lasswell's communication formula is also described as analyzing the basic questions of who communicates what through which channel to whom with what effect.
Magic bullet theory (assignment based)
This theory is based on media's direct effect on Pakistani society. It is an assignment based presentation.
Hypodermic needle model
The hypodermic needle model is a communications model from the 1930s that suggests audiences passively receive information transmitted through media without processing or challenging it. The model holds that an intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver. It suggests audiences are manipulated by media creators and their behavior and thinking can be easily changed. The model considers audiences to be passive and homogeneous.
Hypodermic Needle Theory
The hypodermic needle theory emerged in the 1940s-1950s and suggested that mass media had a powerful and direct effect on audiences, "injecting" them with messages that would trigger a desired response. Several factors contributed to this view, including the rise of radio and TV, advertising and propaganda industries, and studies of media influence on children. The theory saw audiences as passive receivers with no ability to resist media messages. An example was a 1938 radio dramatization of War of the Worlds that some listeners mistakenly believed was real news of a Martian invasion. While the theory provided large datasets, it is now seen as too simplistic since audiences interpret media differently and are more sophisticated than assumed.
Audience research
The hypodermic needle model suggests that media messages are directly injected into passive audiences, immediately influencing them without their ability to resist. This theory was exemplified by the 1938 War of the Worlds radio broadcast causing a wave of panic. The uses and gratifications model counters this by focusing on how audiences actively use media to fulfill cognitive needs for knowledge, affective needs for emotions, personal integrative needs for self-esteem, social integrative needs for social interaction, and tension-free needs for escapism.
Theories
The document summarizes several media theories:
- Auteur Theory asserts that the director is the "author" of a film and their creative vision shapes the film. It looks at three components: technical competence, personality, and interior meaning.
- Reception Theory holds that media messages can be decoded differently by audiences - as the dominant, negotiated, or oppositional reader.
- The Hypodermic Needle Model views media as having the power to influence and control audiences like a hypodermic needle. However, this ignores that audiences do not always passively receive messages.
- The Male Gaze portrays and looks at women in a way that empowers men while sexualizing and diminishing women.
Hypodermic needle theory
It talks about the media and effects. it explains how the western scholars tested the media effects and theorized the concepts
Theories on mass communication
The "Hypodermic theory" assumed that mass media had a powerful and direct effect on audiences. It suggested that media could uniformly influence large groups by "injecting" them with targeted messages designed to trigger a desired response. This theory, which was popular in the 1940s-1950s, viewed audiences as powerless against media messages that could allegedly cause instant reactions without hesitation. While influential at the time, the theory is now criticized for ignoring audience interpretation and agency.
Representation
Representation refers to the construction of aspects of reality such as people, places, events, and identities through various media like speech, writing, pictures, and video. It involves both how these identities are portrayed in media texts and how they are constructed in the processes of media production and reception by people with different demographic backgrounds and perspectives. Consider how men and women view images of each other through "the gaze."
Presentation
This document provides an overview of gatekeeping theory and the hypodermic needle theory. It defines gatekeeping theory as the process by which information passes through various "gates" or gatekeepers on its way to the audience. It traces the history and development of gatekeeping theory from Lewin to Shoemaker. It also discusses cases of gatekeeping in journalism, marketing, and at the individual level. The document then defines the hypodermic needle theory as the idea that media messages have a direct influence on audiences. It discusses the history and limitations of this theory, and provides cases like The War of the Worlds radio broadcast. Finally, it considers how these theories apply in modern social media, where audiences can now interact with media
Media effects
The document discusses several theories of media effects:
- Hypodermic needle theory sees audiences as passive and unable to resist media messages.
- Uses and gratifications theory sees audiences as active and making deliberate choices in their media interactions. It identifies four uses: surveillance, diversion, personal identity, and personal relationships.
- Cultivation theory argues that media messages have long-term effects by repetition and influence audiences' views over time.
- Reception theory focuses on how audiences interpret and make their own meanings from media texts, seeing audiences as active rather than passive.
The hypodermic needle theory
The Hypodermic Needle Theory suggests that mass media in the 1940s-1950s had a direct and powerful influence on audience behavior. It viewed audiences as passive receivers who were immediately influenced by whatever media messages were "injected" into them. However, the theory is now considered outdated and invalid because audiences are not simply passive - people consume media selectively and can resist or reject messages. Modern audiences are also more media literate and aware of how institutions operate due to technological changes.
Spiral of silence
The document discusses Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's spiral of silence theory of communication. The theory proposes that individuals are less likely to express opinions they believe are in the minority due to fear of isolation. It also suggests that the media can influence which opinions are perceived as majority or minority views. The document outlines the key assumptions, factors, and examples of the theory, as well as its strengths in explaining how public opinion may change over time, especially on controversial issues.
Spiral of Silence
This document provides an overview of Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's Spiral of Silence theory. The theory posits that people are less likely to express minority views due to fear of isolation. It suggests the media plays a role in shaping public opinion and silencing minority views. However, committed activists or "hard cores" can shift public opinion over time by sustained advocacy. The document outlines the key concepts of the theory including the role of the media and assessments of public opinion.
Two step flow of communication
The document discusses the two-step flow model of communication, which hypothesizes that ideas from mass media flow first to opinion leaders and then from opinion leaders to the wider population. It was first introduced in 1944 and elaborates that most people are influenced indirectly through opinion leaders who are exposed to media messages and interpret them based on their own opinions before spreading them to others. Opinion leaders tend to be similar demographically or socially to those they influence. The two-step model provides an explanation for why some media campaigns do not change attitudes at a wide scale.
Spiral of silence tip
The document summarizes the Spiral of Silence theory proposed by Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann. The theory suggests that individuals have a fear of isolation from society that causes them to remain silent about minority opinions on controversial issues. This silence can lead minority views to gradually diminish as media focuses on majority views. The theory is based on assumptions that individuals try to assess public opinion and conform their behavior accordingly. While heuristic, the theory has also received some criticisms around its logical consistency and ability to explain all behaviors.
Audience Theory
The document summarizes several audience theory models:
1) The Hypodermic-Syringe Model suggests audiences respond uniformly to media messages, but it has been criticized as outdated.
2) The Two-Step Flow Model proposes ideas spread from media to opinion leaders then the wider audience. Research shows this occurs on Twitter.
3) Uses and Gratifications Theory holds that audiences actively select media to fulfill needs like entertainment, social interaction, and education.
4) The Nationwide Project identified three types of audience readings: dominant, negotiated, and oppositional.
Audience theory hypodermic
The Hypodermic Needle Theory assumes that audiences passively accept media messages without questioning. It suggests the media can directly "inject" ideas into people's minds to produce a desired response. The theory views audiences as passive recipients of one-sided media content. It has been widely criticized for lacking evidence and being an outdated view of human nature from the 1930s, when people had fewer media sources and may have been less skeptical than modern audiences who can access multiple perspectives.
The future of media research
Two thousand communications satellites circle the globe providing instant worldwide telephone, audio, video, and internet access. Several government agencies are working to regulate this telecommunications revolution as multinational corporations increasingly replace state ownership. New technologies are introducing changes in how media is structured, used, and conceptualized for the 21st century as mass communication theory gives way to media theory.
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Why we have film trailers #
Film trailers are short video sequences lasting 2-4 minutes that are released months before a film to entice audiences to watch the film. Trailers consist of selected exciting or noteworthy shots from the film edited together without spoiling the overall plot. Their purpose is to attract audiences and they are distributed widely on media like YouTube. The first film trailer was created in 1913 by Loews Cinemas to promote a film called "The Pleasure Seekers" and played before films, setting the standard practice still used today of previewing trailers before movies.
Ideas generation
MI5 agents have been tasked with investigating strange behavior by the President. They must uncover the secret behind his actions. The idea proposes scenes taking place at the President's house/White House involving MI5 agents, the President, his security detail, and includes props like guns and an American flag. Production may be challenging due to the large cast and difficulty obtaining locations and props. The target audience is primarily middle-aged and teen males who tend to enjoy action movies.
Film funding in the uk
Creative Skillset, BFI, and Film4 are three major sources of funding for independent films in the UK. Creative Skillset offers bursaries up to £800-£5,000 for craft training and international scholarships. The BFI is the largest public film fund in the UK, spending £26M annually which will increase to £30M by 2017. Applicants must have a producer and appeal to a wide audience. Film4 invests £15M per year in films that receive theatrical releases and television premieres on Channel 4. Other potential sources include charities that support issues addressed in films and crowd-funding campaigns.
Institutional research
The document analyzes thriller films released in 2015 using data from Box Office Mojo. It finds that 459 out of 689 total films released were thrillers, totaling $9.95 billion in profits. The most successful thriller was Jurassic World, released in June 2015 and making $652.27 million. The top 5 thrillers of 2015 also included Star Wars: The Force Awakens and Avengers: Age of Ultron. All 3 of these films were rated 12A and targeted male audiences with action/adventure genres. The research shows key aspects of successful thrillers include mysteries, sci-fi/fantasy elements, and appealing to male viewers.
Why do have film trailers #
Film trailers are short video sequences lasting 2-4 minutes that are released months before a film to entice audiences to watch the film. Trailers consist of selected exciting or noteworthy shots from the film edited together without spoiling the overall plot. Their purpose is to attract audiences and they are distributed widely on media like YouTube. The first film trailer was created in 1913 by Loews Cinemas to promote a film called "The Pleasure Seekers" and played before films, setting the standard practice still used today of previewing trailers before movies.
Audience profile
This document profiles the target audience for a psychological thriller film being made by Blake Garner and Ben Higgins. It notes that typical psychological thrillers are rated 18+ due to disturbing violence and psychological issues. However, their film aims for a 15+ rating for males and females interested in thrillers by avoiding explicit violence, psychological problems, or sexual content in the opening sequence. It provides examples of similar rated films like "Vacancy," "Memento," and "Fatal Attraction."
Risk assessment
The document outlines location risks and solutions for four filming locations: a school drama studio with wires on the floor can be addressed by taping wires and warning others; filming in a street alley when fewer people are around reduces public risk; clearing objects from the floor mitigates tripping in a house location; and filming beside a road when less busy and ensuring awareness of moving vehicles and public minimizes risks.
My audience profile
The document discusses the target audience for a film trailer. The author has rated the trailer as 12A, meaning it is suitable for those aged 12 and over, though those under 12 can watch with an adult. This rating was chosen as the trailer will be similar to the film "Taken", which was rated 13. The intended audience is teens and young adults, but the trailer is suitable for all ages 12 and above.
Trailer storyline idea
The document outlines scenes for a trailer about an assassin known as "The Unknown One" who is murdering people without knowing who he is or why. In the first scene, one man is found dead in a bathroom with a shadowy figure at the window. The second scene shows the assassin running away covered in blood as the movie title appears. Subsequent scenes will show the assassin picking other victims and killing them. The trailer ends by revealing that the assassin is working for another person who pays him for his murders.
Audiences theories #
This document discusses audiences for media texts and different audience theories. It defines an audience as people who consume media, and identifies three types of audiences: mass, niche, and individual. The document then outlines several theories about how audiences receive and interpret media messages, including hypodermic needle theory, cultivation theory, two-step flow theory, and reception theory.
Idea developing and name ideas
The document discusses the development of ideas and name ideas for a film trailer. It begins with the idea of a killer with a hidden identity, generating potential names like "The Unknown Identity" and "The Silent Killer". After considering other research-inspired ideas, like a theft-centered storyline inspired by the film "Taken", more names are suggested relating to stealing, such as "Stolen" and "Embezzled". As the theft idea evolves into the object being a key that could rule the world or destroy it, more dramatic names are brainstormed like "The World's Dynamite" and "The Key to Power". In the end, the document shares multiple name ideas are being considered as planning continues.
Institutional research #
The document summarizes research conducted on the action film genre. It finds that on average 5 action films are released per month, showing the genre's popularity. Some of the most profitable films of all time are action films, like Lord of the Rings and Star Wars, demonstrating the financial success potential. A survey found most male respondents enjoyed action films compared to just one female, indicating the genre targets male audiences. The conclusion is that action films are major and popular due to their numbers and successes, and uniqueness is needed for new action films to stand out.
Film marketing research #
Film marketing is important because films are expensive to produce and need to earn money back at the box office. Marketing techniques introduce the film to the public and encourage them to see it, like constructing press junkets with interviews of key personnel. There are traditional marketing methods like trailers, posters and interviews as well as newer social media techniques. Trailers are especially important as the first footage the public sees of a film and can influence whether people decide to watch it and earn the studio profit.
Film studio research #
Universal Pictures is a Hollywood film studio founded in 1912 that is owned by Comcast. It produces films across many genres, including action, sci-fi, and comedy. Some of its biggest box office successes were Jurassic World (2015) with $1.67 billion and Fast and Furious 7 (2015) with $1.52 billion. Walt Disney Pictures was founded in 1923 and is owned by The Walt Disney Company. It is known for films aimed at younger audiences across various genres. Some of its highest-grossing films were Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) with $1.07 billion and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005
SEMANA VERDE
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Media Theorists
Uses and Gratification theory proposes that people actively seek out specific media to satisfy certain needs. It was originally introduced by Lasswell in 1948 and further developed by Katz, Blumler and Gurevitch in the 1970s to include components like an active audience and audience-initiated media choices. The Hypodermic Needle Model viewed audiences as passive and unable to resist media messages that were directly "injected" into their minds. The 2 Step Flow Model suggests ideas spread from mass media to opinion leaders and then to the wider population, so media effects are indirect through personal influence. Semiotics, pioneered by Saussure, studies signs and their meanings, focusing on the signifier/signified relationship and
Evolution of Communication Theories.pptx
In this presentation we will learn ‘’ Evolution of Communication Theories’’ Before starting this we are discussing about basic communication and communication theories.
Communication: Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another.
Communication theories: Communication theory is a proposed description of communication phenomena, the relationships among them, a storyline describing these relationships, and an argument for these three elements. Communication theory provides a way of talking about and analyzing key events, processes, and commitments that together form communication
Audience theorists
This document summarizes several audience and media theories:
- Uses and Gratifications Theory examines how audiences actively seek media to fulfill needs like diversion, information, or social interaction.
- Jeremy Tunstall identified primary, secondary, and tertiary modes of audience engagement with media based on level of attention and multi-tasking.
- David Gauntlett discussed how media students are both producers and consumers ("prosumers") and challenged definitions of audiences and producers.
- Several theorists addressed moral panics about media effects, including Stanley Cohen, George Gerbner, and Martin Barker challenging assumptions of negative effects.
Active audience
The document discusses the theory of the active audience, which posits that audiences play an active role in interpreting media messages rather than passively accepting them. It outlines the development of this theory over time, from early models that viewed audiences as passive to Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model and other research emphasizing that audiences filter messages through their own experiences and can negotiate or oppose the dominant meanings. The document also discusses criticisms of and ongoing questions around the active audience theory.
Audience theory
The document discusses theories of audience from the 1920s to present. It covers:
- The Frankfurt School's "effects model" viewed audiences as passive receivers of media messages.
- The two-step flow theory found opinion leaders influence others by interpreting media for them.
- Uses and gratifications theory proposes individuals actively consume media to fulfill purposes like diversion, social interaction, identity, and information gathering.
- Later theories recognize audiences can have dominant, negotiated, or oppositional readings of media influenced by their own perspectives.
Eras of mass communication theories
This document outlines the major eras in the development of mass communication theory from the early 20th century to present. It describes: 1) The Era of Mass Society Theory from 1945-1975, which viewed media as corrupting influences. 2) The Era of Limited Effects Theory from 1945-1975, which included theories of selective exposure, reinforcement, uses and gratifications, and agenda setting. 3) The Era of Cultural Theory from 1975-present, which includes theories of symbolic interactionism, social construction of reality, and cultivation analysis viewing media's role in constructing social reality.
Media audiences
1) Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that people must have their basic physiological and safety needs met before pursuing higher needs like belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Early media theories viewed audiences as passive and easily influenced.
2) The hypodermic syringe model saw audiences as passive receivers of media messages. Cultivation theory also viewed audiences passively, suggesting repeated exposure shapes attitudes.
3) Later, more active audience theories emerged. Two-step flow theory and uses and gratifications propose audiences actively select media to fulfill needs, not passively accept messages. Reception analysis adds that personal experiences shape how media is interpreted.
Audience theory
This document discusses several theories of how audiences interact with and interpret media. It outlines the hypodermic syringe theory from the 1920s-1930s which viewed audiences as passive receivers of media messages. The 2-step flow theory from the 1940s-1950s proposed that opinion leaders first receive information from media and then pass it along to others. Uses and gratifications theory from the 1960s recognized that audiences actively seek out media to fulfill certain needs like diversion, relationships, identity and surveillance. Later theories like David Morley's in the 1980s suggested audiences can have dominant, negotiated or oppositional readings of media texts.
Reception Theory
This document discusses the history and development of reception theory. It covers early uses of reception theory from the 1970s-1990s to analyze media content, the expansion of the theory beyond text to include semiotics and the understanding that environmental context influences reception. More recent developments mentioned include incorporating neuroscience findings and how reception models have been used to understand celebrity reception. The meaning derived from media depends on the relationship between the text and the reader's own background and experiences.
Reception Theory
This document discusses the history and development of reception theory. It covers early uses of reception theory from the 1970s-1990s to analyze media content, the expansion of the theory beyond text to include semiotics and the understanding that environmental context influences reception. More recent developments mentioned include incorporating neuroscience findings and how reception models have been used to understand celebrity reception. The meaning derived from media depends on the relationship between the text and the reader's own background and experiences.
Audience
This document discusses several theories of how audiences interact with and are influenced by media texts:
1. The Hypodermic Needle Model (1920s) viewed audiences as passive receivers, influenced directly by media messages without question.
2. The Two Step Flow theory (1940s) found influence comes indirectly through opinion leaders who filter messages to their social groups.
3. Uses and Gratifications theory (1960s onward) sees audiences as active, using media to fulfill personal needs like diversion, social interaction, identity.
4. Reception Theory (1980s-90s) expanded on active audiences, finding meaning depends on individual viewer's context like gender, class, ethnicity. Produc
Audience
This document discusses several theories of how audiences interact with and are influenced by media texts:
1. The Hypodermic Needle Model (1920s) viewed audiences as passive receivers, influenced directly by media messages without question.
2. The Two Step Flow theory (1940s) found influence comes indirectly through opinion leaders who filter messages to their social groups.
3. Uses and Gratifications theory (1960s onward) sees audiences as active, using media to fulfill personal needs like diversion, social interaction, identity.
4. Reception Theory (1980s-90s) expanded on active audiences, finding meaning depends on individual viewer's context like gender, class, ethnicity. Produc
Four eras of communication (2)
This document discusses the four eras of mass communication theories:
1) Era of mass society theory from 1850-1940 where new media was seen as disruptive.
2) Era of scientific perspective from 1940-1950 where Lazarsfeld conducted experiments showing media had limited effects.
3) Era of limited effects from 1950-1960s where research supported this perspective.
4) Era of cultural criticism from 1960-1980s where European theorists argued media enabled elites to maintain power. Theories discussed in each era include propaganda theory, limited effects theory, agenda setting theory, and cultivation theory.
Audience
An audience is a group of people that consume media texts. Media texts are created with an intended audience in mind. Audiences can be categorized by their demographics and psychographics.
Early audience theory, like the hypodermic needle model from the 1920s, suggested audiences passively accept media messages. However, the two-step flow theory proposed information spreads from media to opinion leaders to their associates, mediated by social influence. Later, uses and gratifications theory found individuals actively seek different functions from media, like diversion, relationships, identity, and information. Reception theory also noted interpretation depends on individual characteristics.
Audience theories
The three views of audiences according to Stuart Hall are:
1. The reflective view - The audience passively accepts the preferred meaning encoded by the media producer.
2. The intentional view - The media producer encodes the meaning into the media text and the audience decodes it as intended.
3. The constructionist view - The audience plays an active role in determining the meaning. The audience does not just accept the preferred meaning but can negotiate or oppose the meaning based on their own experiences and point of view.
Section A: Passive Audience Theory
This document provides an overview of audience theory, including both "effects" models that consider how media impacts audiences, and different types of audience members (passive vs. active). It discusses the "preferred reading" theory, where media producers promote a particular interpretation that most audiences accept. The cultural effects model is explained, viewing audiences as passive recipients of ideological messages from media owners that gradually influence society over time. Key theories covered include the hypodermic syringe model, two-step flow, uses and gratifications, and cultivation theory.
Preliminary Tasks Planning - Mrs. Turner
This document provides an overview of audience theory, including both "effects" models that consider how media impacts audiences, and different types of audience members (passive vs. active). It discusses the "preferred reading" theory, where media producers promote a particular interpretation that most audiences accept. The cultural effects model is explained, seeing audiences as passive recipients of ideological messages from media owners over long periods, gradually influencing societal norms and values. Key theories covered include the hypodermic syringe model of direct media effects and cultivation theory involving television's influence through repeated messages like promoting a "mean world."
Audience
The document discusses audience theory and how audiences interact with media texts. It describes several models of audience theory:
1) The hypodermic needle model from the 1920s which suggests audiences passively accept media messages.
2) The two-step flow model which challenges the hypodermic needle model by suggesting information flows from media to opinion leaders and then to other groups.
3) Uses and gratification theory which says individuals use media actively to fulfill different needs like diversion, social interaction, identity, and information.
4) Reception theory looks at how audiences interpret media texts based on their demographics and psychographics.
Audience
The document discusses audience theory and how audiences interact with media texts. It describes several models of audience theory:
1) The hypodermic needle model from the 1920s which suggests audiences passively accept media messages.
2) The two-step flow model which proposes information flows from media to opinion leaders and then to less active groups.
3) Uses and gratification theory which says individuals use media actively to fulfill different needs like diversion, relationships, identity and surveillance.
4) Reception theory looks at how audiences interpret media based on their demographics and psychographics.
The document also discusses how the hypodermic needle model relates to genres like horror but that it is an oversimplification
Audience Theorists
This document summarizes several theories related to audience engagement with media:
- Jeremy Tunstall describes primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of audience engagement with different media.
- Uses and Gratifications Theory explains how audiences seek different gratifications and pleasures from media.
- Katz and Lazarsfeld's Two-Step Flow Theory describes how opinions are formed through opinion leaders.
- Adorno's theory of passive consumption and the hypodermic needle model view audiences as being directly influenced by media messages.
- David Gauntlett's concept of the prosumer discusses how audiences can become producers through activities like creating YouTube videos.
- Stuart Hall's theory of dominant, negotiated, and oppositional readings examines how
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This document discusses inspirations for movie posters from three films - Star Trek, Taken 2, and Skyfall. The Star Trek poster inspired using a close-up of a person to look mysterious with dark colors. Taken 2 influenced using dark colors and shadows to add depth and intrigue. The iconic shot from every James Bond film of him pointing a gun at the camera was recreated to grab attention and indicate an action genre.
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Audiences theories
- 2. AUDIENCE AN AUDIENCE IS PEOPLE WHO READ ANY MEDIA TEXT. IT PLAYS A BIG PART WITHIN THE MEDIA BECAUSE ALL MEDIA TEXTS ARE PRODUCED WITH AN AUDIENCE IN MIND.
- 3. TYPES OF AUDIENCE ANY INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO RECEIVE AND CONSUME ANY FORM OF MEDIA TEXT ARE PART OF A SELECTED AUDIENCE THERE ARE THREE OF THESE WITH ARE: 1. MASS AUDIENCE - GROUP CONSUMING MEDIA E.G. COMMERCIAL TV PROGRAMMES. 2. NICHE AUDIENCE - PEOPLE WITH UNIQUE INTEREST. 3. INDIVIDUAL AUDIENCE – PARTICULAR PEOPLES INTERESTS.
- 4. AUDIENCE THEORIES THERE ARE MANY AUDIENCE THEORIES BEHIND THE CONSUMING OF MEDIA THESE ARE: HYPODERMIC NEEDLE THEORY CULTIVATION THEORY TWO STEP FLOW THEORY RECEPTION THEORY
- 5. HYPODERMIC NEEDLE THEORY THE HYPODERMIC NEEDLE MODEL (ALSO KNOWN AS THE HYPODERMIC-SYRINGE MODEL, TRANSMISSION-BELT MODEL, OR MAGIC BULLET THEORY) IS A MODEL OF COMMUNICATIONS SUGGESTING THAT AN INTENDED MESSAGE IS DIRECTLY RECEIVED AND WHOLLY ACCEPTED BY THE RECEIVER.
- 6. CULTIVATION THEORY CULTIVATION THEORY EXAMINES THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF TELEVISION. "THE PRIMARY PROPOSITION OF CULTIVATION THEORY STATES THAT THE MORE TIME PEOPLE SPEND 'LIVING' IN THE TELEVISION WORLD, THE MORE LIKELY THEY ARE TO BELIEVE SOCIAL REALITY PORTRAYED ON TELEVISION.“
- 7. TWO STEP FLOW THEORY THE TWO-STEP FLOW OF COMMUNICATION MODEL HYPOTHESIZES THAT IDEAS FLOW FROM MASS MEDIA TO OPINION LEADERS, AND FROM THEM TO A WIDER POPULATION. IT WAS FIRST INTRODUCED BY SOCIOLOGIST PAUL LAZARSFELD ET AL. IN 1944 AND ELABORATED BY ELIHU KATZ AND LAZARSFELD IN 1955 AND SUBSEQUENT PUBLICATIONS
- 8. RECEPTION THEORY RECEPTION THEORY IS A VERSION OF READER RESPONSE LITERARY THEORY THAT EMPHASIZES EACH PARTICULAR READER'S RECEPTION OR INTERPRETATION IN MAKING MEANING FROM A LITERARY TEXT. RECEPTION THEORY IS GENERALLY REFERRED TO AS AUDIENCE RECEPTION IN THE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATIONS MODELS.
- 9. USES AND GRATIFICATIONS USES AND GRATIFICATIONS THEORY IS AN APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING WHY AND HOW PEOPLE ACTIVELY SEEK OUT SPECIFIC MEDIA TO SATISFY SPECIFIC NEEDS. UGT IS AN AUDIENCE- CENTERED APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING MASS COMMUNICATION.