This document provides an overview of sustainable pecan production. It discusses the differences between native pecan groves and varietal orchards. Native groves are established from existing bottomland forests, while orchards use planted varieties. Management varies, with native groves requiring lower inputs due to inherently low yields. The document recommends using legumes as a nitrogen source to reduce fertilizer needs and provide habitat for beneficial insects. It also discusses organic and least-toxic pest control methods as part of an integrated approach to sustainable pecan farming.
The document provides information on sustainable pecan production, including both native pecan groves and varietal pecan orchards. It discusses pecan culture techniques that emphasize sustainable methods such as non-chemical weed control, orchard floor vegetation management using legumes, and organic and least-toxic pest control options. Management of native pecan groves aims to be low-input through practices like using legumes for nitrogen and avoiding unnecessary pesticide and fertilizer applications. Pecan production can also involve agroforestry practices like livestock grazing.
The Pecan Tree: How to Plant It, How to Grow It, How to Buy It; by Herbert Ch...FalXda
The document provides instructions for planting and cultivating pecan trees. It recommends transplanting trees from a nursery rather than planting nuts, as transplanting leads to higher survival rates. Trees can be planted in the fall or winter when dormant. Spacing trees 30-50 feet apart is suggested. Care of the trees upon arrival and proper planting techniques to ensure high survival rates are also outlined.
The document summarizes a study on collecting seeds for a bottomland hardwood reforestation project on state land in Wisconsin. Seeds of swamp white oak and hackberry were collected locally at a lower cost than purchasing seeds. A total of $533 was spent on fuel and labor for seed collection. While seed collection has benefits like promoting genetic adaptability, purchasing seeds can be similarly priced and introduces more genetic variation. Better seed collection methods could increase efficiency and lower costs.
This document summarizes information about growing improved varieties of pawpaws in Virginia. It discusses the history and botany of pawpaws, provides details on cultivation requirements including orchard layout, fertilization, pruning and pest management. Varietal information is presented on several promising new cultivars from a breeding program. Marketing approaches are outlined, including pricing, consumer education and potential market outlets. Research needs and development opportunities are also summarized to support future growth of the pawpaw industry.
Organic Pumpkin and Winter Squash Marketing and ProductionElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of organic production and marketing of pumpkins and winter squash. It discusses the taxonomy and varieties of different pumpkin and squash species, including those commonly used for culinary purposes, ornamental purposes, and commercial canning. The document covers production topics like planting, soil management, weed control, and pest management, as well as post-harvest handling and marketing considerations for different varieties.
Switchgrass is a native, warm-season perennial grass that can be used as a bioenergy crop. It is well-suited to grow in the central North American tallgrass prairie region. Switchgrass produces high yields of biomass with high cellulosic content, making it a candidate for ethanol production or direct combustion. The publication discusses varieties adapted to different regions, establishment through seeding or planting, and management through the years. Switchgrass is harvested once annually to obtain yields of 1 to 16 tons per acre.
This document discusses how high density planting (HDP) can help double farmer's income in India. It notes that traditionally, banana farms plant 2000-4000 plants per hectare, but with HDP, 4000-6000 plants can be accommodated per hectare. HDP increases banana yields from 40-60 tons per hectare traditionally to 80-120 tons per hectare. HDP reduces labor costs and allows for mechanization, improving farm efficiency and profits. While lack of dwarf varieties and disease incidence pose limitations, case studies show that HDP can increase net returns over traditional methods from Rs. 135,000 to Rs. 413,333 per hectare for banana farmers.
Organic High Tunnel Bramble Production and Vegetable Interplantingcegundacker
This document provides an overview of organic high tunnel bramble and vegetable production. It discusses Scenic Valley Farms' high tunnel designs and crop management practices. Key points include their use of high tunnels for producing blackberries, raspberries, tomatoes, and other crops. Details are provided on soil preparation, irrigation, trellising, pruning, winterization, and intercropping strategies. Harvest yields, market potential, and estimated revenues from high tunnel crops are also summarized.
The document provides information on sustainable pecan production, including both native pecan groves and varietal pecan orchards. It discusses pecan culture techniques that emphasize sustainable methods such as non-chemical weed control, orchard floor vegetation management using legumes, and organic and least-toxic pest control options. Management of native pecan groves aims to be low-input through practices like using legumes for nitrogen and avoiding unnecessary pesticide and fertilizer applications. Pecan production can also involve agroforestry practices like livestock grazing.
The Pecan Tree: How to Plant It, How to Grow It, How to Buy It; by Herbert Ch...FalXda
The document provides instructions for planting and cultivating pecan trees. It recommends transplanting trees from a nursery rather than planting nuts, as transplanting leads to higher survival rates. Trees can be planted in the fall or winter when dormant. Spacing trees 30-50 feet apart is suggested. Care of the trees upon arrival and proper planting techniques to ensure high survival rates are also outlined.
The document summarizes a study on collecting seeds for a bottomland hardwood reforestation project on state land in Wisconsin. Seeds of swamp white oak and hackberry were collected locally at a lower cost than purchasing seeds. A total of $533 was spent on fuel and labor for seed collection. While seed collection has benefits like promoting genetic adaptability, purchasing seeds can be similarly priced and introduces more genetic variation. Better seed collection methods could increase efficiency and lower costs.
This document summarizes information about growing improved varieties of pawpaws in Virginia. It discusses the history and botany of pawpaws, provides details on cultivation requirements including orchard layout, fertilization, pruning and pest management. Varietal information is presented on several promising new cultivars from a breeding program. Marketing approaches are outlined, including pricing, consumer education and potential market outlets. Research needs and development opportunities are also summarized to support future growth of the pawpaw industry.
Organic Pumpkin and Winter Squash Marketing and ProductionElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of organic production and marketing of pumpkins and winter squash. It discusses the taxonomy and varieties of different pumpkin and squash species, including those commonly used for culinary purposes, ornamental purposes, and commercial canning. The document covers production topics like planting, soil management, weed control, and pest management, as well as post-harvest handling and marketing considerations for different varieties.
Switchgrass is a native, warm-season perennial grass that can be used as a bioenergy crop. It is well-suited to grow in the central North American tallgrass prairie region. Switchgrass produces high yields of biomass with high cellulosic content, making it a candidate for ethanol production or direct combustion. The publication discusses varieties adapted to different regions, establishment through seeding or planting, and management through the years. Switchgrass is harvested once annually to obtain yields of 1 to 16 tons per acre.
This document discusses how high density planting (HDP) can help double farmer's income in India. It notes that traditionally, banana farms plant 2000-4000 plants per hectare, but with HDP, 4000-6000 plants can be accommodated per hectare. HDP increases banana yields from 40-60 tons per hectare traditionally to 80-120 tons per hectare. HDP reduces labor costs and allows for mechanization, improving farm efficiency and profits. While lack of dwarf varieties and disease incidence pose limitations, case studies show that HDP can increase net returns over traditional methods from Rs. 135,000 to Rs. 413,333 per hectare for banana farmers.
Organic High Tunnel Bramble Production and Vegetable Interplantingcegundacker
This document provides an overview of organic high tunnel bramble and vegetable production. It discusses Scenic Valley Farms' high tunnel designs and crop management practices. Key points include their use of high tunnels for producing blackberries, raspberries, tomatoes, and other crops. Details are provided on soil preparation, irrigation, trellising, pruning, winterization, and intercropping strategies. Harvest yields, market potential, and estimated revenues from high tunnel crops are also summarized.
Structural diversity and nutrient recycling potentials of three selected agro...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Homegardens in Kerala mimic forest ecosystems on account of the tree components included and are agroforestry systems that integrate different agricultural crops and enterprises as per the needs and interests of the farm family. Analysis of the structural diversity and nutrient recycling potentials of three agroforestry homegardens in southern Kerala revealed multi-tier cropping patterns with cropping intensities ranging from 177.18 to 187.04%. Two of the homegardens included livestock components adding to the nutritional security of the family. Diversity indices were in the order 0.92, 1.53 and 0.86. The quantum of litter fall varied with the tree canopies and species, amounting to 473.6, 425.37 and 345.11 kg adding 7.02, 7.517 and 5.165 kg NPK annually in the three homegardens. Maximum nutrient additions were recorded for nitrogen and potassium and least for phosphorus.
Alternative cover crop seeding technologiesjbgruver
This document discusses several methods and technologies for planting cover crops. [1] Aerial seeding and high-clearance planters allow planting cover crops into standing corn and soybeans. [2] Precision seeding technologies like bio-strip till can plant cover crops in narrow rows between cash crops. [3] Innovative farmers are experimenting with new equipment and techniques for cover crop establishment after harvest. The document encourages continued innovation to improve cover crop planting opportunities.
Pawpaw - A "Tropical" Fruit for Temperate ClimatesElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of pawpaw production, including culture, pests, harvest, post-harvest handling, marketing, and research. It summarizes that pawpaws have potential for commercial development, are native to eastern North America, and thrive in zones 5-8. Major research efforts aim to identify best cultivars and management practices to support commercialization.
Designing Gardens With Native Plants Oct 2010Risa Edelstein
This document discusses how to design eco-friendly gardens by following nature's lead. It recommends eliminating chemicals and pesticides, using natural mulch and compost, planting natives to support pollinators, reducing lawns, and incorporating edibles, rain gardens and other water-saving techniques. Specific projects are highlighted that transformed yards and parks into more sustainable landscapes through habitat restoration, materials recycling, and increasing biodiversity.
Cover crops and green manures provide several key benefits to agricultural systems. They can be planted in winter or summer as cover crops or living mulches. Winter cover crops, like hairy vetch and rye, protect soil and fix nitrogen over winter in colder climates. Summer cover crops, such as cowpeas and soybeans, provide similar benefits during the summer. Cover crops improve soil organic matter, nitrogen levels, microbial activity, nutrient levels, and structure. They also enhance weed suppression, water retention, and help reduce erosion. Farmers must manage cover crops effectively to realize their benefits while avoiding limitations. Cover crops can be incorporated into crop rotations and pest management systems.
- The document discusses high tunnel strawberry production on Untiedt's Vegetable Farm over several decades. They have grown day neutral strawberries in high tunnels which allow for an extended harvest season.
- Proper site selection, soil analysis, variety selection, irrigation installation, planting, and attentive care of the crop are essential for success. Harvest must be frequent and the crop healthy to continue the season through fall.
- High tunnel strawberry production provides a unique niche crop but requires diligent management of the environment, pests, and soil to maintain healthy and profitable yields.
- The document describes the annual bed strawberry production system used by Kilpatrick Family Farm in Middle Granville, NY.
- They plant strawberry tips in September and harvest in the following spring, then till the beds under after one season. This system allows for earlier harvest and cleaner fruit compared to matted rows.
- Key aspects of their system include using plastic-covered beds, applying straw mulch, and following disease prevention practices like using row covers and spraying Regalia and Oxidate as needed.
- In 2009 they harvested over 2800 pounds from 0.12 acres, grossing $13,300, equivalent to over $100,000 per acre.
Mississippi establishing a backyard wildlife habitatSotirakou964
The document provides information on creating a backyard wildlife habitat, including the three basic needs of wildlife - food, water, and shelter/reproductive areas. It discusses designing plantings and other landscape features to meet these needs and attract different types of wildlife, particularly birds. Specific plant recommendations are provided that offer food sources for birds at different times of year. The document also covers creating water sources, nesting areas, and tips for attracting purple martins.
Mike Korb, PA DEP, “Mine Reclamation and Monarch Butterfly Habitat”Michael Hewitt, GISP
Monarch butterflies are declining due to loss of their host plant, milkweed. Changes in agriculture like increased use of herbicides and conversion of land to crops have reduced milkweed habitat. Reclaiming abandoned mine lands provides an opportunity to restore milkweed and help monarchs by including milkweed in seed mixes and allowing it to grow. Planting milkweed along roadsides and on reclaimed mines reestablishes needed habitat for the monarchs and aids in their recovery.
Cover Crops Provide Much More than Just CoverRay Weil
This presentation was the Keynote address for the Innovative Farmers of Ontario (Canada) in February 2014. Some slides may not work as well as intended without their animations.
This document provides information about growing woody ornamentals for cut flowers. It discusses the advantages of woody cuts, including season extension and low pest problems. It recommends selecting plants that produce numerous long stems and have a long vase life. Tips are provided on site preparation, planting, pruning, and harvesting woody cuts. A table lists many suitable plant varieties and their characteristics. Forced branches are discussed as a way to have early flowers. Marketing channels for woody cuts are also described.
- Apple is one of the most important temperate fruits originating in the Middle East over 4000 years ago. It is now widely cultivated globally with China as the largest producer.
- In India, apple cultivation is concentrated in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Himachal Pradesh accounts for about 90% of India's total apple production.
- Apples are a good source of nutrients and contain vitamins, minerals and fiber. They are consumed fresh but also used to make juices, jellies, wine and other products. Proper harvesting, post-harvest handling and storage help maintain quality for up to 8 months.
This workshop discussed organic strawberry production methods used by Paul and Sandy Arnold of Pleasant Valley Farm. The Arnolds have experimented with matted row systems but now prefer the annual bed system using tips instead of plugs. Some key benefits of the annual bed system are that it frees up space for other crops, reduces disease and pest issues, and improves aeration and yields compared to the matted row system. The workshop provided detailed instructions on soil preparation, planting, irrigation, pest management and harvesting using the annual bed system with tips.
Growth and yield adaptability of selected varieties of strawberry (Fragaria x...Innspub Net
This study aims to evaluate the growth adaptability, yield performance and Pest infestation on three introduced strawberry varieties at Bataan namely; Sweet Charlie, Festival and Summer Princess. Evaluation test was based on the Plant height, Number of Runners, Days to flower, Number of fruit bears, Weight of fruit per pot, Computed Yield and Pest degree infestation. This was conducted at the Greenhouse Nursery of BPSU, Abucay Campus. In terms of growth adaptability, Sweet Charlie obtained the most prominent character followed by Festival variety and Summer Princess. On the yield performance, all varietal tested are comparable to each other, However, Summer princess revealed as least in growth adaptability, study shows that, summer princess yielded better than the two remaining varieties tested under greenhouse condition. Thus, summer princess variety is a more noticeable and promising variety that can tribe in Bataan condition. On Insect and Disease assessment, most prevalent insects found are Cutworm and Aphids while on diseases, Anthracnose fruit rot and Angular leaf spot were observed these are caused by fungi. Further studies may focus on the cultural management practices, field test to find out more promising cultivars that will thrive best to Bataan, Sensory evaluation is also recommended.
The document provides information on key elements of nursery management, including planning the nursery, crop development, and propagation. It discusses selecting an appropriate site and layout for the nursery. The three phases of crop development - establishment, rapid growth, and hardening - are outlined. Different structures used for plant propagation, like greenhouses and shade houses, are described. The importance of planning crops and developing propagation protocols is emphasized. Hardening plants before field planting to prepare them for stress is also highlighted.
2012. chang xiang mao. hybrid rice development in and outside chinaFOODCROPS
This document summarizes the history and development of hybrid rice in China and around the world. It outlines key milestones in hybrid rice research and development in China from 1964 to the present, including the discovery of wild rice with male sterility in 1970, the release of the first hybrid rice varieties for commercial production in 1976, and China's hybrid rice area reaching its first peak in 1990. It also discusses the international expansion of hybrid rice technology, led by organizations like the International Rice Research Institute, and the successful adoption of hybrid rice in countries like India, Vietnam, and the United States.
The document discusses the benefits of growing cover crops for building soil health. Some key benefits mentioned include improved soil structure and organic matter content, reduced erosion, increased moisture retention and nutrient cycling. Cover crops can improve soil biology by adding carbon and root biomass. Their root systems and residues help with compaction reduction and weed and pest suppression. Proper cover crop selection and management is important to maximize these soil health benefits. The document provides information on choosing cover crops that fit within crop rotations and managing them effectively.
This workshop discussed methods for growing organic strawberries, focusing on the annual bed system using tips that Paul and Sandy Arnold have found most profitable. They plant a cover crop in spring, incorporate it in summer, then plant strawberry tips in beds in September. The tips are grown in trays first. In spring, they use row covers to protect blossoms and harvest berries from May to June. Rotating beds each year helps control pests and diseases. Record keeping is important for evaluating different growing methods.
BQA is an accounting firm based in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam that provides accounting, tax, consulting and software services to small and medium companies. It has a staff of 20 professionals and offices in Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho City. BQA offers a range of services including accounting, tax consulting, legal services, import/export services, internal controls implementation, and enterprise software implementation and support. It serves over 60 Vietnamese companies and about 20 foreign companies with 100% capital.
Organic Orchard, Vineyard, and Berry Crop Documentation FormsGardening
This document provides organic orchard, vineyard, and berry crop documentation forms for farmers to record activities and inputs. It includes forms for logging activities, inputs, establishment year activities, planting stock sources, cover crop seed sources, fertility/pest monitoring, and more. The forms were created by the National Center for Appropriate Technology to help farmers document compliance with organic regulations.
This document provides the order of service for mass on the 6th Sunday in Ordinary Time. It includes elements such as an opening hymn calling the congregation to sing, a penitential act, readings from Sirach and the Gospel of Matthew, a homily, prayers, and closing rites. The mass explores probing the depth of the commandments through songs, prayers, and scripture.
Structural diversity and nutrient recycling potentials of three selected agro...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Homegardens in Kerala mimic forest ecosystems on account of the tree components included and are agroforestry systems that integrate different agricultural crops and enterprises as per the needs and interests of the farm family. Analysis of the structural diversity and nutrient recycling potentials of three agroforestry homegardens in southern Kerala revealed multi-tier cropping patterns with cropping intensities ranging from 177.18 to 187.04%. Two of the homegardens included livestock components adding to the nutritional security of the family. Diversity indices were in the order 0.92, 1.53 and 0.86. The quantum of litter fall varied with the tree canopies and species, amounting to 473.6, 425.37 and 345.11 kg adding 7.02, 7.517 and 5.165 kg NPK annually in the three homegardens. Maximum nutrient additions were recorded for nitrogen and potassium and least for phosphorus.
Alternative cover crop seeding technologiesjbgruver
This document discusses several methods and technologies for planting cover crops. [1] Aerial seeding and high-clearance planters allow planting cover crops into standing corn and soybeans. [2] Precision seeding technologies like bio-strip till can plant cover crops in narrow rows between cash crops. [3] Innovative farmers are experimenting with new equipment and techniques for cover crop establishment after harvest. The document encourages continued innovation to improve cover crop planting opportunities.
Pawpaw - A "Tropical" Fruit for Temperate ClimatesElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of pawpaw production, including culture, pests, harvest, post-harvest handling, marketing, and research. It summarizes that pawpaws have potential for commercial development, are native to eastern North America, and thrive in zones 5-8. Major research efforts aim to identify best cultivars and management practices to support commercialization.
Designing Gardens With Native Plants Oct 2010Risa Edelstein
This document discusses how to design eco-friendly gardens by following nature's lead. It recommends eliminating chemicals and pesticides, using natural mulch and compost, planting natives to support pollinators, reducing lawns, and incorporating edibles, rain gardens and other water-saving techniques. Specific projects are highlighted that transformed yards and parks into more sustainable landscapes through habitat restoration, materials recycling, and increasing biodiversity.
Cover crops and green manures provide several key benefits to agricultural systems. They can be planted in winter or summer as cover crops or living mulches. Winter cover crops, like hairy vetch and rye, protect soil and fix nitrogen over winter in colder climates. Summer cover crops, such as cowpeas and soybeans, provide similar benefits during the summer. Cover crops improve soil organic matter, nitrogen levels, microbial activity, nutrient levels, and structure. They also enhance weed suppression, water retention, and help reduce erosion. Farmers must manage cover crops effectively to realize their benefits while avoiding limitations. Cover crops can be incorporated into crop rotations and pest management systems.
- The document discusses high tunnel strawberry production on Untiedt's Vegetable Farm over several decades. They have grown day neutral strawberries in high tunnels which allow for an extended harvest season.
- Proper site selection, soil analysis, variety selection, irrigation installation, planting, and attentive care of the crop are essential for success. Harvest must be frequent and the crop healthy to continue the season through fall.
- High tunnel strawberry production provides a unique niche crop but requires diligent management of the environment, pests, and soil to maintain healthy and profitable yields.
- The document describes the annual bed strawberry production system used by Kilpatrick Family Farm in Middle Granville, NY.
- They plant strawberry tips in September and harvest in the following spring, then till the beds under after one season. This system allows for earlier harvest and cleaner fruit compared to matted rows.
- Key aspects of their system include using plastic-covered beds, applying straw mulch, and following disease prevention practices like using row covers and spraying Regalia and Oxidate as needed.
- In 2009 they harvested over 2800 pounds from 0.12 acres, grossing $13,300, equivalent to over $100,000 per acre.
Mississippi establishing a backyard wildlife habitatSotirakou964
The document provides information on creating a backyard wildlife habitat, including the three basic needs of wildlife - food, water, and shelter/reproductive areas. It discusses designing plantings and other landscape features to meet these needs and attract different types of wildlife, particularly birds. Specific plant recommendations are provided that offer food sources for birds at different times of year. The document also covers creating water sources, nesting areas, and tips for attracting purple martins.
Mike Korb, PA DEP, “Mine Reclamation and Monarch Butterfly Habitat”Michael Hewitt, GISP
Monarch butterflies are declining due to loss of their host plant, milkweed. Changes in agriculture like increased use of herbicides and conversion of land to crops have reduced milkweed habitat. Reclaiming abandoned mine lands provides an opportunity to restore milkweed and help monarchs by including milkweed in seed mixes and allowing it to grow. Planting milkweed along roadsides and on reclaimed mines reestablishes needed habitat for the monarchs and aids in their recovery.
Cover Crops Provide Much More than Just CoverRay Weil
This presentation was the Keynote address for the Innovative Farmers of Ontario (Canada) in February 2014. Some slides may not work as well as intended without their animations.
This document provides information about growing woody ornamentals for cut flowers. It discusses the advantages of woody cuts, including season extension and low pest problems. It recommends selecting plants that produce numerous long stems and have a long vase life. Tips are provided on site preparation, planting, pruning, and harvesting woody cuts. A table lists many suitable plant varieties and their characteristics. Forced branches are discussed as a way to have early flowers. Marketing channels for woody cuts are also described.
- Apple is one of the most important temperate fruits originating in the Middle East over 4000 years ago. It is now widely cultivated globally with China as the largest producer.
- In India, apple cultivation is concentrated in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Himachal Pradesh accounts for about 90% of India's total apple production.
- Apples are a good source of nutrients and contain vitamins, minerals and fiber. They are consumed fresh but also used to make juices, jellies, wine and other products. Proper harvesting, post-harvest handling and storage help maintain quality for up to 8 months.
This workshop discussed organic strawberry production methods used by Paul and Sandy Arnold of Pleasant Valley Farm. The Arnolds have experimented with matted row systems but now prefer the annual bed system using tips instead of plugs. Some key benefits of the annual bed system are that it frees up space for other crops, reduces disease and pest issues, and improves aeration and yields compared to the matted row system. The workshop provided detailed instructions on soil preparation, planting, irrigation, pest management and harvesting using the annual bed system with tips.
Growth and yield adaptability of selected varieties of strawberry (Fragaria x...Innspub Net
This study aims to evaluate the growth adaptability, yield performance and Pest infestation on three introduced strawberry varieties at Bataan namely; Sweet Charlie, Festival and Summer Princess. Evaluation test was based on the Plant height, Number of Runners, Days to flower, Number of fruit bears, Weight of fruit per pot, Computed Yield and Pest degree infestation. This was conducted at the Greenhouse Nursery of BPSU, Abucay Campus. In terms of growth adaptability, Sweet Charlie obtained the most prominent character followed by Festival variety and Summer Princess. On the yield performance, all varietal tested are comparable to each other, However, Summer princess revealed as least in growth adaptability, study shows that, summer princess yielded better than the two remaining varieties tested under greenhouse condition. Thus, summer princess variety is a more noticeable and promising variety that can tribe in Bataan condition. On Insect and Disease assessment, most prevalent insects found are Cutworm and Aphids while on diseases, Anthracnose fruit rot and Angular leaf spot were observed these are caused by fungi. Further studies may focus on the cultural management practices, field test to find out more promising cultivars that will thrive best to Bataan, Sensory evaluation is also recommended.
The document provides information on key elements of nursery management, including planning the nursery, crop development, and propagation. It discusses selecting an appropriate site and layout for the nursery. The three phases of crop development - establishment, rapid growth, and hardening - are outlined. Different structures used for plant propagation, like greenhouses and shade houses, are described. The importance of planning crops and developing propagation protocols is emphasized. Hardening plants before field planting to prepare them for stress is also highlighted.
2012. chang xiang mao. hybrid rice development in and outside chinaFOODCROPS
This document summarizes the history and development of hybrid rice in China and around the world. It outlines key milestones in hybrid rice research and development in China from 1964 to the present, including the discovery of wild rice with male sterility in 1970, the release of the first hybrid rice varieties for commercial production in 1976, and China's hybrid rice area reaching its first peak in 1990. It also discusses the international expansion of hybrid rice technology, led by organizations like the International Rice Research Institute, and the successful adoption of hybrid rice in countries like India, Vietnam, and the United States.
The document discusses the benefits of growing cover crops for building soil health. Some key benefits mentioned include improved soil structure and organic matter content, reduced erosion, increased moisture retention and nutrient cycling. Cover crops can improve soil biology by adding carbon and root biomass. Their root systems and residues help with compaction reduction and weed and pest suppression. Proper cover crop selection and management is important to maximize these soil health benefits. The document provides information on choosing cover crops that fit within crop rotations and managing them effectively.
This workshop discussed methods for growing organic strawberries, focusing on the annual bed system using tips that Paul and Sandy Arnold have found most profitable. They plant a cover crop in spring, incorporate it in summer, then plant strawberry tips in beds in September. The tips are grown in trays first. In spring, they use row covers to protect blossoms and harvest berries from May to June. Rotating beds each year helps control pests and diseases. Record keeping is important for evaluating different growing methods.
BQA is an accounting firm based in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam that provides accounting, tax, consulting and software services to small and medium companies. It has a staff of 20 professionals and offices in Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho City. BQA offers a range of services including accounting, tax consulting, legal services, import/export services, internal controls implementation, and enterprise software implementation and support. It serves over 60 Vietnamese companies and about 20 foreign companies with 100% capital.
Organic Orchard, Vineyard, and Berry Crop Documentation FormsGardening
This document provides organic orchard, vineyard, and berry crop documentation forms for farmers to record activities and inputs. It includes forms for logging activities, inputs, establishment year activities, planting stock sources, cover crop seed sources, fertility/pest monitoring, and more. The forms were created by the National Center for Appropriate Technology to help farmers document compliance with organic regulations.
This document provides the order of service for mass on the 6th Sunday in Ordinary Time. It includes elements such as an opening hymn calling the congregation to sing, a penitential act, readings from Sirach and the Gospel of Matthew, a homily, prayers, and closing rites. The mass explores probing the depth of the commandments through songs, prayers, and scripture.
The document defines and describes the seven elements of art: line, color, value, shape, form, space, and texture. Line is a path in space that can be of different widths and directions. Color has properties of hue, value, and intensity. Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. Shape is a two-dimensional area enclosed by lines, while form is a three-dimensional shape with depth. Space includes the areas around and within a composition, such as foreground, middle ground and background. Texture describes the surface feel of an object, whether actual or implied.
This document provides the order of service for a Catholic mass held on February 9, 2014 with the theme "Let Our Light Shine". The mass includes various prayers, readings from the bible, and hymns. It begins with an opening hymn calling the congregation to sing praise. It also includes the Gloria hymn, readings from Isaiah and Matthew, and concludes with a closing hymn about being light in the Lord.
The document discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy. Many countries experienced severe economic downturns as various restrictions and lockdowns were implemented to slow the spread of the virus. There remains uncertainty around the pace of economic recovery as new variants continue to emerge.
Locally Owned Renewable Energy FacilitiesGardening
This summary provides the key details about a document discussing locally owned renewable energy facilities:
Locally owned renewable energy facilities like ethanol plants and wind farms are increasingly being developed by farmers to add value to their crops and increase income. However, many such facilities are now being corporately owned rather than farmer owned. Locally owned facilities provide economic benefits to the community like jobs, increased expenditures, and a stronger market for agricultural commodities. They also allow communities to control local energy resources. The document discusses different business models for locally owned facilities, including cooperatives, LLCs, and franchises. It also profiles some successful case studies.
This document discusses alternatives for controlling field bindweed, a pernicious weed. It outlines cultural controls like crop rotations, cover crops, grazing, and tillage that can suppress bindweed. Physical controls using mulches are also described. The document provides details on a 5-year non-chemical strategy combining mechanical and cropping techniques. It also discusses least-toxic herbicides made from natural substances that may be used in organic production and provides resources for additional information.
This document provides summaries of and links to numerous books and resources about urban beekeeping and beekeeping topics. It begins by noting some browser compatibility issues and then lists over 50 books on topics like urban beekeeping, top-bar beekeeping, natural beekeeping approaches, mason bees, and bee health. Links are provided to purchase or borrow each book from various sources.
Timber framing provides several benefits: it is fast and cost-effective to construct, allows for flexibility in extensions, is environmentally friendly, and lends buildings a natural, earthy charm. Historically, timber was the primary building material due to its abundance and the lack of alternatives. While timber construction is still used today for its aesthetics, other structural systems like concrete and steel became prevalent in the late 1800s as they allowed for greater spans, lighter structures, increased fire resistance, and were more versatile and economical. Timber framing is now commonly used for high-end residential buildings, restaurants, lodges, and other projects where aesthetics are important.
Indigo kids is a symphony of phenomenal programs where lots of educational apps are present for making your kid's an indigo kid's.
Get More Information:
http://indigo-kids.ru/
sequential circuit that encodes a hexadecimal 16-key keypad output to 4 – bit...Gautham Reddy
This document describes a digital design project to encode inputs from a 4x4 hexadecimal keypad into a 4-bit binary output. It includes a circuit diagram of a ring counter and output enabler circuit. The main circuit uses ring counters, D flip-flops, priority encoders, and basic logic gates. When a key is pressed, the corresponding row and column are activated and synchronized with the ring counter to transmit the output to LED displays. A truth table maps the 16 keypad inputs to their 4-bit binary encodings.
The Meditech MD100 SPO2 Module is a small, low-power oxygen monitor module that can measure blood oxygen saturation and pulse rate in adults, infants, and newborns. It has enhanced signal processing capabilities, operates on 5V voltage, and can display oxygen saturation and pulse rate data. The module is compatible with BCI probes and transmits data via a TTL/RS232 serial port.
This document summarizes research on compost heated greenhouses conducted in the 1980s and 1990s. It discusses a project at the New Alchemy Institute that experimented with using heat from composting manure to warm greenhouses. While initial results were promising, they later identified issues like excess nitrogen release and difficulties maintaining optimal composting conditions. The document reviews their findings and conclusions, as well as limited other research on using compost heat for greenhouse crops. It provides resources on composting greenhouse design and compost quality.
Sustainable Cotton Production for the Humid SouthGardening
This document discusses sustainable cotton production practices for the humid South, focusing on ways to improve soil health and profitability over the long term. It recommends using no-till, cover crops, and crop rotations to build soil organic matter, reduce erosion, and break pest cycles while saving costs on fertilizers and pesticides. Cover crops like rye, black oats, and lupines provide "solar fertilizer" by fixing nitrogen in the soil. No-till combined with crop rotation and manure application improves the sustainability of individual farms and farm communities.
This document summarizes an article about alternative marketing approaches for sustainable hog producers. It suggests that sustainable hog producers consider direct marketing and niche markets, as the conventional commodity market will not provide adequate profits for humane and environmentally-friendly pork production. The summary provides background on commodity versus niche marketing, defines direct marketing, discusses various niche market opportunities including organic pork and pasture-raised pork, and offers tips for relationship marketing and developing customer loyalty for sustainable pork products.
This document provides links to books and resources about keeping chickens and using chicken manure in organic gardening. It includes over 50 book listings with titles, authors and links to library catalogs and book retailers. It also provides additional links to information on topics like composting, soil health, rainwater harvesting, and organic gardening techniques.
The document discusses the professional responsibilities of teachers, including maximizing student learning, interacting well with students and parents, maintaining high standards, and accommodating all students. It also covers national and state teaching standards, the importance of ongoing professional development and learning new skills over time. While technology offers advantages like access to information and student-centered learning, it also poses disadvantages such as potential distraction and dependency.
This document provides an overview of organic tree fruit production. It discusses ATTRA, which is a sustainable agriculture information service operated by USDA. The document then discusses organic fruit production, marketing and economic considerations, and planning and planting an organic orchard. It covers topics like site selection, crop and variety selection, rootstock selection, orchard design, and more. The goal is to introduce key issues for commercial organic production of tree fruits to help growers make informed decisions about orchard design and management.
This document provides a summary and suggestions for using a whole-farm planning checksheet for sheep and goat farms. It recommends that producers complete the checksheet with an educator over multiple visits to thoroughly assess strengths and weaknesses. The checksheet covers all aspects of farm management, including forage, livestock, marketing, economics, and quality of life. Identifying areas needing improvement is the primary goal to refine the farm plan.
This document provides information on organic small grain production. It discusses that organic farming excludes commercial fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, and growth regulators, relying instead on crop rotations, cover crops, and biological pest control. It also notes that organic producers must be certified and discusses various publications that cover organic certification requirements and production methods. Specific considerations for organic small grain production include managing soil fertility through animal manures and cover crops, using integrated pest management and resistant varieties to handle insects and diseases, employing crop rotations for weed control, and marketing through contracts since the organic market has many small buyers.
Organic small grain production relies on sustainable farming methods that exclude synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The document discusses organic certification requirements and provides recommendations for several publications on organic farming techniques. These include using crop rotations, cover crops, compost, and biological pest control to maintain soil health and minimize pests without synthetic chemicals. Marketing organic small grains also differs from conventional grains in requiring contracts with buyers and splitting harvests across multiple buyers each month.
This document provides information on organic cotton production. It discusses soil fertility practices for organic systems, including crop rotation, cover cropping, and additions of animal manure and rock powders. Weed management uses a combination of cultivation, flame weeding, and other cultural practices. Insect management employs techniques like trap cropping, strip cropping, and border vegetation to encourage beneficial insects, as well as certain biopesticides. The document also addresses specific pest management strategies, diseases of cotton, defoliation methods, and marketing and economics of organic cotton.
This document provides an overview of organic greenhouse vegetable production. It discusses how small growers can compete in an industry dominated by large operations through niche markets like organic and locally-grown produce. The document also examines soil-based and soilless culture methods and provides resources on greenhouse design, construction, and management. Overall, the document aims to provide new and experienced growers with information on setting up organic greenhouse systems and alternative production methods.
This document provides an overview of organic greenhouse vegetable production. It discusses how small growers can compete in an industry dominated by large operations through niche markets like locally-grown and organic produce. The document also explores production methods like soil-based and soilless culture, and resources for organic greenhouse farmers. It aims to provide both new and experienced farmers with alternative production system ideas.
ATTRA is a national sustainable agriculture information service operated by the National Center for Appropriate Technology through a USDA grant. This document provides information on organic small grain production, which excludes commercial fertilizers and pesticides and relies on crop rotations, cover crops, and biological pest control. It discusses soil fertility management, insect and disease management primarily through integrated pest management, weed control through rotation and cultivation, and organic small grain marketing, which often involves contracting and storage.
This document discusses sustainable agriculture and its principles. It defines sustainable agriculture as producing food without depleting resources or polluting the environment, following natural principles. Conventional agriculture followed an industrial model that increased yields but degraded soil and water quality. In response, sustainable farmers developed ecological approaches like organic farming. Key principles of sustainable agriculture include building soil health, protecting water quality, managing pests ecologically, and maximizing biodiversity. Transitioning to sustainable practices benefits farms and rural communities.
This document provides an overview of organic greenhouse vegetable production. It discusses the greenhouse vegetable industry and how small growers can compete through niche markets like locally-grown and organic produce. It also profiles different types of organic greenhouse production systems, including using soil or soilless cultures, as well as heating options like solar, compost or animals. The document emphasizes that organic fertility relies on crop rotations, residues, manures and minerals rather than synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. It states that greenhouse technology is similar between organic and conventional systems, but organic production requires more careful nutrient and pest management.
Organic Greenhouse Vegetable Production; Gardening Guidebook ~ National Sustainable Ag ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document provides an overview of organic strawberry production methods. It discusses various planting systems used in organic strawberry production such as raised bed plasticulture, matted row systems, and ribbon row systems. It also covers strawberry varieties, fertility management, and weed, pest and disease control techniques. The key points are:
- Raised bed plasticulture is commonly used, though critics argue it is not environmentally sustainable due to the plastic usage. Alternatives like matted row systems are discussed.
- Variety selection is important, with June-bearing and everbearing varieties available. Trials show 'Honeoye' performs well organically.
- Fertility is crucial as strawberries
Farmscaping to Enhance Biological Control Gardening
This document provides information on farmscaping techniques to enhance biological pest control through increasing biodiversity on farms. It discusses how beneficial organisms can be considered "mini-livestock" that require adequate food sources like nectar, pollen, and other insects to thrive. Effective farmscaping requires identifying plants and practices that best support beneficial insect populations over pest populations. Key considerations in developing a farmscaping plan include understanding the ecology of target pests and beneficials, timing of pest and beneficial life cycles, and identifying strategies to augment beneficial habitat and reduce pest habitat through practices like insectary plantings, hedgerows, and trap crops. The appendices provide lists of plants and examples that can be used in a farm
This document provides an overview of organic cotton production practices including soil fertility, weed management, insect management, and diseases. Specific practices discussed for soil fertility include crop rotation, cover cropping, animal manure additions, and rock powders. Weed management is accomplished through cultivation and cultural practices. Insect management uses trap cropping, strip cropping, border vegetation, and biopesticides. The document also discusses strategies for specific insect pests and diseases, as well as defoliation, marketing, and economics of organic cotton.
This document provides an overview of organic cotton production practices, including soil fertility management, weed control, insect and disease management, and marketing. Specific practices discussed for soil fertility include crop rotation, cover cropping, animal manure additions, and use of naturally occurring rock powders. Weed management is accomplished through cultivation, flame weeding, and other cultural practices. Insect and disease management relies on trap cropping, strip cropping, beneficial insect habitat management, and certain biopesticides. Organic cotton production is challenging but can be profitable with the right strategies and commitment to organic practices.
This document summarizes information about organic hops production in the United States. It outlines that organic hops production is finding a niche among growing microbreweries that currently import organic hops. It also discusses that organic hops production relies on crop rotations, cover crops, and natural pest and weed control instead of synthetic pesticides. Varieties that have potential for organic production on the East Coast and Pacific Northwest are also listed.
This document provides an overview of organic strawberry production methods, including various planting systems, integrated pest management techniques, and discussions of weeds, pests, diseases, varieties, fertility, and economics. It describes common raised bed planting systems using plastic mulch that are also used by organic growers. Alternative systems like matted rows and ribbon rows are also covered.
This document provides an overview of organic strawberry production methods. It discusses various planting systems including raised bed plasticulture, the most common system used by organic and conventional growers in warmer regions. It also covers integrated pest management techniques for controlling weeds, pests, and diseases without synthetic pesticides. The document includes information on varieties, fertility, greenhouse production, and economic considerations for organic strawberry production.
This document provides information on sustainable practices for small-scale nursery production. It discusses topics such as integrated pest management, alternative fertilizers, container and field production techniques. The summary focuses on marketing strategies for nursery products, noting that container crops generate more sales per acre than field crops. It also outlines different customer types like retail garden centers, landscapers, and mass merchandisers; and their plant preferences in terms of size, quantity, and seasonality. The publication aims to help small nursery managers reduce synthetic inputs and focus on soil health using sustainable methods.
This document provides information on sustainable practices for small-scale nursery production. It discusses the importance of market analysis and determining the appropriate customer base. It also outlines best practices for general nursery production, including integrated pest management, and sustainable techniques for container and field production. The key aspects covered are marketing strategies, irrigation systems, and production methods that aim to reduce environmental impacts through practices like IPM and building healthy soil.
ATTRA is a national sustainable agriculture information center operated by the USDA. It provides information to farmers on organic and sustainable farming practices. The document discusses organic field corn production, focusing on fertility management strategies like crop rotation including legumes, cover crops and green manures, and use of livestock manures and compost. These practices help supply nitrogen and other nutrients to crops while building soil health. Supplementary organic fertilizers may also be used, and lime is often needed to adjust soil pH.
This document discusses organic herb production in the United States. It provides an overview of research into organic herb production, including projects funded by USDA SARE grants. It also summarizes regulations for organic certification and highlights some of the challenges for beginning organic herb producers, such as the years of experience needed to successfully grow and market herb crops.
Este documento contiene una lista de más de 50 libros en español relacionados con la agricultura ecológica, orgánica y sostenible. Incluye títulos como "25 años de agricultura orgánica: Una experiencia en el archipiélago de Chiloé", "Abonos, lombricultura y compostaje" y "Agricultura ecológica: Manual y guía didáctica". Para cada libro se proporciona el autor, enlace a Google Books y otros sitios web para encontrar y comprar el libro.
City Farming, Backyard Farming & Urban FarmingGardening
The document provides a collection of links to resources about city farming, urban agriculture, and urban forestry. It includes links to articles, manuals, books, and websites on topics such as urban farming systems, the economic and social impacts of urban agriculture and forestry, policy issues around urban natural resource use, and case studies of specific city farming programs from locations around the world. The links provide research and information for those interested in learning about approaches to integrating food production and natural resource management into urban and peri-urban areas.
Pesticides are Hurting Your Child’s EducationGardening
Pesticides are linked to lower performance in schools in 3 ways:
1. Prenatal exposure to pesticides can lead to poorer motor development in children by age 2.
2. Exposure to organophosphate pesticides is linked to lower IQs in young children, resulting in 17 million lost IQ points.
3. Studies link pesticide exposure to higher rates of ADHD diagnoses in children. Reducing pesticide exposure through an organic diet can lower levels by 90%.
Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with ChildrenGardening
The document provides links to numerous books about establishing and maintaining edible schoolyard gardens to teach students about healthy eating and nutrition. Some of the books discuss the origins and philosophy of the edible schoolyard movement started by Alice Waters, while others provide practical guidance on creating gardens and incorporating them into lesson plans and classroom activities. The books cover topics like designing organic gardens, engaging young children in gardening, integrating gardens into the school curriculum, and using gardens to promote healthy, sustainable food practices.
This document provides information on companion planting and polyculture gardening techniques. It discusses the traditional Native American "Three Sisters" companion planting of corn, beans, and squash. It explains how these three plants benefit each other. The document then discusses other benefits of companion planting such as attracting beneficial insects, decreasing disease and pests, and increasing yields. It describes polyculture gardening, which involves planting many different crops together to increase biodiversity. Examples of successful companion planting and polyculture projects in Africa and South America are also discussed.
The document provides links to free manuals, books, and resources about organic gardening and farming techniques, including companion planting, rainwater harvesting, green roofs, solar energy, volunteering on organic farms in Europe, and development projects related to eco-friendly topics like coffee, solar energy, and helping address hunger. It encourages using these free resources to boost garden yields, learn organic composting and recycling, understand issues around pesticides, and explore volunteering and training opportunities in sustainable agriculture and energy.
This document provides information about edible landscaping and lists many books on the topic. It begins by noting that some web browser links may not work properly with Microsoft Internet Explorer and recommends alternative browsers. It then provides a long list of book titles and links related to edible landscaping, food gardens, edible plants and flowers, landscaping with fruits and vegetables, and using edible plants in landscape design. The document resources cover topics like growing, cooking with, and designing with edible flowers, fruits, vegetables and other edible plants.
This document contains over 100 links to publications, newsletters, fact sheets, and other resources related to xeriscape gardening and landscaping. The resources cover topics like the 7 stages of successful xeriscaping, water conservation tips, recommended plant lists for various regions, and more. The document provides a comprehensive list of informational materials on designing, installing, and maintaining water-efficient landscapes.
Garden Wicking Beds = Water Wise GardeningGardening
Wicking beds are a high-yield, water-efficient gardening system that works well for Perth's sandy soils and dry climate. They consist of a garden bed with a water-holding reservoir directly underneath. Water and nutrients that drain below the plant roots are absorbed back up by capillary action and evaporation. This keeps the soil moist with minimal water waste. DIY wicking beds can be made from materials like bathtubs, barrels or plastic-lined garden beds filled with a porous material like broken bricks to hold water in the reservoir space beneath the plants. Wicking beds require less watering and fertilizer than traditional gardens while providing high and reliable yields, making them a sustainable option for urban food growing.
Self Watering Container Gardens for Drought GardeningGardening
This document provides instructions for creating a self-watering container using two 20-liter buckets. The container is made by drilling holes in one bucket to use as an inner pot within the other bucket. A small plastic pot is secured in the bottom of the inner bucket to hold the plant. A plastic tube inserted down the center fills the space between the buckets with water. Following 12 steps allows one to assemble the container cheaply and easily for growing tomatoes, peppers or eggplants with less frequent watering needs. Though smaller than other self-watering designs, these buckets are quicker to build and can be moved easily while full of water and soil.
The author has been experimenting with and refining sustainable wicking worm beds over the past year. They have found that the beds use little water while maintaining moist soil conditions suitable for growing vegetables and supporting a thriving worm farm. The largest bed described is 2700mm by 1650mm by 600mm deep. It incorporates a worm farm to naturally fertilize the soil and minimize the need for external inputs. The author aims to replace their conventional garden beds with larger wicking worm beds that are self-sustaining ecosystems.
A Brief Overview of Nutrient Cycling in PasturesGardening
This document provides an overview of nutrient cycling in pastures through three key components: soil organisms, pasture plants, and grazing livestock. It describes how nutrients cycle naturally through the soil-plant-animal system when pastures are well-managed. Soil organisms like bacteria, fungi and earthworms break down organic matter and release nutrients in forms available to pasture plants. Plants take up nutrients from the soil and fix nitrogen in the case of legumes. Grazing livestock consume nutrients from forage but most are returned to the pasture through manure and urine, completing the nutrient cycle. Proper management, like rotational grazing and soil testing, can enhance this natural cycling of nutrients in pasture systems.
Adding Value through Sustainable Agriculture EntrepreneurshipGardening
The document provides resources for farmers and entrepreneurs in sustainable agriculture to develop value-added agricultural enterprises. It includes national and regional organizations, financing options, training programs, consultants, and books and websites that provide information on business skills, planning, marketing, financing, and managing agricultural ventures. A special section focuses on resources available in Southern states. The overall goal is to help farmers transition from traditional to sustainable agriculture and strengthen rural communities through entrepreneurship.
Adding Value to Farm Products: An OverviewGardening
This document discusses adding value to farm products through various means of processing and marketing. It distinguishes between capturing value through commodity processing and creating value through unique products and experiences. Starting a food business offers opportunities in specialty and niche markets but faces challenges from regulations and a competitive industry. Non-food options for adding value include crafts, entertainment, and producer cooperatives for energy and fiber. Success requires marketing skills, risk management, and adequate capital and expertise.
Agricultural Business Planning Templates and ResourcesGardening
This document provides resources for agricultural business planning, including templates, publications, and sources of assistance. It lists websites with business planning templates for various agricultural enterprises like chicken, dairy, and greenhouse operations. It also identifies publications from ATTRA and other organizations that can help with feasibility assessment and organic enterprise budgeting. Sources of personal assistance include SCORE and Small Business Development Centers. Software options for developing business plans include FINPACK and Business Plan Pro. Training courses are also identified.
Agriculture, Climate Change and Carbon SequestrationGardening
The document discusses how climate change influences agriculture and how agriculture influences climate change. It states that the Earth's average temperature has increased 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit over the past century and is projected to increase by 3.2 to 7.2 degrees this century. These increases could lengthen growing seasons but also increase drought risks. The document then outlines how agricultural practices like fertilizer use and livestock emissions contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, but that carbon can also be sequestered in soils through certain farming techniques.
This document provides an overview of agroforestry, which integrates trees and shrubs with crops and livestock to create multiple economic and environmental benefits. It describes common agroforestry practices including alleycropping, silvopasture, windbreaks, riparian buffer strips, and forest farming. While agroforestry systems offer advantages, they also involve complex interactions that require careful planning and management. The document provides examples of agroforestry operations and discusses marketing considerations for agroforestry products.
This document provides an overview of considerations for selecting, cultivating, and marketing alternative agronomic crops. It discusses inventorying farm resources to determine suitable alternative crops. Several categories of alternative crops are listed, including cereals, legumes, and oilseeds. Developing new crops requires research into cultivar collection, breeding, production practices, and markets. Resources for information on alternative crop research and production include various state universities and USDA groups. Marketing alternative crops requires exploring demand, competition, and potential markets.
ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information center operated by the USDA. It is located in Fayetteville, Arkansas and provides information to farmers and the public about sustainable and organic farming practices. This document discusses alternative control methods for johnsongrass, an invasive weed. It describes cultural, mechanical, and chemical strategies for managing johnsongrass populations, including crop rotation, tillage, mowing, grazing, and selective application of the herbicide Roundup. Maintaining the growth of johnsongrass to prevent root and rhizome development is an important component of effective control strategies.
This document provides information about native bees and their importance as crop pollinators. It discusses the biology and nesting habits of native bees, how to assess and improve habitat for native bees on farms, and specific practices like providing alternative forage sources and creating artificial nest sites to support native bee populations. The case study of Gardens of Goodness Farm illustrates how diversifying plantings, tolerating weeds, and reducing pesticide use has created an abundant population of native bees that pollinate the farm's wide variety of crops.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Sustainable Pecan Production
1. IS A PROJECT OF THEIS A PROJECT OF THEIS A PROJECT OF THEIS A PROJECT OF THE NNNNATIONALATIONALATIONALATIONAL CCCCENTER FORENTER FORENTER FORENTER FOR AAAAPPROPRIATEPPROPRIATEPPROPRIATEPPROPRIATE TTTTECHNOLOGYECHNOLOGYECHNOLOGYECHNOLOGY
By Steve Diver and Guy Ames
NCAT Agriculture Specialists
Revised November 2000
The pecan, Carya illinoinensis, is the most
important commercial nut crop in the eastern
United States. Pecan culture, like most tree
cropping systems, is inherently more sustainable
relative to other forms of agriculture. Cultivation
of the soil, which increases the risk of erosion, is
rarely necessary in a bearing orchard. In a few
sections of the U.S., pesticide use is minimal or
unnecessary. Where insects and diseases are
prevalent, some of the most complete and
sophisticated IPM (Integrated Pest Management)
programs have evolved to meet the challenge.
Pecans also provide us with the oldest and
largest example of agroforestry in North
America—the grazing of livestock in native
pecan groves. (See the box on page 4 for more
information.)
For general information on pecan production
(planting, pruning, cultivar recommendations,
irrigation, harvest, and orchard management) we
suggest the excellent resources already compiled
by the Cooperative Extension Service. See the
Pecan Resources section at the end of this
package for a listing of pecan literature and web
resources.
Pecan Culture
There are two pecan cultivation systems in the
U.S. and Mexico: native pecan groves and
varietal pecan orchards. Varietal pecans—which
are planted as orchards but can also be
topworked onto native trees—are also known as
"papershells." Management of pecan groves and
orchards differ to a degree with respect to
cultural inputs, pest management, and economic
returns.
The Native Pecan Grove
The pecan is native to alluvial soils of the lower
Mississippi River and its tributaries, as well as
800-346-9140
Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas
SUSTAINABLE PECAN
PRODUCTION
www.attra.ncat.org
ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information center funded by the USDA’s Rural Business -- Cooperative Service.
Abstract: In Sustainable Pecan Production we briefly introduce essential knowledge on the basics of pecan culture such as
geography, native versus plantation systems, and economics. This is followed by notes on pecan farming techniques that emphasize
sustainable and organic production methods: non-chemical weed control; orchard floor vegetation management using legumes;
pecan nutrition with emphasis on organic fertilizer options; and recommendations for organic and least-toxic control of pecan
insects and diseases. A selection of pecan literature and web resources available from the Extension Service and horticultural
industry are provided as further sources of information.
Table of Contents
Pecan Culture:
The Native Pecan Grove................................. 1
The Papershell Pecan Orchard ......................... 5
Insect and Mite Pests .................................... 12
Diseases........................................................ 16
References .................................................... 17
Pecan Resources .......................................... 19
Appendix........................................................ 22
HORTICULTURE PRODUCTION GUIDE
2. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 2
other river bottoms throughout its range. The
pecan extends southward into Central Mexico,
and ranges northward through Texas, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and
Missouri. It extends as far north as southern
Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana, to the
Texas panhandle in the west, and western
Kentucky and Tennessee to the east.
Pecan trees grow in bottomlands along with
other hardwoods; often these bottoms are
classified as climax pecan forests where pecan
trees comprise more than 50% of the native forest
biomass.
Bill Reid, pecan specialist at Kansas State
University, summarized the five steps involved
in converting a bottomland forest into a
productive native pecan grove (1):
First, all species of trees other than pecan are
removed. A permanent ground cover is then
established under the trees to facilitate harvest and
to prevent soil erosion. After the initial forest
thinning process, most native pecan areas are too
crowded for optimum nut production. Old, weak,
or diseased trees are removed to allow adequate
space for younger, more productive trees. Nut
production in the native grove is further
stimulated by the annual application of nitrogen
fertilizer. And finally, an insect management
program is initiated to prevent serious yield losses
from nut feeding insects.
Selective thinning of pecan trees should result in
a density of 30 square feet of cross-sectional trunk
area per acre. This is equivalent to 30 trees per
acre if all the trunks are, for example, 13½ inches
in diameter measured at 4.5 ft above the ground.
A larger tree of 23½ inches would result in a final
spacing of 10 trees per acre (2).
Nuts from native pecans are small, but possess
good flavor due to a high oil content. Wholesale
nuts are shelled and sold as halves, or chopped
and used in food preparation and baking. Retail
sales, when feasible, can make an important
economic contribution to the farm. Native pecan
growers will often plant a block of papershells, or
topwork native trees to a good cultivar. Thus, a
mix of pecan sizes can be offered to entice
customers to purchase retail. Special packaging
Recent innovations in pecan culture that relate to
sustainable agriculture include:
• legume management to supply nitrogen
• cover crop management to provide beneficial
insect habitat
• monitoring of key insect pests with pheromone and
weevil traps
• release of biological control agents in orchards
• cultural practices to improve economic returns
• adopting organic farming practices in pecan
production
• new pesticides and insect growth regulators with
low impact on the environment, also known as
"least-toxic" or "soft" pesticides
Sustainable agriculture is a goal rather than a
specific set of farming practices. A sustainable farming
system strives to be productive and economically
viable, yet at the same time preserving environmental
quality and making efficient use of nonrenewable
resources. Though biological practices and products
are favored over chemical inputs, pesticides and
fertilizers may be used within an IPM framework.
Organic farming is growing in the United States and
soon there will be a National Organics Program
regulated by the USDA. Certified organic production
completely excludes synthetic fertilizers and pesticides
for three years prior to harvest of the first crop.
and Thanksgiving and Christmas holiday sales
are other marketing strategies that put more
money into the grower's pocket.
Yields from well-managed native pecan groves
average about 600 lbs. per acre, although yields
over 1,000 lbs. per acre are not uncommon in
well-managed groves. Wholesale returns to the
grower have averaged around $.60 per pound in
recent years, although $.80 to $.90 per pound
have been obtained some years. Natives sold at
the retail level bring around $1.00 per pound.
On average, the net return from native pecans
sold wholesale is $100 per acre. An economic
unit of native pecans—which is the acreage
needed to finance pecan equipment and provide
an annual income—is somewhere between
80–300 acres. That's a wide range, but it will
ultimately depend on what percentage of farm
income will come from pecans; family needs;
equipment needs; condition of the grove;
3. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 3
wholesale versus retail markets; and
geographical location.
Overall, the potential to get into native pecan
production is not great. The best situation would
be that of a landowner with existing bottomland
hardwoods supporting native pecan trees.
Advice on clearing and establishing a grove is
available from Extension Specialists and private
consultants. Otherwise, few farmers — new or
experienced — possess sufficient capital to
purchase 300 acres of rich bottomland stocked
with native pecan trees. Such land frequently
sells in excess of $2,000 an acre.
An alternative is to lease pecan land, manage the
grove, and harvest the crop. The proceeds are
split with the landowner on shares of 60/40 to
90/10, with the larger percentage going to the
manager. Percentages vary depending on the
input provided by the owner and manager.
Apparently, this is a common practice in the
native pecan industry. The biggest expense in a
lease operation is the equipment required to
manage a grove. Many leased groves are in fact
managed by pecan farmers who take on extra
acreage in order to make payments on their
pecan equipment.
Low-input strategies are essential in the
management of native pecan groves because nut
yields, unlike those in pecan orchards, are
inherently low. The only way growers can make
the operation economically feasible is to cut input
costs (1, 3).
One low-input strategy is to use legumes as an
alternative source of nitrogen (N) fertilization.
The nitrogen production potential of legumes
varies between species, location, and growing
season but can range from 75 to 250 lbs. N/acre.
In a three-year study funded by the U.S.D.A.
Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education
Program (SARE), researchers at Oklahoma State
University evaluated legumes for their ability to
supply nitrogen and provide habitat to beneficial
insects.
A crimson clover-hairy vetch ground cover
supplied the equivalent of 90–142 lbs. N/acre. A
red clover-white clover mixture supplied up to
118 lbs. N/acre. White clover or red clover alone
were less effective in supplying N than when
grown together. Over the course of the study,
leaf nitrogen concentrations were typically
maintained above the minimum sufficiency level
(2.25%) by either crimson clover plus hairy vetch,
or red clover plus white clover (4–6).
In practice, Oklahoma growers favor the white
clover-red clover mix— even though the nitrogen
contribution isn’t as great — since it lasts five or
more years before the clover stand needs
replanting, whereas the crimson clover-hairy
vetch ground cover requires more frequent re-
establishment.
Zinc, an important element in pecan nutrition, is
commonly applied in 2–4 foliar applications per
growing season to alleviate leaf symptoms of zinc
deficiency. The standard threshold
recommendation in the two major native pecan
states, Oklahoma and Texas, has been 60 ppm
and 80 ppm as determined by leaf analysis.
Recent research by Darrell Sparks at the
University of Georgia shows that most native
pecan groves can forego this input. Instead, he
suggests that zinc levels required for maximum
vegetative growth and nut yields coincide with
the threshold value for visible leaf symptoms of
zinc. In other words, trees without visible leaf
deficiency symptoms do not require zinc
sprays (3).
Native pecan groves are often managed both for
nuts and for grazing of livestock. In fact, pecan
grove grazing is a well-known form of
agroforestry. However, livestock should be
removed at least two months prior to harvest to
avoid potential bacterial contamination from
feces.
While grazing cattle (or sheep) in pecan groves
can generate additional income from the land as
well as enhance nutrient cycling, there are certain
grazing restrictions following pesticide
application that growers need to be aware of. See
Recommended Intervals Between Last
Application, Harvest, and Other Restrictions in
Pecans in the accompanying box for grazing
restrictions in relation to choice of pesticide.
4. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 4
Agroforestry
Agroforestry is the deliberate growing of trees on the
same unit of land as crops or livestock. The idea behind
agroforestry is to derive both economic and ecological
benefits, two key goals of sustainable agriculture.
Pecan silvopasture (livestock grazing) and
alleycropping (alternating rows of annual crops and
trees) systems are among the oldest examples of
agroforestry in temperate climates.
Alleycropping, also known as intercropping, can be done
with a wide range of vegetable, flower, field, and forage
crops during the pre-bearing stage of pecans to help
offset establishment costs. Nut trees are particularly well-
suited to alleycropping because of the wide spacing
between tree rows.
In the South, raising square bales of bermudagrass hay in
the alleyways for the first 10 years is said to pay for the
cost of orchard establishment. The caveat is that
bermudagrass is a heavy feeder and haying requires
supplemental fertilization and close attention to vegetation
management to avoid competition with young trees.
Livestock grazing most often involves cattle, though
intergrazing with sheep has increased in popularity.
Regardless, grazing restrictions sometimes exist — either
temporarily or permanently —following application of
common pecan pesticides.
As an example, see the grazing restrictions associated
with pesticides in the table below. Thus, one of the
factors pushing pecan pest management towards "soft
spray" and biological control programs is the desire to
generate dual incomes from grazed orchards.
Low impact spray programs rely on pesticides with
short term environmental persistence and low toxicity to
beneficial insects and wildlife.
Resources on Agroforestry:
Agroforestry Overview, an ATTRA publication by Alice
Beetz, is available in-print as well as on-line.
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/agroforestry.html
Recommended Intervals Between Last Application, Harvest, and Other Restrictions in Pecans‡
Chemical Interval Between Last Application and Harvest and Other Restrictions
Abound Do not apply within 45 days of harvest.
Asana, Ammo 21 days. Do not feed or graze livestock on treated orchard floors.
Benlate, Topsin M Do not apply after shuck split. 15 day waiting period before harvest.
Confirm 14 days to harvest. Do not graze livestock in treated areas or feed cover crops grown
in the treated area to livestock.
Dimethoate Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not graze livestock in treated areas.
Dipel, Javelin No grazing restrictions. 0-day waiting period.
Di-Syston Do not harvest nuts within 80 days of treatment.
Enable Do not apply after shuck split or within 28 days of harvest. Do not graze.
Fury Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not graze livestock on cover crops in treated areas.
Guthion Do not apply after shuck split. Allow 21 days before grazing livestock.
Imidan Do not apply within 14 days of harvest. Do not graze livestock on cover crops in treated areas.
Lorsban Do not make more than 5 applications per season and do not graze livestock in
treated orchard. Do not apply within 28 days of harvest.
Malathion, Sevin No grazing restrictions. Sevin has a 14-day waiting period before harvest.
Orbit Do not apply after shuck split. Do not graze or feed cover crops in treated areas.
Provado Do not graze in treated areas. 0 days waiting between application and harvest.
Super-Tin 80W, Cyprex Do not apply after shucks have started to open, and do not graze treated areas.
Thiodan Do not graze cattle in treated groves and do not apply after shuck split.
Ziram Do not apply within 55 days of harvest.
‡From: Extension Agent's Handbook of Insect, Plant Disease, and Weed Control. Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma
State University. January 2000.
5. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 5
Management of a native pecan grove is an art as
much as a science. The best way to learn about
native pecans is to attend pecan field days, short
courses, and annual growers' meetings. A short
list of considerations associated with native
pecan grove management includes:
• Clearing the site
• Selecting trees for nut production versus trees
for firewood & timber
• Orchard floor management
• Legume establishment
• Plant nutrition
• Livestock grazing
• Grazing restrictions due to pesticides
• Low-cost approach to inputs
• Harvest preparation
• Cleaning, grading, and marketing nuts
Grazing, Legumes, and Bloating of Cattle
Bloating can result when cows graze on fresh,
nitrogen-rich legumes on an empty rumen. What
happens is that the legumes are so easily digested by
rumen bacteria that massive quantities of gas are
released, thus causing bloating to occur which can
require the emergency aid of a veterinarian. Alfalfa,
red clover, and white clover are most notable as
problem legumes species, while crimson clover and
hairy vetch are less worrisome.
Grazing on a grass-legume mix rather than a 100%
legume stand is a standard grazing practice to avoid
bloating problems. Feeding hay, or grazing on grass,
before turning the animals onto the legume stand is a
typical precaution. In general, legumes are an
excellent forage and bloating does not occur very often
(and only sporadically in the herd), especially when
animals are acclimated to high levels of legumes in
their diet. Finally, bloat blocks may be set out as a
preventative nutritional supplement. Also see:
Tips to Avoid Bloat
http://www.dairyherd.com/nutr73.htm
The Papershell Pecan Orchard
The establishment of a pecan orchard by planting
trees in rows is how most new growers enter the
pecan industry. Trees can be purchased with the
cultivar already budded to the top, or planted as
a seedling and grafted in the field. (To be "true to
name," a cultivar must be propagated asexually,
i.e., by budding or grafting rather than
propagation by seed).
There are hundreds of pecan cultivars, but only a
few dozen make up the commercial industry.
Papershell cultivars are classified according to
size, percent kernel fill, and northern or southern
range of adaptation. An economic unit for a
pecan orchard—which is the acreage needed to
finance pecan equipment and provide an annual
income—is somewhere between 30-60 acres,
depending on the economic model one uses.
Prime bottomland farms in soybeans, corn,
wheat, and alfalfa are usually good sites for
pecan orchards, provided the soil drains well.
Yields from pecan orchards range from 800–1,200
lbs. per acre on average, though yields as high as
2,500 lbs. are not uncommon. Pecans are
notorious for alternate bearing, with heavy
harvests usually followed by one or two "off"
years. Wholesale returns of $.80–.90 per pound
are common. Retail prices range from $1.50–2.25
per pound, but prime quality nuts can also bring
over $2.50. On average, net wholesale returns
from a papershell orchard are $300–400 per acre.
One aspect of pecan culture that may be an eye-
opener to the prospective orchardist is the
equipment associated with pecan production
and harvesting. A 1988 report listed an estimate
of $45,000 new or $21,000 used for the minimum
pecan orchard equipment—a 50–60 horsepower
tractor, a 500 gal. PTO (power-take-off) sprayer,
a 3-pt. hitch shaker, a pull-type harvester, and a
pecan cleaner (7). Additional expenses to
consider include a rotary mower, an orchard
rake, a harvest sweeper, harvest bins, drying
equipment, a shed for farm equipment and
pecan nut cleaning and storage operations, an
irrigation system, and tools. One horticulturist
stated that "most folks grow into their
equipment needs."
The papershell pecan industry has evolved as an
important horticultural enterprise in non-native
states like Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina,
North Carolina, and Florida in the Southeast, and
in New Mexico, Arizona, and California in the
West.
6. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 6
Pecan orchard systems in the Southeast and West
differ from each other primarily in the need for
irrigation (in the West) and in the severity of
pests and diseases (in the Southeast). Much of
the disease and pest pressure in the Southeast is
simply non-existent in the West.
Likewise, the establishment of pecan orchards is
an important horticultural industry throughout
the tree's native range in states like Texas,
Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Mississippi.
Management of these orchards closely resembles
that of plantations in the Southeast due primarily
to similar pest and disease problems.
Spacing, Trees per Acre, Planting
The spacing of pecan trees depends on
geographical location. In their native and eastern
ranges, pecan trees are commonly spaced on a
40 ft x 40 ft grid pattern, which is the equivalent
of 27 trees per acre. After about 16–22 years, trees
are thinned by half on a diagonal, thus leaving 14
trees per acre. At about 25–35 years old, the third
and final thinning will leave a spacing of 80 ft x
80 ft with 7 trees per acre.
For a long time the pecan industry was based on
a 35 ft x 35 ft tree spacing. However, recent
economic analysis showed an initial 40 ft x 40 ft
planting pattern is more profitable because the
wider spacing allows the temporary trees more
time to produce nuts before they are removed (8).
Establishing a Pecan Orchard, OSU Extension
Facts F-6247, provides illustrations and details for
pecan orchard layout and thinning operations,
located on the web at:
http://www.okstate.edu/OSU_Ag/agedcm4h/
pearl/hort/frtnuts/f6247.htm
In the western range, where sunlight is more
intense, trees are planted at 30 ft x 30 ft, which is
the equivalent of 48 trees per acre. Ultra-high
density western pecan orchards, spaced at 15 ft x
30 ft, are typically managed by mechanical
hedging.
Pecan nursery stock is available from reputable
pecan nurseries. There are several options to
choose from, including bare root versus
containerized nursery stock, and non-budded
seedling rootstocks versus pre-budded
rootstocks.
There is considerable variation in cold hardiness
among rootstocks. Most commercial-scale pecan
nurseries are in the South, and rootstocks are
most likely to be seedlings from southern trees,
which may or may not have the cold hardiness to
withstand more northerly conditions.
Growers in more northerly regions should check
with their Extension Service for advice regarding
rootstocks, or ask for assurance from the nursery
that the understock has the necessary cold
hardiness. See the accompanying box on
Northern Pecan Varieties for Extension
specialists who can address this topic.
One method of pecan seedling production that is
appealing from the sustainable angle is on-farm
production of pecan seedlings using the "milk-
carton" nursery production method developed at
Oklahoma State University. These "super
seedlings" are raised in square, bottomless
containers (quart-size milk cartons fitted inside
plastic milk crates) filled with a standard nursery
mix.
When the seedling germinates, the tap root
grows out the bottom of the container
whereupon the root tip is exposed to the air and
dies back. Repeated air root pruning stimulates
vigorous lateral branching and results in a
fibrous root system. From a container nursery
production viewpoint, air root pruning is
particularly appealing for strong tap-rooted
trees such as pecans. Containerized trees are
easy to transplant and with the added
advantage of a vigorous, fibrous root system
due to air root pruning they establish well in
the field.
This method was first described in Growing Tree
Seedlings in Containers (9), an out-of-print OSU
agricultural experiment station bulletin written
by Dr. Carl Whitcomb. Root-control nursery pots
are now commonly available in the commercial
nursery industry. ATTRA's Sustainable Small-
Scale Nursery Production publication provides
additional resources on this topic.
7. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 7
NORTHERN PECAN VARIETIES
Pecan varieties can be classified into Eastern, Western
or Northern types based largely upon climate and
geographical location. Eastern varieties are adapted to
the humid southeastern states from Louisiana to
Florida and have some scab tolerance or resistance.
Since scab is not a problem in the arid West, western
varieties do not have appreciable scab tolerance or
resistance.
Northern pecan varieties are adapted to a shorter
growing season (as few as 140–180 days) than
eastern or western types (between 190–220 days).
When eastern or western types are grown in northern
areas, the nut fails to properly mature.
The adaptation of pecans to the northern half of the
U.S. is gaining increased interest. In addition to
regions within the northern pecan belt (northern
Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois,
Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee), horticulturists
have made selections that are hardy to Zone 4 and are
planting pecans as far north as Ontario, Canada.
Dr. William Reid (10), at Kansas State University, or
Dr. Bill Gustafson (11), at the University of Nebraska-
Lincoln, can provide advice and recommendations to
prospective orchardists in the upper U.S.
Names of standard northern varieties include James,
Colby, Fritz, Greenriver, Major, Peruque, Witte, Posey,
Giles, Hirschi, and Stark's Hardy Giant. Selections
from Gustafson's collection — collected from pecan
trees growing along the banks of the Mississippi and
Missouri rivers — include Bolten's S-24, C.L. McElroy,
Canton, Gibson, Lucas, Mullahy, and Norton (12).
Tree Care, Irrigation, Weed Control, Mulches
The first 3–5 years after planting are crucial to the
survival and establishment of a tree.
Sufficient soil moisture and a vegetation-free
zone around the tree itself are foremost among
the factors affecting tree survival. Supplemental
irrigation is normally recommended, especially
where precipitation falls below 32–36" per year.
Perhaps the most important factor affecting tree
vigor is vegetation control underneath the tree
canopy. Weeds are known to severely curtail
pecan tree growth, and insufficient weed control
is the most frequent reason new orchards fail or
are slow to begin production. Apparently,
interference from weeds is a combination of
competition for moisture and nutrients as well as
allelopathy (13). Recent research suggests that a
10-foot square area under newly planted trees
should be vegetation free (14).
Though sustainable agriculture has a goal of
reducing chemical inputs in general, herbicides
are often used within a sustainable framework as
an alternative to cultivation; to manage cover
crops; or to create a sod-free strip in the tree row.
Overall, herbicides account for a small percent of
total active pesticide ingredients used in pecan
production.
Summary of Pesticide Use in Pecans in Texas
Type of Pesticide % of Total
Insecticides 75
Fungicides 23
Herbicides 2
Total 100
Source:
Crop Profile for Pecans in Texas
USDA Office of Pest Management Policy & Pesticide
Impact Assessment Program
http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/
Detail.CFM?FactSheets__RecordID=291
Herbicides are restricted in certified organic
production, however, and therefore the following
weed control options will focus on non-chemical
alternatives.
Mechanical cultivation by disking is an old
weed control practice in pecan orchards. A
recent study in Alabama provides insight into the
relation between disking and soil moisture
availability on pecan yields. Disking as a method
of weed control was comparable to herbicide-
treated plots when drip irrigation was used.
However, when the pecan trees were not
irrigated, yields from disked plots were reduced
by half in comparison to weed-free plots treated
with herbicides (15).
Mulches control weeds by excluding light and
forming a physical barrier to growth. Organic
mulches may be viewed as the ultimate soil
treatment because they can suppress weeds,
moderate soil temperatures, retain soil moisture,
8. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 8
and release nutrients and feed soil organisms
during decomposition. Sheet mulching
significantly enhances the efficacy of organic
mulches. This is where a thick layer of straw,
grass hay, or wood chips are laid on top of
several layers of newsprint or heavy-duty kraft
paper. Still, organic mulches biodegrade over
time and require labor and materials to maintain.
Wood chips —which can often be obtained free
by the truckload from municipalities and tree
trimmers — make a superb organic mulch for
trees. Research in Oklahoma showed that tree
growth was significantly enhanced by the
presence of a wood chip mulch, laid 12 inches
deep in a 6-ft wide square around the base of the
tree (16). This was combined with a 13-ft wide
weed-free herbicide strip in the tree row. These
horticulturists are saying that trees grow better
when a wood chip mulch and a herbicide strip are
used in combination.
Fungi inhabiting the cellulose-rich environment
underneath a wood chip mulch may have an
important role to play in tree health, too. Dr.
Elaine Ingham, soil microbial ecologist at Oregon
State University, says it is the soil food web that
ultimately determines nutrient availability,
disease occurrence, and related production
factors. Wood chips, which are highly
carbonaceous, foster a fungal-dominated
environment ideal for trees and vines. Row crops
and grasslands, by comparison, are dominated by
a bacterial microflora (17).
Geotextile weed barriers (often called fabric
weed barrier or landscape cloth) offer an effective
long-term weed control alternative to chemicals,
organic mulches, and cultivation. These
materials suppress weeds but allow water and air
infiltration. Growers can purchase pre-cut tree
squares, obtain bulk material and cut it to size
(e.g., 10'x 10'), or run the material down the entire
row length (e.g., 10' to 15' wide strips). Higher
grades of fabric mulch will last as long as 10
years.
Topping landscape weed barriers with a wood
chip mulch is a common practice in the landscape
industry, primarily for aesthetic purposes, but in
field production it is not necessary and in fact can
negate its intended purpose. Invariably, weed
seeds land in the organic mulch on top of the weed
barrier , subsequently germinating in this moist
medium and sending roots down through the
small pores of the fabric.
Regardless of which mulching system is
employed, constant attention to weeds emerging
through the mulch or on the edges of the mulch is
critical. IPM farmers can use a post-emergent
herbicide to deal with these renegade weeds, but
organic growers committed to non-herbicidal
weed control will have to be vigilant, especially
during the first few years of a planting. Steam,
used as a portable thermal weed control
technique for spot treatment, is one option worth
exploring in combination with geotextile
mulches.
Living mulches, which are desirable cover crops
planted in the alleyways between pecan trees,
should be kept away from the trees themselves.
Even legume cover crops, which can be so
important in providing nitrogen to mature trees,
should be excluded from the immediate area
around young pecan trees or the trees can suffer
from competition (14).
ATTRA's Overview of Organic Fruit Production
publication contains a review of non-chemical
weed control strategies relevant to tree crops.
Legumes in the Orchard
Legumes play an important role in sustainable
pecan management because they fix nitrogen and
enhance biological insect control. This latter
aspect, the use of legumes to attract "food aphids"
and the predators that feed on them and on
associated pecan canopy aphids, is covered in
more detail in the Insect and Mite Pests section.
The nitrogen (N) contribution from legumes is
significant. Cover crop legumes fix 75–250 lbs.
N/acre, depending on species and environmental
conditions. At least half the total N fixed by
legumes is released during decomposition the
first year after legume dieback. In succeeding
years of cover cropping, an increase in soil N is
common. As pecan orchards need about 100–150
lbs. N/acre to maintain healthy, productive trees,
9. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 9
legumes seem like a perfect match. The
Oklahoma State University study, previously
cited, demonstrated that legume N is ample for
native trees. Papershell trees, however, may
require supplemental N inputs because orchard
trees are more productive.
The choice of legume species will vary by climate
and soil type, and therefore local
recommendations should be obtained from the
Extension Service. Several desirable qualities of
an orchard legume and example selections are
provided below.
Use of Legumes in Pecan Orchards (18), an
Oklahoma State University report, identifies the
legume characteristics that are most compatible
with pecan production:
First, a cool season legume is less
competitive with the trees for soil
moisture than a warm season legume,
plus the cool season legume would
stimulate an earlier increase in the
beneficial insects.
The legume should be tolerant to both sun
and shade. Many pecan orchards are
prone to flooding; therefore, flooding
tolerance is desirable. Also, the legume
must not cause an increase in undesirable
insects, such as stink bugs, while
attracting beneficial insects. The legume
should be capable of fixing large
quantities of N. Additionally, the legume
must be capable of withstanding the
traffic associated with orchard
maintenance and harvesting.
The researchers in the Oklahoma study found a
combination of self-seeding annual and perennial
legumes performed the best. The annual legumes
and seeding rates were 'Dixie' crimson clover at
10 lbs./acre and hairy vetch at 8 lbs./acre. The
perennial legumes and seeding rates were
'Louisiana S-1' white clover at 2 lbs./acre and
'Kenland' red clover at 8 lbs./acre (5–6).
Pecan Production in the Southeast: A Guide for
Growers (19), an Alabama Cooperative Extension
Service publication, lists the preferred orchard
cover crops for pecans in the Southeast as:
• Creeping red fescue
• Orchardgrass
• Centipedegrass
• Regal white clover
• Arrowleaf clover
• Merion bluegrass
• Common bermudagrass
• Louisiana S-1 clover
• Reseeding crimson clover
Though the Alabama publication states that
deep-rooted, coarse, turf-producing grasses like
Kentucky fescue and bahiagrass should be
avoided, fescue is a common orchard grass in
other parts of the pecan belt, especially where
grazing is conducted.
Finally, successful legume establishment is a
critical factor in how well a biological-nitrogen
program will perform. In the Oklahoma study
(4), Roundup® (glyphosate) herbicide was used
to eliminate existing vegetation. Light disking
followed by broadcast seeding and rolling
benefited stand establishment. One alternative to
herbicides includes partial tillage and legume
establishment into the existing vegetation, thus
arriving at a mixed grass-clover stand. Clean
cultivation is the only practical non-herbicidal
alternative if complete elimination of existing
vegetation is desired.
Organic Fertilization
Fertilization of pecan trees is based on a soil test
and leaf analysis. A soil test is taken in the year
of establishment, and thereafter every 3 years, to
monitor soil pH and nutrient levels. The most
accurate indicator of orchard fertility, however, is
nutrient status of the leaves. Leaf samples are
taken in July and sent to a lab for analysis.
Nitrogen is the element that most influences
pecan growth, and it is the element most likely to
become deficient in a pecan orchard. Normal leaf
concentrations of N fall between 2.3 and 3.0
percent. The minimum leaf nitrogen
concentration for productive orchards is
considered to be 2.2 or 2.3%.
10. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 10
This table, from Pecan Production in the Southeast: A Guide for Growers (19), shows how leaf analysis is related
to fertilization.
General Fertilizer Guidelines Based on Leaf Analysis
Percent Pounds of
Nitrogen Nitrogen to
in Leaves Apply Per Acre
Below 2.0 150*
2.1 140*
2.2 130*
2.3 120
2.4 110
2.5 100
2.6 100
2.7 100
Above 2.7 None, unless specifically suggested
*Use only on trees 30 years or older
In addition to leaf analysis, the terminal growth
of pecan shoots can provide a visual indication of
tree N status. Most pecan varieties fruit well
when shoots are 4–8 inches long. Young, non-
bearing trees should make more growth.
An interesting result of the USDA-SARE study in
Oklahoma was a leaf N concentration of 2.6%
when crimson clover-hairy vetch produced 166
lbs. N/acre.
Surface application of compost to pecan trees,
especially in the weed-free zone, is a common
practice in organic orcharding. In the early years,
compost alone is often sufficient to enhance tree
vigor, provided minerals are not deficient as
determined by a soil test. Compost not only
supplies mineral elements, but fosters soil
microbial activity and contains beneficial by-
products. In bearing orchards compost can be
viewed as a supplement to nitrogen-fixing
legumes.
Foliar applications of organic fertilizers and
biostimulants, another common practice in
organic orcharding, may be worthwhile in a
young pecan orchard to enhance tree vigor. But
in a mature pecan orchard, foliar feeding is
questionable. In studies with commercial soluble
fertilizers, some growers and researchers report
positive effects, but others find no benefit. Pecan
trees become so enormous and bear so much leaf
mass that foliar-applied nutrients do not have
sufficient impact to make a significant change in
leaf analysis or nut yields. Western orchard trees,
kept short by hedging, may be an exception.
On the other hand, foliar feeding can play an
important role in pest management (altering leaf
culticle structure and confusing insects,
increasing soluble solids, and manipulating the
foliar food web) and that may be a good enough
reason for growers to employ this practice. In
addition, organic materials such as seaweed and
compost teas can be viewed as biostimulants that
have a non-nutritive benefit akin to how compost
functions in the soil beyond its N-P-K value.
Phosphorus (P) levels in orchard soils should be
maintained for the nutrition of the pecan trees as
well as the legumes. Normal leaf concentrations
of P range between .12 and .20 percent. Rock
phosphate is the chief source of P in
commercial-scale organic production. Bone meal
is a good source of P, and may be useful as a soil
amendment at tree establishment, but it is too
expensive to apply by the acre. Application rates
of rock phosphate are considerably higher than
single or triple superphosphate fertilizer, and
may range from 300–1,000 lbs per acre.
11. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 11
Potassium (K) is the second most important
element in pecan production, after nitrogen.
Potassium deficiency can cause small, poorly-
filled nuts, accelerate the tendency towards
alternate bearing, and lower resistance to disease.
Normal levels of leaf K range between 0.75 and
1.75 percent. Sulfate of potash-magnesia
(Sul–Po–Mag®K–Mag®) is widely used in
organic agriculture, especially in nut production.
Certain brands of potassium sulfate (mined and
untreated) can also be used in organic programs.
Zinc (Zn) is the other critical element in pecan
nutrition. Normal leaf concentrations of Zn are
between 50 and 150 ppm. A severe zinc
deficiency, especially prevalent in highly
calcareous soils, may lead to a physiological
disorder known as pecan rosette. In calcareous
soils with a pH over 7.0 (most of the western
pecan belt), zinc is tied up by calcium into an
insoluble form, and the application of foliar zinc
is a standard practice.
In Oklahoma three foliar sprays per growing
season at 6 lbs of 36% zinc sulfate per acre is
common, whereas six sprays are common in
south and west Texas. Zinc sulfate is an accepted
material in organic certification programs.
Brent Wiseman (20), Coordinator for Organic
Programs at the Texas Department of
Agriculture, says that zinc sulfate mixed with
seaweed and fish emulsion and applied foliarly is
a common practice in Texas organic pecan
orchards, though constant agitation of the spray
tank solution is necessary to keep the solution
from settling.
Additional concepts and practices associated
with ecological soil management and organic
fertilization are contained in the following
ATTRA Publications:
• Overview of Organic Fruit Production
• Sustainable Soil Management
• Alternative Soil Amendments
• Alternative Soil Testing Laboratories
• Sources of Organic Fertilizers and
Amendments
• Farm-Scale Composting
• Overview of Cover Crops and Green Manures
Organic Fertilization Resources
Sources for Organic Fertilizers and Amendments
ATTRA
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/orgfert.html
This is the ATTRA resource list on organic
fertilizers that provides an extensive listing of
dealers and suppliers carrying bulk organic
fertilizers, listed state-by-state.
OMRI's Brand Name Products List
Organic Materials Review Institute
http://www.omri.org/brand_list.html
OMRI is the Organic Materials Review Institute.
It provides a technical review of organic crop
production materials (fertilizers and pest
controls) supplied by manufacturers. Products
that receive an Allowed or Regulated status
can state that the product is "OMRI Listed"
and may use the OMRI seal on packaging
and literature.
The Brand Name Products List on OMRI's
Website includes crop production materials
Organized alphabetically by Generic Material,
Supplier, and Product.
Alternative Soil Testing Laboratories Resource List
ATTRA
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/soil-lab.html
Whereas the pecan industry is heavily
Oriented to standard commercial fertilizer
recommendations available from land-grant
university soil labs, organic farmers may find
the advice from crop advisors who specialize
in organic fertilizer recommendations to be
more helpful.
Alternative Soil Testing Laboratories also
provides an extensive list of resources and web
sites on alternative soil fertility concepts and
practices.
Commercial Organic Nutrient Recommendations
University of Maine Soil Testing Service/Analytical Lab
http://anlab.umesci.maine.edu/handout/ organ01.HTM
In these handy tables from University of Maine
you can quickly see how many pounds of
organic fertilizer are needed to meet desired
pounds of nutrient element per acre; e.g.,
670 lbs fish meal equals 60 N lbs per acre,
890 lbs fish meal equals 80 lbs N per acre, and
1100 lbs fish meal equals 100 N lbs per acre.
12. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 12
Insect and Mite Pests
Introduction
In the East, in addition to foliar-feeding aphids
and mites, there are several serious direct pests of
the nut. Researchers have developed advanced
IPM programs to minimize damage from these
pests, and in most cases a biological control or
otherwise organically acceptable control is
available. However, two key pests throughout
most of the eastern pecan production areas, the
pecan weevil and the hickory shuckworm,
present serious obstacles to organic production.
In western production regions where pecan and
its relatives (especially the hickories) are not
native, some of the worst pecan pests have been
left behind. In such areas the most troublesome
pests are likely to be aphids and mites that feed
on the foliage and stems.
Aphids and Mites
Aphids and mites are similar in that they are
"indirect pests" (i.e., they feed on plant parts
other than the harvested nut), have multiple
generations through the growing season, and
are often raised to pest status by the
inadvertent killing of their natural enemies by
pesticides targeted for them or other pests.
This last characteristic has provided a major
impetus for researchers to investigate the
refinement of ecologically-based pest
management systems to preserve the beneficial
organisms and achieve natural biological
control of aphids and mites.
Two species of yellow aphids attack pecans: the
black-margined aphid (Monellia caryella) and the
yellow pecan aphid (Monelliopsis pecanis). The
primary damage caused by yellow aphid feeding
is the deposit of honeydew on leaves, which
supports the growth of sooty mold and reduces
photosynthesis.
The black pecan aphid (Melanocallis caryaefoliae)
can be more destructive than other aphids found
on pecans. If left unchecked, its feeding can
cause premature defoliation of the orchard. It is a
pest in southeastern pecan groves and in Texas.
While it can also be found in Oklahoma and
Kansas, it rarely occurs in densities sufficient to
cause concern.
There are many natural enemies of aphids and
mites, including ladybeetles, lacewings, damsel
bugs, assassin bugs, spiders, and predacious
mites. The planting of cover crops to provide
refuge, insect prey, honeydew, nectar, pollen, and
a water supply for these beneficial insects is how
growers and researchers are beginning to solve
aphid and mite problems through biological
control (5,21,22).
USDA-SARE research conducted in Oklahoma
(5) and Georgia (21) evaluated cool-season
legumes as beneficial insect refuge. The goal was
to identify which cover crops support predators
and parasites of pecan pests, and to identify
when they actually migrate from the ground
covers into the trees to achieve biological control
of the pecan pests.
Research thus far indicates that predators like
lady beetles and green lacewings are attracted to
cover crops to feed on pea aphids, cowpea
aphids, and blue alfalfa aphids which inhabit the
legumes. The number and species of beneficials
found in the tree tops varied, but an increase in
canopy numbers of predators was apparent
where a crimson clover-hairy vetch ground cover
was grown (5).
Dr. Glenn 'Cat' Taylor (23), former pecan
specialist (retired) at the Noble Foundation in
Ardmore, Oklahoma, said the need for aphid
insecticide application is regionally specific as
determined by the presence of aphid species. As
an example, the only aphid occurring in sufficient
numbers in Oklahoma is the yellow aphid. He
advises Oklahoma growers to go with a "soft
spray" program — using pesticides with low-
toxicity to beneficials and with short
environmental persistence —and foregoing aphid
control because the yellow aphid causes more
concern than actual damage.
At the other extreme, aphid problems in Georgia
are severe enough to warrant the registration and
use of the highly toxic, systemic insecticide
aldicarb for aphid control. Dr. Jim Dutcher (24)
reported that a four-step, less-toxic alternative
13. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 13
has been developed for Georgia growers. The
program includes: [1] a row of legumes planted
in the aisle; [2] controlling fire ants by spraying
the trunks with insecticides (fire ants are
indiscriminate predators and kill beneficial
insects that would otherwise prey on aphids); [3]
irrigation to ameliorate the stress to trees caused
by aphid feeding; and [4] releases of aphid
predators.
In short, while pesticides may occasionally be
necessary to control mite or aphid problems, the
manipulation of the orchard floor to provide
habitat for beneficials and the release of
beneficials into the grove or orchard will in many
cases be sufficient to control aphid problems.
Arnold Brothers Biological Insect Pest Control
(25) is an insectary in New Mexico specializing in
aphid control for pecan orchards.
Pecan Weevil
The pecan weevil (Curculio caryae) emerges as an
adult from the soil under or near pecan trees
primarily during August and September. The
weevils mate and begin feeding on the
developing pecan nuts soon after emergence.
Females lay eggs in the nuts, the eggs hatch, and
the larvae feed on kernels inside the nutshells for
approximately six weeks. Larvae then burrow
out through the shell, fall to the ground, and
enter the soil where they pupate and overwinter
as adults. If conditions are favorable over several
years, weevil "populations can increase until
virtually all pecan nuts are infested" (26).
The pecan weevil is present throughout most of
the South wherever pecans and hickories grow
and is considered the most important pest of
managed pecans in the southeastern U.S. (27). A
large percentage of damaged nuts can render a
crop practically unmarketable.
Interestingly, the pecan weevil is mysteriously
absent from certain areas within states where the
weevil is otherwise common. As an example,
Brent Wiseman explained that areas around
Stephenville and El Paso, Texas, harbor few
weevils while the central Texas region is heavily
Biological Control
Adverse weather, inadequate food supply or natural
enemies may hold insect and mite populations below
damaging levels. It is important to recognize the impact
of these natural control factors and, where possible,
encourage their action.
Biological control is the use of living organisms
(parasites, predators and diseases) to reduce pest
numbers. Important natural enemies of pecan pests
include lacewings, spiders, lady beetles, assassin
bugs, predatory mites and many kinds of tiny wasps
that parasitize insect pests.
Biological control includes conserving, augmenting and
importing natural enemies. Conserve existing
populations of natural enemies in the orchard by
minimizing insecticide applications and by using
insecticides least toxic to the natural enemy.
Examples include B.t. (Bacillus thuringiensis)
insecticides (Dipel®, Javelin®), which are toxic only to
certain moth caterpillars and not to insect predators or
parasites. Ground covers such as legumes can
provide food and shelter for natural enemies.
Unsprayed native pecans serve as reservoirs of natural
enemies that can move into adjacent sprayed
orchards.
Augmentation involves periodically buying and
releasing natural enemies. Research is under way to
determine if such releases control pecan pests
effectively and practically. Natural enemies can also
be imported from other countries, then colonized and
released. Once established, these natural enemies
maintain themselves without further releases.
Source:
Managing Insect and Mite Pests of Commercial
Pecans in Texas
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, B-1238
http://entowww.tamu.edu/extension/bulletins/
b-1238.htm
Resources:
Farmscaping to Enhance Biological Control
ATTRA
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/farmscape.html
Suppliers of Beneficial Organisms in North
America
http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/ipminov/
bensuppl.htm
14. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 14
infested. Consequently, location influences the
degree to which pecan weevil control is necessary
and where organic production is most feasible.
The Pecan Weevil Wanted Poster from Texas
A&M shows the distribution —the presence or
absence — of pecan weevil in Texas. It is located
on the web at:
http://pecankernel.tamu.edu/publications/
pwwanted.PDF
Biological control options for pecan weevils are
limited. Fire ants prey on pecan weevils, but they
also prey on beneficials and are a nuisance to
farm workers. Researchers have tried using soil-
applied, beneficial, parasitic nematodes as well as
entomopathogenic fungi, but nothing reliable has
emerged from these efforts as yet.
Several methods have been developed to monitor
weevil emergence, thus allowing for accurate
spray timing. Heretofore, the two most
important techniques have been the cone trap
developed at Oklahoma State University (28),
and the pyramid trap developed by USDA-ARS
at Byron, Georgia (29). This latter trap is shaped
like a pyramid, about 21 inches wide and 48
inches tall, painted brown, and capped with a
screen funnel trap. When adult weevils emerge
from the soil, they normally fly to the dark trunk
of a pecan tree, but by whitewashing the tree
trunks researchers found they could divert the
weevils from the trunks to the traps. Ten to 15
traps per 100 acres is enough to monitor weevil
emergence.
More recently, the Circle trap (named for its
inventor, Kansas pecan grower Edmund Circle)
has proved to be cheaper to construct and reliable
as a monitoring tool, plus it is mounted on the
trunk and therefore out of the way of grazing
animals and mowing operations. Complete plans
for fabricating this trap are available in
Monitoring Adult Weevil Populations in Pecan
and Fruit Trees in Oklahoma, OSU Extension
Facts F-7190, on the web at:
http://www.okstate.edu/OSU_Ag/agedcm4h/
pearl/insects/cropbugs/f-7190.pdf.
The only viable control for pecan weevil at the
present time appears to be one or two accurately
timed insecticide applications (e.g., Sevin®,
Imidan®, Ammo®, Asana®, Fury®).
Pecan Nut Casebearer
The casebearer (Acrobasis nuxvorella) is a major
pest in Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas,
Arkansas, and Louisiana, and occasionally
reaches serious pest status further east. There is
patchy distribution in New Mexico, but
casebearers do not occur in Arizona or California.
The casebearer commits several types of damage.
In the spring, partially grown larvae emerge from
their overwintering site (a cocoon attached to a
bud on a pecan twig) and burrow into buds and
stems where they will pupate. Later in the spring
(usually during May in most pecan growing
regions) the moths emerge, lay their eggs on the
tips of nutlets, and the resulting larvae feed on
buds and the developing nutlets. These larvae
will pupate within fruits, emerge as adults and
again lay eggs on other fruits. The cycle
continues throughout the summer, but third and
fourth generation larvae usually cannot penetrate
the hardened nut shell. The primary damage
caused by the casebearer is dropping of nuts.
Monitoring is done by visual inspection of the
nut tips. A hand lens can be used to look at nut
tips more closely, though the trained eye is all
that is necessary. The Texas Agriculture
Extension Service and the University of Georgia
have both developed models based on degree
days that predict emergence and egg laying of
the casebearer. Thus, monitoring of this pest can
be very tightly managed by combining visual
inspection with degree day reports from the
Extension Service. Both the Georgia and Texas
models can be seen at the Oklahoma Pecan
Management website at:
http://www.hortla.okstate.edu/pecan/
Pecan nut casebearer pheromone traps,
developed by Dr. Marvin Harris at Texas A&M
University, are a recent innovation in pecan IPM
monitoring.
A new low-impact pesticide effective against the
casebearer is Confirm®, an insect growth
regulator. Sprays of Confirm are most effective
15. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 15
when the majority of eggs on the nut tips are in
the pink or red stage.
As the casebearer itself is a lepidopteran (moth)
insect, organic growers can use the biological
control Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Bt). Trade
names include Javelin® and Dipel®. Combined
with a monitoring program, control is quite
effective. Because Bt does not last long in the
environment, sprays of Bt should be timed
directly at the larvae rather than eggs. Apply
when 1–2% of the nuts have been entered.
A rule-of-thumb method is to spray when the nut
tips turn brown. This is not as accurate, so it is
advisable if using this latter method to make a
second application 7–10 days later.
Hickory Shuckworm
The adult hickory shuckworm (Cydia caryana) is a
moth. Larvae of the shuckworm tunnel into
pecan fruits from early spring until the shells
harden in mid to late summer, thus destroying
the fruit and resulting in premature nut drop.
Three to four generations can occur each year.
Later generations attack pecans after shell
hardening; damage from larvae tunnelling into
pecan shucks (hull) causes poor kernel filling and
prevention of shuck split.
Early in the spring, the shuckworm feeds
primarily on native hickory and is often found in
phylloxera galls on pecan trees. Thus, one of the
most effective control strategies for hickory
shuckworm is targeting of phylloxera galls in
spring. The soft-spray control method for
phylloxera gall is a dormant application of
horticultural oil. In northern production regions
(Kansas, Missouri) where shuckworm pressure is
not too high, the nut thinning process associated
with hickory shuckworm may actually do more
good than harm, according to Dr. William Reid at
Kansas State University. The shuckworm is
absent in the western pecan belt and in certain
districts of other pecan-producing states.
Where it does occur, the shuckworm is
considered a major pest for two reasons. The first
reason is that, compared to the pecan weevil and
the pecan nut casebearer, the shuckworm is
difficult to monitor. The second reason is that
soft spray options like Bt are limited because the
larval stage is spent mostly inside the pecan
shuck and, therefore, short-lived pesticides
sprayed on the foliage have limited efficacy.
The standard tool for monitoring of shuckworm
until recent years was a blacklight trap.
However, such traps attracted all kinds of insects
and it was a time-consuming process to separate
and count shuckworm moths. More recently, a
pheromone that attracts female shuckworm
moths was identified at Oklahoma State
University. Pheromone traps for the hickory
shuckworm are available through commercial
pest management suppliers.
Several pesticides are registered for shuckworm
control, including the insect growth regulator
mentioned earlier, Confirm®. Growers raising
certified organic pecans will have to rely on
accurately timed applications of Bt, or use
appropriately registered botanical insecticides.
Phylloxera
There are five known species of phylloxera (a.k.a.
"plant lice") that attack pecan, but the pecan
phylloxera, Phylloxera devastatrix is generally
considered to be the most economically
important. The pecan phylloxera is most
common in its native range through Texas,
Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi.
This aphid-like pest causes galls or knots to
appear, primarily on leaves though it also occurs
on fruits and stems. Severe infestations, when
they do occur, can result in plant stress,
defoliation, terminal dieback, and reduction in
yield and nut quality. Phylloxera galls also serve
as a host for developing larvae of the hickory
shuckworm.
In native groves, removal of susceptible trees
during normal thinning programs can reduce or
eliminate phylloxera problems (8).
Some cultivars are known to be more susceptible
to pylloxera than others. Resistant cultivars
include Mohawk, Chickasaw, Cherokee,
16. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 16
Shawnee, Sioux, Kiowa, Caddo, Cowley,
Shoshoni, and Sumner (30). Cape Fear, Mahan,
Wichita, Cheyenne, and Tejas appear only
moderately susceptible, while Apache, Riverside,
Stuart, Success, Schley, and Desirable are known
to be susceptible (30-31).
By the time galls appear it is too late to do
anything, since the galls encase the insect and
thereby protect it from insecticides. If damage is
anticipated, a dormant oil can be applied as part
of a certified organic program though control
may not be as effective. Regular pecan
insecticides are typically applied at bud break to
one-inch shoot growth. If sprays are delayed
past this period there is a risk the pest will
already be sequestered within a gall.
Diseases
Pecan Scab
Pecan scab, caused by the fungus Cladosporium
caryigenum, is the most serious disease of pecans.
Scab pressure is particularly bad in the Southeast
where humidity and rainfall are high. It presents
few problems in West Texas, New Mexico,
Arizona, and California. In northern pecan
groves, where the climate is drier than in the
deep South and where genetic variation keeps
scab from becoming epidemic, fungicidal control
is not a regular practice.
Dr. Bruce Wood (32), horticulturist with the
USDA Fruit Research Station located in Byron,
Georgia, explained that while scab-resistant
cultivars exist, many of the best commercial
pecan cultivars are susceptible. Additionally,
scab resistance has been found to diminish over
time. For instance, 'Stuart' was rated as very
resistant to scab for over 40 years, but by 1956
was considered susceptible (33).
Nevertheless, where scab is a factor most
horticulturists are now suggesting that scab
resistance be taken into account when selecting
varieties and planning an orchard. Susceptible
cultivars simply require too many fungicide
sprays to be profitable.
See the table in the Appendix for a list of pecan
cultivars currently rated as scab resistant.
Standard pecan fungicides can provide adequate
control for scab. Some of the copper fungicides
are permitted in certified organic production. In
any case, early-season control is important.
Failure to control scab on susceptible cultivars
early in the season can lead to 50–100% crop
loss (33).
Abound®, a new-generation fungicide
synthesized from a compound first discovered in
strobilurin mushrooms, is very effective against
scab and registered for that use. However, due to
Abound’s mode of action, C. caryigenum could
develop resistance if Abound is over-relied upon.
Therefore fungicide rotation is strongly
encouraged.
In the humid Southeast, the standard
recommendation for scab control may call for
fungicide sprays every 2–3 weeks from early
spring to near harvest. Fortunately, models for
scab prediction are being developed. One such
model, developed by Sharon von Broembsen of
Oklahoma State University, can be viewed at the
Oklahoma Pecan Management website at:
http://www.hortla.okstate.edu/pecan/.
Other Diseases
There are several foliar diseases, including
powdery mildew, downy spot, zonate leaf spot,
vein spot, leaf blotch, et al., which can be
troublesome for pecans, but rarely outside of
commercial plantings in the Southeast. In most
cases, sprays for scab will also control these
problems.
Appendix:
Scab Resistant Pecan Cultivars
17. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 17
References:
1) Reid, William and R.D. Eikenbary. 1991.
Developing low input management strategies
for native pecan orchards. p. 69–76. In: Bruce
W. Wood and Jerry A. Payne (eds.) Pecan
Husbandry: Challenges and Opportunities.
ARS-96. USDA-Agriculture Research Service,
Washington, D.C.
2) Taylor, Glenn 'Cat'. 1990. Thinning native
pecan trees. p. 187–190. In: Proceedings of the
9th Annual Oklahoma Horticulture Industries
Show. Held January 5–6, Tulsa, OK.
3) Sparkes, Darrell. 1993. Leaf levels of zinc
required for maximum nut yields and
vegetative growth in pecan. p. 104–110. In:
84th Annual Report of the Northern Nut
Growers Association. Held August 1–4,
Pittsburg, Kansas.
4) Rice, N.R., et al. 1993. Evaluation of low
input pecan orchard floor management
systems. p. 95–103. In: 84th Annual Report of
the Northern Nut Growers Association. Held
August 1–4, Pittsburg, Kansas.
5) Smith, Michael W., et al. 1994. Screening cool-
season legume cover crops for pecan orchards.
American Journal of Alternative Agriculture.
Vol. 9, No. 3. p. 127–134.
6) Smith, Michael W., Asrat Shiferaw, and
Natasha R. Rice. 1996. Legume cover crops as
a nitrogen source for pecan. Journal of Plant
Nutrition. Vol. 19, No. 7. p. 1117–1130.
7) Hedger, George H. 1988. Considerations
involved in purchasing pecan production
equipment. p. 108–111. In: Proceedings of 7th
Annual Oklahoma Horticultural Industries
Show. Held January 28–29, Tulsa, OK.
8) Dr. Mike Smith
Department of Horticulture and L.A.
Oklahoma State University
360 Agricultural Hall
Stillwater, OK 74078
405-744-6463
mws@okstate.edu
9) Whitcomb, Carl E. 1981. Growing Tree
Seedlings in Containers. Oklahoma Agri-
cultural Experiment Station Bulletin 755.
Oklahoma St. University, Stillwater, OK. 18 p.
10) Dr. William Reid
Pecan Experiment Field
Kansas State University
P.O. Box 247
Chetopa, KS 67336-0247
316- 597-2972
316- 597-2758 Fax
11) Dr. Bill Gustafson
Dept. of Horticulture
211 Mussehl Hall
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, NE 68583-0714
402-472-3674
402-472-3858 Fax
serc004@unlvm.unl.edu
12) Anon. 1991. Pecans move north. American
Horticulturist. September. p. 11.
13) Wolf, Margaret E. and Michael W. Smith.
1999. Cutleaf evening primrose and Palmer
amaranth reduce growth of nonbearing pecan
trees. HortScience. Vol. 34, No. 6. p. 1082–
1084.
14) Foshee, W.G, W.D. Goff, M.G. Patterson, and
D.M. Ball. 1995. Orchard floor crops reduce
growth of young pecan trees. HortScience.
Vol. 30, No. 5. p. 979–980.
15) Patterson, Michael G. and William D. Goff.
1994. Effects of weed control and irrigation on
pecan (Carya illinoinensis) growth and yield.
Weed Technology. Vol. 8. p. 717–719.
16) Smith, Michael W., Becky L. Carroll, and
Becky S. Cheary. 2000. Mulch improves
pecan tree growth during orchard
establishment. HortScience. Vol. 35, No. 2.
p. 192–195.
17) Soil Foodweb, Inc.
980 NW Circle Blvd
Corvallis, OR 97330
541-752-5066
541-752-5142 Fax
Contact: Dr. Elaine Ingham
sfi@soilfoodweb.com
http://www.soilfoodweb.com
18) McCraw, Dean, M.W. Smith, R. Eikenbary,
and D. Arnold. 1995. Use of Legumes in
Pecan Orchards. Current Report No. 6250.
Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma
State University. 4 p.
18. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 18
19) Pecan Production in the Southeast: A Guide
for Growers. 1989. ANR-459. Alabama
Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn
University. 230 p.
20) Brent Wiseman, Coordinator for Organic
Programs
Texas Dept. of Agriculture
P.O. Box 12847
Austin, TX 78711
512-463-7476
21) Bugg, R.L., M. Sarrantonio, J.D. Dutcher, and
S.C. Phatak. 1991. Understory cover crops in
pecan orchards: Possible management
systems. American Journal of Alternative
Agriculture. Vol. 6. p. 50–62.
22) Tedders, W.L. 1983. Insect management in
deciduous orchard ecosystems: Habitat
manipulation. Environmental Management.
Vol. 7. p. 29–34.
23) Dr. Glenn 'Cat' Taylor (retired)
The Samuel Roberts Noble
Foundation, Inc.
P.O. Box 2180
Ardmore, OK 73402
405-223-5810
[Scott Landgraff at The Noble Foundation can
provide current pecan recommendations]
24) Dr. Jim Dutcher
Associate Professor of Entomology
Entomology Department
Coastal Plain Experiment Station
Box 748
Tifton GA, 31793
913-386-3567
25) Arnold Brothers Biological Insect Pest Control
P.O. Box 450
Fairacres, NM 88033
505-526-6165
26) Harris, Marvin. 1985. Pecan phenology and
pecan weevil biology and management.
p. 52. In: W.W. Neel (ed.) Pecan Weevil:
Research Perspective. Quail Ridge Press,
Brandon, MS.
27) Mizell, R. F., III. 1985. Risk rating: A fruitful
approach to management of the pecan weevil.
p. 69. In: W. W. Neel (ed.) Pecan Weevil:
Research Perspective. Quail Ridge Press,
Brandon, MS.
28) Eikenbary, Raymond D. et al. 1994.
Monitoring Adult Pecan Weevil Populations,
OSU Fact Sheet No. 7175. Cooperative
Extension Service, Oklahoma State
University. 4 p.
29) Anon. 1995. Pyramidal weevil traps offer
option to cone trap. Pecan South. July.
p. 22–23, 26.
30) Calcote, V.R. 1985. Resistance of pecan clones
to Phylloxera devastatrix Pergande and P.
russellae Stoetzel. p. 63–69. In: W.W. Neel, et
al. (ed.) Aphids and Phylloxeras of Pecan.
Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station
Special Publication 38.
31) Pecan Entomology in Louisiana
Louisiana State University
http://www.agctr.lsu.edu/agcenter/research
/pecan/MJH/ento.htm
32) Dr. Bruce Woods
USDA Fruit and Research Station, ARS
P.O. Box 87
Byron, GA 31008
912-956-5656
33) Ellis, H.C. et al. 1984. Pecan Pest
Management in the Southeast. University of
Georgia Cooperative Extension, Athens, GA.
p. 35–37.
19. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 19
Pecan Grower’s Handbooks:
Pecan Production in the Southeast: A Guide for
Growers. 1989. Alabama Cooperative Extension
Service, Auburn University. 230 pages. 300 full-color
photographs. $45.00
Available from:
Alabama Cooperative Extension Service
Publications
6 Duncan Hall
Auburn University, AL 36849-5632
334-844-1592
Texas Pecan Grower's Handbook. 1994. Texas
Agriculture Extension Service, Texas A&M University.
200 pages. $15.00.
Available from:
Extension Horticulture
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-2134
409-845-8904
New Mexico Pecan Growers' Handbook. 1991.
Cooperative Extension Service, New Mexico State
University. 214 pages. $35.00
Available from:
Dr. Esteban Herrera
New Mexico State University
Plant Sciences Dept.
Box 3AE
Las Cruces, NM 88003
505-646-0111
Books and Periodicals on Pecans:
Several good books and trade magazines on pecans are
available from one source in Texas. Contact:
The Olde Pecan Bookstore
P.O. Drawer C
College Station, TX 77841
409-846-3285
409-845-1752 Fax
http://www.texaspecan.com/books.htm
Books:
Pecans—A Grower's Perspective. 1994. By Wes Rice.
PecanQuest, Ponca City, OK. 198 pages. $57.50
hardback, $39.50 softcover.
Pecan Cultivars: Past and Present. 1985. By Tommy
E. Thompson and Fountain Young. Texas Pecan
Growers Association, College Station, TX. 265 pages.
$19.95 hardback, $12.95 softcover.
The Pecan Tree. 1994. By Jane Manaster. University
of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 109 pages. $17.95.
Pecan Pest Management in the Southeast. 1984. By
H.C. Ellis, et al. University of Georgia Cooperative
Extension Service, Athens, GA. 62 pages. $28.00.
Pecan Production in the Southeast: A Guide for
Growers. 1996. By William D. Goff, John R. McVay,
and William S. Gazaway. Alabama Cooperative
Extension System, Circular ANR 459. 222 pages.
$45.00.
Periodicals:
Pecan South (monthly), $18.00
The Texas Horticulturist (monthly), $12.00
The Pecan Newsletter, $85.00
[Pecan marketing information delivered in weekly
issues through the harvesting and marketing
season, late September thru late January].
All the periodicals listed above are available from
The Olde Pecan Bookstore.
Pecan Grower (quarterly), $8.00
Available through:
Georgia Pecan Growers' Association
4807 Woodland Dr.
Tifton, Georgia 31794
912-382-2187
Print Resources
20. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 20
An Introduction to the Genus Carya
National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Pecans and
Hickories
http://extension-horticulture.tamu.edu/
/carya/species/index.htm
Pecan Cultivars Index
Pecan Genetics and Improvement Research,
Agricultural Research Service, USDA
http://extension-horticulture.tamu.edu/
/carya/pecans/cvintro.htm
Growing Pecans in Kansas
Kansas State University Extension Service, MF-1025
http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/
/hort2/SAmplers/MF1025.htm
Growing Pecans in North Carolina
North Carolina State University
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/
/hil/ag81.html
Pecan Cultivar Performance at the Coastal Plain
Experiment Station, 1921-1994. Georgia Agricultural
Experiment Station Research Bulletin 426. 34 p.
http://www.ces.uga.edu/pubs/PDF/RB426.pdf
IPM for Alabama Fruit and Nut Trees
Alabama Cooperative Extension Service
http://www.aces.edu/department/ipm/
/treefipm.htm
Pecan Diseases in Alabama
Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, ANR 606
http://www.aces.edu/department/extcomm/
/publications/anr/anr-606/anr-606.html
Pecan Entomology in Louisiana
Louisiana State University
http://www.agctr.lsu.edu/agcenter/research/
/pecan/MJH/ento.htm
Pecan Insects, Images & Descriptions in South
Carolina
Clemson University
http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/
/pecan/
Pecan Pest Management: Insects and Diseases
University of Missouri-Columbia, MP711
http://muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/miscpubs/
/mp0711.htm
New Mexico State University
Pecan Publications
http://www.cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/
The New Mexico State University website hosts
about 36 different fact sheets on pecan production
and pecan pest management.
Also at New Mexico State University:
Controlling the Pecan Nut Casebearer by
Applying Insecticide Based on Heat Units
New Mexico State University
http://weather.nmsu.edu/nmcrops/pecans/
/pecan_nut_casebearer.html
Oklahoma Pecan Management
Oklahoma State University
http://www.hortla.okstate.edu/pecan/
The Oklahoma Pecan Scab Model
http://blaze.ocs.ou.edu/~nassar/scab/
The Oklahoma Pecan Nut Casebearer Model
http://blaze.ocs.ou.edu/agwx/models/pecan/
/pnc/
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
Pecan Publications
http://agweb.okstate.edu/pearl/hort/fruits/
/index.html
The OSU website hosts about 17 different fact
sheets on pecan production and pecan pest
management.
Also at Oklahoma State University:
F-7642 - Pecan Diseases: Prevention and Control
http://agweb.okstate.edu/pearl/plantdisease/
/f-7642.pdf
Texas A&M University Aggie Horticulture
http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
Texas Nut Culture 418
Texas A&M online Horticulture Course
http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/
/syllabi/418/schedule.htm
Managing Insect and Mite Pests of Commercial
Pecans in Texas
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, B-1238
http://entowww.tamu.edu/extension/
/bulletins/b-1238.html
Electronic Resources on Pecan
Production and Pecan Pest Management
21. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 21
Controlling the Pecan Nut Casebearer
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, L-5134
http://entowww.tamu.edu/extension/
/bulletins/l-5134.html
Pecan Pest Management CD-ROM
Developed at Texas A&M University, the Pecan
Pest Management CD-ROM features:
General Information — pecan tree overview,
pecan phenology, calendar checklist, chemicals,
cover crops, diagnostic key.
IPM Information — key pests, natural enemies,
diseases, casebearer and pecan weevil
management.
Tutorial — pecan tree, pest management graphics
by region, early-, mid-, and late-season pests.
With 166 color photos and the ability to search by
keyword. Available for $60 through The Olde
Pecan Bookstore.
Field Guide to the Insects and Mites Associated with
Pecan, B-6055
http://entowww.tamu.edu/extension/forsale/
/b-6055.html
Texas A&M's entomological field guide to
important pests and beneficial insects found in
pecan orchards, with color photos and
descriptions; available for $12.95 per copy
(includes postage and handling). Make checks or
purchase orders payable to: Texas Agricultural
Extension Service Account #233206
Publication and Supply Distribution
Texas Agricultural Extension Service
P.O. Box 1209
Bryan. TX 77806-1209
Texas Pecan Pest Management Newsletter
Entomology at Texas A&M University
http://entowww.tamu.edu/extension/
/newsletters/
Published 8–10 times during the growing season
between March and September. Back issues to
1998 are located online, as well as the current
growing season.
Texas Pecan IPM Articles in The Pecan Press
http://pecankernel.tamu.edu/newsletters/
Pecan Kernel (Texas)
http://pecankernel.tamu.edu/
A pecan pest management site from Texas A&M
entomology. It provides a convenient link to all
the current and back issues of Texas Pecan Pest
Management Newsletter and Texas IPM for Pecan
Press articles. Here, you can also find a list of
pecan specialists working at 19 land-grant
universities and research and extension centers.
UC Pest Management Guidelines: Pecans
University of California
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/
/selectnewpest.pecans.html
1998 Sample Costs to Establish a Pecan Orchard and
Produce Pecans (San Joaquin Valley, Flood Irrigated)
University of California
http://www.agecon.ucdavis.edu/outreach/crops/
/cost-studies/98pecans.pdf
Routing Pecan Scab — Protecting a Popular Nut
USDA Agricultural Research Service
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/aug98/
/scab0898.htm
Crop Profile for Pecans in North Carolina
USDA Office of Pest Management Policy & Pesticide
Impact Assessment Program
http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/
/Detail.CFM?FactSheets__RecordID=205
Crop Profile for Pecans in Texas
USDA Office of Pest Management Policy & Pesticide
Impact Assessment Program
http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/Detail.CFM?F
actSheets__RecordID=291
The USDA Office of Pest Management Policy &
Pesticide Impact Assessment Program website
provides a state-by-state assessment of pesticide
use in crop production. Reports provide crop
status, key pests, and typical pesticide
recommendations. Currently North Carolina and
Texas are the only two states that have completed
reports on pecans. These crop profiles are
valuable because they summarize the important
pests and what pesticides are used to control them.
Where least-toxic or cultural controls are available,
these are also included.
Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc.
Articles & Books on Pecans
http://www.icserv.com/nnga/pecan.htm
22. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 22
Texas Pecan Growers Association
http://www.texaspecan.com/
Darrell Sparks' Pecan Page
University of Georgia–Horticulture
http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Campus/
/3370/
BioQuip Entomology Products
17803 LaSalle Ave.
Gardena, CA 90248-3602
310-324-0620
310-324-7931 Fax
bioquip@aol.com
Supplier of entomology books and supplies:
handlens, catch nets, blacklights, pheromones
traps, etc.
Gemplers IPM Products
P.O. Box 270
Belleville, WI 53508
1-800-332-6744 (Customer Service)
1-800-382-8473 (Phone orders)
http://www.gemplers.com
Supplier of IPM books and manuals; IPM field
products, & pesticide safety gear.
Trece
1143 Madison Lane
Salinas, CA 93907
831-758-0204
831-758-2625 Fax
http://www.trece.com
Supplier of pheromone traps & lures.
By Steve Diver and Guy Ames
NCAT Agriculture Specialists
Revised November 2000
Special thanks to Dr. Michael Smith, Department of
Horticulture at Oklahoma State University, for
comments and resources he contributed to the
authors during revision of this publication.
IPM Pest Management Supplies
The electronic version of Sustainable Pecan
Production is located at:
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/pecan.html
The ATTRA Project is operated by the National Center for Appropriate Technology under a grant from the
Rural Business-Cooperative Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. These organizations do not
recommend or endorse products, companies, or individuals. ATTRA is located in the Ozark Mountains
at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville at P.O. Box 3657, Fayetteville, AR 72702. ATTRA staff
members prefer to receive requests for information about sustainable agriculture via the toll-free
number 800-346-9140.
23. // SUSTAINABLE PECAN PRODUCTION Page 23
APPENDIX: Pecan Cultivars Resistant to Pecan Scab*
________________________________________
Cultivar Average rating1
------------------------------------------------------------
Apache 5.0
Wichita 5.0
Burkett 5.0
Western Schley 5.0
Tejas 4.0
Cherokee 4.0
Cherokee 4.0
Cheyenne 3.5
Mahan 3.3
Shawnee 3.0
Sioux 2.7
Pawnee 2.5
Shoshoni 2.5
Mohawk 2.5
Maramec 2.5
Forkert 2.3
Osage 2.2
Colby 2.0
Barton 1.7
Peruque 1.7
Kiowa 1.7
Cape Fear 1.7
Podsednick 1.7
Choctaw 1.7
Chickasaw 1.5
Curtis 1.5
Desirable 1.5
Stuart 1.5
Caddo 1.2
Moreland 1.2
Sumner 1.2
Jackson 1.0
Success 1.0
Starking Hardy Giant 1.0
Gloria Grande 1.0
Melrose 1.0
------------------------------------------------------
1No scab lesions = 1; Lesions on over half of nut surface area = 5
From: Thompson, Tommy E. and L.J. Grauke. 1994. Genetic Resistance to Scab Disease in Pecan.
HortScience. September. p. 1078–1080.