The document summarizes a study that examined attention, problem solving, and decision making in young adults with ADHD compared to healthy controls. The study found that:
1) Adults with ADHD performed worse on tests of attention (Stroop test), problem solving (Tower of Hanoi), and decision making (Iowa Gambling Task) compared to healthy controls.
2) Specifically, those with ADHD had lower total scores on the Iowa Gambling Task, indicating impaired decision making abilities.
3) The results suggest that young adults with ADHD exhibit deficits in these cognitive domains like attention, problem solving, and decision making, contributing to understanding the neuropsychological profile of ADHD in adul
Emotional intelligence-as-an-evolutive-factor-on-adult-with-adhdRosa Vera Garcia
ADHD adults exhibit deficits in emotion recognition, regulation, and expression. Emotional intelligence (EI) correlates with better life performance and is considered a skill that can be learned and developed. The aim of this study was to assess EI development as ability in ADHD adults, considering the effect of comorbid psychiatric disorders and previous diagnosis of ADHD. Method: Participants (n = 116) were distributed in four groups attending to current comorbidities and previous ADHD diagnosis, and administered the Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test version 2.0 to assess their EI level. Results: ADHD adults with comorbidity with no previous diagnosis had lower EI development than healthy controls and the rest of ADHD groups. In addition, ADHD severity in childhood or in adulthood did not influence the current EI level. Conclusion: EI development as a therapeutic approach could be of use in ADHD patients with comorbidities.
Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd)Joy Maria Mitchell
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder. ADHD is the commonly studied and
diagnosed as psychiatric disorder. Here we shall see the relation between extraversion and ADHD, neuroticism,
biological relation, Environmental factors and with diagnosis of ADHD. It is known that Genetics is one of the factors
that may contribute to, or exacerbate ADHD. Recent research probing towards the environmental and Genetic factors
causing ADHD differences is the main source for investigation
Evidence-based counseling therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disor...Jeffrey Ahonen
This presentation addresses psychotherapuetic treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. A brief overview is presented of the current conceptualization of this disorder in the current edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). A brief discussion is set forth regarding mental health counseling therapies that have demonstrated effectiveness in helping adults to cope and improve social and occupational functionality.
This presentation might be useful as an introduction to psychotherapeutic treatment of ADHD in adults, particularly within an undergraduate or lower-level graduate course in psychology or mental health counseling.
Emotional intelligence-as-an-evolutive-factor-on-adult-with-adhdRosa Vera Garcia
ADHD adults exhibit deficits in emotion recognition, regulation, and expression. Emotional intelligence (EI) correlates with better life performance and is considered a skill that can be learned and developed. The aim of this study was to assess EI development as ability in ADHD adults, considering the effect of comorbid psychiatric disorders and previous diagnosis of ADHD. Method: Participants (n = 116) were distributed in four groups attending to current comorbidities and previous ADHD diagnosis, and administered the Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test version 2.0 to assess their EI level. Results: ADHD adults with comorbidity with no previous diagnosis had lower EI development than healthy controls and the rest of ADHD groups. In addition, ADHD severity in childhood or in adulthood did not influence the current EI level. Conclusion: EI development as a therapeutic approach could be of use in ADHD patients with comorbidities.
Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd)Joy Maria Mitchell
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder. ADHD is the commonly studied and
diagnosed as psychiatric disorder. Here we shall see the relation between extraversion and ADHD, neuroticism,
biological relation, Environmental factors and with diagnosis of ADHD. It is known that Genetics is one of the factors
that may contribute to, or exacerbate ADHD. Recent research probing towards the environmental and Genetic factors
causing ADHD differences is the main source for investigation
Evidence-based counseling therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disor...Jeffrey Ahonen
This presentation addresses psychotherapuetic treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. A brief overview is presented of the current conceptualization of this disorder in the current edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). A brief discussion is set forth regarding mental health counseling therapies that have demonstrated effectiveness in helping adults to cope and improve social and occupational functionality.
This presentation might be useful as an introduction to psychotherapeutic treatment of ADHD in adults, particularly within an undergraduate or lower-level graduate course in psychology or mental health counseling.
In the broader list of cognitive concerns, neuropsychological testing has shown that attentional impairment may have a specific burden in Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS).
Preliminary observations have reported a subset of FMS patient screened for attention disorders fulfilling the actual diagnosis of ADHD, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by
developmentally inadequate levels of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that might persist in adulthood. Yet, no study to date has systematically examined the history and the specific
contribution of ADHD to FMS in terms of clinical impact and related specific disabilities.
In this study, 106 individuals with a FMS diagnosis based on the 2010 criteria of the American College of Rheumatology have been assessed for (a) the presence of ADHD; (b) the burden of
disability caused by ADHD versus FMS; (c) the presence of other psychiatric disorders. Results indicated that ADHD was present in 24.5% of FMS individuals, it was associated with higher FMS symptoms severity and a greater functional impairment, particularly in the work/school domain.
Moreover, patients with both FMS and ADHD had higher frequency of substance use disorders than those with FMS only (38.5% versus 3.8%) and mainly opioids. Overall, results suggest that ADHD can increase burden adding specific disability in work and social activities, and it is associated with
a trend for the excessive use of opioid painkillers. Detection of neurodevelopmental and actual symptoms of ADHD is highly recommended especially in patient prone to increase the dose of antipain medication.
There is Time to Adjust. Aging as a Protective Factor for Autism-Crimson Publ...CrimsonPublishersGGS
There is Time to Adjust. Aging as a Protective Factor for Autism by Diego Iacono in Gerontology & Geriatrics studies
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is formally diagnosed before the age of 3 that is, when the central nervous system (CNS) is not yet completely formed, but it is mature enough to generate behavioural abnormalities in some individuals when compared to an age- matched group of typically developed children [1,2]. However, ASD is not a life-threating disease and children diagnosed with ASD age at the same rate as their peers. The possible detrimental or beneficial factors associated with aging in children affected by ASD are not fully known. Surprisingly, the amount of peer-reviewed medical and scientific international literature published on the topic of aging with autism is quite modest and sporadic [3]. The scarcity of aging-ASD investigations derives from the lower level of attention, and related funding opportunities, from the major public and private funding agencies for research across the globe
A Study on Level of Mental Health Problems of Adolescentijtsrd
Mental health problems are very common among adolescent. This may be due to the fact that attending family members to a challenging time for many traditional and non traditional among adolescent. Adolescent after completing high school are typically younger, depend on parents for financial support, and do not work or work part time. Thus, in addition to stress related to academic load, these adolescent may have to face the task of taking on more adult like responsibilities without having yet mastered the skills and cognitive maturity of adulthood. Descriptive research design and simple random sampling technique was adopted for the study. A sample size of 60 was collected using interview scheduled. This study concludes that 58 of the respondents are having good level of mental health, 24 of the respondents are having moderate level of mental health and the remaining 18 of the respondents are having poor level of mental health. Ms. Elakkiya S | L. Jerlin Jeci "A Study on Level of Mental Health Problems of Adolescent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56206.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/56206/a-study-on-level-of-mental-health-problems-of-adolescent/ms-elakkiya-s
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Running head The Critique of Ethical Consideration of Patients wi.docxtodd521
Running head: The Critique of Ethical Consideration of Patients with Dementia 1
The critique of ethical consideration of patients with dementia
8
The Critique of Ethical Consideration of Patients with Dementia
Yeni Hernandez
GCU NRS-433V
August 19, 2018
The critique of ethical consideration of patients with dementia
Introduction
Based on Pan et al. (2013) study, the severities of the behavioural and psychological symptoms that are evident for vascular dementia are clearly presented. The research focuses on the application of quantitative measures to understand the severity of the symptoms using a sample of 51 patients with vascular dementia (Pan et al., 2013). The analysis considered the fluctuation of the behavioural symptoms based on diurnal, evening, and nocturnal activities. The ageing population has been outlined as being a risk factor for the continued prevalence and rise in the cases of dementia for decades. This paper will critique the PICOT statement on the grounds of those living with dementia in their daily lives.
PICOT statement for patients with dementia
P- (problem/patient/population): the research will focus on patients living with dementia (PWD)
I- Intervention will come in the form of integrating regular exercises to dementia patients to help improve memory loss and maintain a healthy fit.
C- Comparison: if a patient cannot engage in productive and useful forms of exercises, provide a supportive environment through informal caregiving to facilitate relaxation and safety.
O- Outcome: the outcome of the study is an improved overall safety of a patient living with dementia to reduce re-hospitalizations that result from injuries.
T- Time- this will show the time required in addressing the problem of dementia among home care patients.
Background information
Dementia generally is used to refer to the symptoms shown by individuals and mostly relate to memory. There have been complaining about the existence of rare signs amongst patients who visit clinical institutions. This included the loss of memory hence reducing their ability to carry out their daily tasks appropriately. However, it had been clearly proven that there was little that was done in realizing the desired the desired solutions to help out the patients. At higher stages patients showed problems in communication and language, focusing and paying attention, perceptions relating to visions, judgment and how the patients reasoned out. This, therefore, prompted the need to carry out a qualitative and quantitative study with a major aim of presenting ethical issues that relate to patients with dementia. The study was based on scholarly articles to present appropriate information that can help curb such instances in most or all medical and clinical institutions hence saving the patients. It is evident that the lack of patient care and safety acted as the major reason as to.
“A Study on Mental Health Problems of Adolescent” with Special Reference to C...ijtsrd
Mental health problems are very worldwide among adolescent. This may be due to the truth that attending family members to a difficult time for many traditional and non traditional among adolescent. Adolescent after effecting high school are typically younger, depend on parents for financial support, and do not work or work part time. Thus, in addition to stress related to academic load, these adolescent may have to face the task of taking on more adult like responsibilities lacking having yet mastered the skills and cognitive maturity of adulthood. Stress, life events, past experiences and genetics all play a part in determining our mental health. Student life exposes individuals to risk factors affecting mental health including financial worries, periods of transition, substance use, parental pressure, culture shock and disconnection from previous supports. Descriptive research design and simple random sampling technique was adopted for the study. A sample size of 60 people was collected using planned interviews. In this study conclude that 61 of the respondents had good mental health, 24 had moderate mental health, and the remaining 15 respondents had poor mental health. Dr. R. Revathi Priya | Ms. Vaishnavi. A "“A Study on Mental Health Problems of Adolescent” with Special Reference to Coimbatore Districts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59900.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/59900/“a-study-on-mental-health-problems-of-adolescent”-with-special-reference-to-coimbatore-districts/dr-r-revathi-priya
Running head Background and Significance2Background and Sig.docxsusanschei
Running head: Background and Significance 2
Background and Significance 2
Effects of ADHD and Executive Functioning on Brain Development
#7
PSY625: Biological Bases of Behavior
Jennifer Weniger
July 30, 2018
Background
Techniques for maintaining and enhancing executive function in children with ADHD is great potential benefit to children and to society. Improved executive function improves daily performance in children and adults suffering from ADHD. There is more and more research for brain deficits associated with ADHD. ADHD symptoms can include inattention and/or hyperactivity and acting impulsively. This disorder affects more than one in 20 under the age of 18, and two-thirds of those diagnosed continue to deal with symptoms as adults. Further research on the effects of ADHD and executive functioning would be beneficial for those suffering from the disorder. Symptoms of ADHD create significate impairment in social, academic, occupational functioning, and relationships (Bressert, 2018). Higher executive functioning would lead to the ability to perform task of daily living and the improvement of quality of life.
There are more and more studies of normal and abnormal brain development in children and adolescents. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study ADHD. The ones who will be helped by further studies and an increased understanding of ADHD and executive function deficit are the children and their families. Students who have these challenges need coaching from professionals who specialize in executive functioning problems. Students need to be taught the skills necessary to overcome their deficits. Executive function skills are not a guarantee to school success but without these skills the child will have difficulty at a certain point, which can be followed by a loss of self-esteem. Further knowledge will help children suffering from ADHD and executive disorder succeed in school and in life (Eckerd, Ruden, 2011).
There are seven skills associated with executive function, 1) self-awareness, 2) inhibition, 3) non-verbal working memory, 4) verbal working memory, 5) emotional self- regulation, 6) self-motivation, 7) planning and problem solving. Anyone exhibiting ADHD symptoms will have problems with all or most of these seven executive functions. These seven functions develop over time in chronological order. Starting with self-awareness at age 2 and ending with planning and problem-solving at age 30 in a neurotypical individual. An individual with ADHD id generally 30 to 40 percent behind in transitioning from one executive function to the next (Barkley, 2018).
There is need for more research in the significance of executive functioning deficits on ADHD. In the article, Interventions to improve executive functioning and working memory in school-aged children with AD(HD): a randomized controlled trail and stepped-care approach, the researchers investigated one executive function, working memory which pl ...
O R I G I N A L P A P E RSelf-Reported Depressive Symptoms.docxhopeaustin33688
O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Have Minimal Effect
on Executive Functioning Performance in Children
and Adolescents
Benjamin D. Hill • Danielle M. Ploetz •
Judith R. O’Jile • Mary Bodzy • Karen A. Holler •
Martin L. Rohling
Published online: 9 May 2012
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract The relation between mood and executive
functioning in children and adolescents has not been previ-
ously reported. This study examined the association between
self-reported depressive symptoms in both clinical outpa-
tient and psychiatric inpatient samples to the following
measures of executive functioning: the Controlled Oral
Word Association Test, Animal Naming, Trail Making Test,
and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Records from children and
adolescents aged 7–17 years old with an IQ [ 70 were
examined. Data were gathered at either an outpatient neu-
ropsychology clinic (n = 89) or an inpatient psychiatric
hospital setting (n = 81). Mood was measured with the
Children’s Depression Inventory. Generally, statistical
associations between self-reported depressive symptoms and
executive functioning were small and non-significant. The
variance predicted by mood on measures of executive
functioning was minimal (generally less than 2 %) for the
total sample, the outpatient group, inpatient group, and a
subgroup who endorsed elevated mood symptoms. These
results suggest that impaired performance on measures of
executive functioning in children and adolescents is mini-
mally related to self-reported depressive symptoms.
Keywords Executive functioning � Mood � Depression �
Cognitive ability � Neuropsychological assessment
Introduction
There is a long standing debate that has generated a con-
siderable amount of research in adults concerning the
relationship between levels of emotional disturbance and
their effects on performance on standard neuropsycholog-
ical tests. It appears that when the literature is taken as a
whole, adults diagnosed with psychiatric disorders tend to
perform worse than individuals without diagnoses (Basso
and Bornstein 1999; Cassens et al. 1990; Kindermann and
Brown 1997; Sackeim et al. 1992; Sherman et al. 2000;
Sweet et al. 1992; Tancer et al. 1990; Veiel 1997).
Depression, the most common mood disorder, is generally
associated with dysfunctional memory performance in the
adult literature (Burt et al. 1995; Christensen et al. 1997).
However, adult studies have shown conflicting patterns of
results across other neuropsychological domains. Some
researchers have reported depression to also be associated
with executive dysfunction (McDermott and Ebmeier
2009; Reppermund et al. 2007; Merriam et al. 1999; Martin
et al. 1991). However, others studies have reported no
effect of depression on executive functioning (Castaneda
et al. 2008; Miller et al. 1991; Rohling et al. 2002, Markela-
Lerenc et al. 2006).
While many different adult populations have been
.
Due Facilitating group to post by Day 1; all other students post AlyciaGold776
Due: Facilitating group to post by Day 1; all other students post to discussion prompt by Day 4 and one other peer initial discussion prompt post by Day 7
Initial Post: Created by Facilitating Group ( I am not in the facilitating group)
This is a student-led discussion.
· The facilitating group should choose one member from their group who will be responsible for the initial post.
· On Day 1 of this week, the chosen group member will create an initial post that is to include the group's discussion prompts, resources, and the instructions for what your classmates are to do with the resources.
· During this week, each member of your group is to participate in the facilitation of the discussion. This means making certain that everyone is engaged, questions from students are being answered, and the discussion is expanding.
· It is the expectation that the facilitating group will address all initial peer response posts by Day 7.
Reply Posts: Non-Facilitating Students
· If you are not a member of the facilitating group, you are to post a discussion prompt response according to the facilitating group's instructions by Day 4. Your reply posts should include substantive reflection directed to the presenters.
· You are also expected to respond to at least two other peer's initial discussion prompt posts.
Facilitating Group’s Post (to be replied)
Depression and Somatization Disorders
Barry Lynne, Brittany Stoken, and Jessica Murphy
NU664C: Psychiatric Mental Health Care of the Family I
November 1, 2021
Depression and Somatization Disorders
Hello Class,
Group 1 is assigned Depression and Somatization Disorders to further discuss. Failure to adjust and modify emotions cognitively while experiencing stress can ultimately present an outcome of exaggerated physiological and behavioral responses and amplify susceptibility to somatic disorders, such as somatization (Davoodi, et al., 2019). Somatization Disorder is the presentation of recurrent and multiple somatic complaints of several years duration for which medical attention has been sought but which do not derive from a specific physical disorder (Swartz, Blazer, & George, 2012).
Please respond to the following questions:
1. When caring for a patient with somatization disorder, what therapeutic interventions would you formulate (Allen, Woolfolk, Escobar, Gara, and Hamer, 2006)?
2. How would you evaluate the success of your interventions for a patient living with somatization?
Depression is an extremely serious mood disorder that effects how you think, feel, and act. Symptoms range from mild to severe including, feeling sad, loss of interest or pleasure, change in appetite, trouble sleeping or getting too much sleep, feeling worthless, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide (American Psychiatric Association, 2021). To be diagnosed with depression, symptoms must last at least two weeks and present a change in level of functioning (National Institute of Men ...
Running head UNTREATED ADHD CAN INCREASE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 1.docxtodd521
Running head: UNTREATED ADHD CAN INCREASE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 1
UNTREATED ADHD CAN INCREASE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 9
Untreated ADHD can increase Criminal Behavior
Jailya Wooden
Walden University
April 4, 2020
Introduction
The treatment of ADHD and the approaches to be employed are reliant on several factors including the age of the individuals suffering the disease, whether to be employed with other approaches and the comorbidities present. ADHD is a major issue in public health and can have negative effects on the families of the patient and society as a whole. As such, understanding the underlying factors of ADHD, its diagnosis and treatment approaches is crucial to how well the condition will be dealt with in the future. This paper looks into six research articles as part of the Capstone project and their studies of ADHD related subjects.
Articles Synthesis
According to Lücke et al., 2017, CBT or cognitive behavioral therapy is characterized as the standard type of psychotherapy administered in adults suffering ADHD. The article recognizes that biological factors including chronic negative feedback during childhood can play a role in the characterization of ADHD as a developmental disorder and these cannot be addressed substantially using CBT. The article looks into schema therapy which has recently become popular for use as a therapy approach when it comes to chronic psychiatric disorders due to its effectiveness. The therapy is centered on the targeting and identification of beliefs and dysfunctional patterns that are formed from experiences during childhood and encapsulated as early maladaptive schemas. The article also looks into studies that were used to demonstrate the increased prevalence of these schemas in ADHD suffering adults. As such, it analyzes the effectiveness and utilization of schema therapy and its potential in utilizing maladaptive schemas to treat ADHD. The effectiveness of the approach is bolstered when there are the influence and existence of secondary problems including impaired self-perception and poor coping mechanisms (Lücke et al., 2017). The article also cites the importance of conducting controlled randomized clinical studies to support the adoption of the approach and the analysis of its effectiveness in treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD.
According to Pan et al., 2019, the article looks into a study that compares CBT alone to its combination with medication in terms of cognitive and social functions, self-esteem, emotional symptoms and core symptoms in patients suffering ADHD. The study provides proof that CBT is an effective approach when it comes to treating ADHD regardless of whether it is employed with medication or not. There were, however, broader improvements when CBT was employed with medication in executive function but not in clinical symptoms, as compared to the use of CBT alone. This would, therefore, provide a scientific basis for the clinical selection of tr.
the importance of epidemiological studies, important historical research on mental health, techniques and processes, and epidemiological research findings on mental health during covid 19 are included.
In the broader list of cognitive concerns, neuropsychological testing has shown that attentional impairment may have a specific burden in Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS).
Preliminary observations have reported a subset of FMS patient screened for attention disorders fulfilling the actual diagnosis of ADHD, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by
developmentally inadequate levels of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that might persist in adulthood. Yet, no study to date has systematically examined the history and the specific
contribution of ADHD to FMS in terms of clinical impact and related specific disabilities.
In this study, 106 individuals with a FMS diagnosis based on the 2010 criteria of the American College of Rheumatology have been assessed for (a) the presence of ADHD; (b) the burden of
disability caused by ADHD versus FMS; (c) the presence of other psychiatric disorders. Results indicated that ADHD was present in 24.5% of FMS individuals, it was associated with higher FMS symptoms severity and a greater functional impairment, particularly in the work/school domain.
Moreover, patients with both FMS and ADHD had higher frequency of substance use disorders than those with FMS only (38.5% versus 3.8%) and mainly opioids. Overall, results suggest that ADHD can increase burden adding specific disability in work and social activities, and it is associated with
a trend for the excessive use of opioid painkillers. Detection of neurodevelopmental and actual symptoms of ADHD is highly recommended especially in patient prone to increase the dose of antipain medication.
There is Time to Adjust. Aging as a Protective Factor for Autism-Crimson Publ...CrimsonPublishersGGS
There is Time to Adjust. Aging as a Protective Factor for Autism by Diego Iacono in Gerontology & Geriatrics studies
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is formally diagnosed before the age of 3 that is, when the central nervous system (CNS) is not yet completely formed, but it is mature enough to generate behavioural abnormalities in some individuals when compared to an age- matched group of typically developed children [1,2]. However, ASD is not a life-threating disease and children diagnosed with ASD age at the same rate as their peers. The possible detrimental or beneficial factors associated with aging in children affected by ASD are not fully known. Surprisingly, the amount of peer-reviewed medical and scientific international literature published on the topic of aging with autism is quite modest and sporadic [3]. The scarcity of aging-ASD investigations derives from the lower level of attention, and related funding opportunities, from the major public and private funding agencies for research across the globe
A Study on Level of Mental Health Problems of Adolescentijtsrd
Mental health problems are very common among adolescent. This may be due to the fact that attending family members to a challenging time for many traditional and non traditional among adolescent. Adolescent after completing high school are typically younger, depend on parents for financial support, and do not work or work part time. Thus, in addition to stress related to academic load, these adolescent may have to face the task of taking on more adult like responsibilities without having yet mastered the skills and cognitive maturity of adulthood. Descriptive research design and simple random sampling technique was adopted for the study. A sample size of 60 was collected using interview scheduled. This study concludes that 58 of the respondents are having good level of mental health, 24 of the respondents are having moderate level of mental health and the remaining 18 of the respondents are having poor level of mental health. Ms. Elakkiya S | L. Jerlin Jeci "A Study on Level of Mental Health Problems of Adolescent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56206.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/56206/a-study-on-level-of-mental-health-problems-of-adolescent/ms-elakkiya-s
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Running head The Critique of Ethical Consideration of Patients wi.docxtodd521
Running head: The Critique of Ethical Consideration of Patients with Dementia 1
The critique of ethical consideration of patients with dementia
8
The Critique of Ethical Consideration of Patients with Dementia
Yeni Hernandez
GCU NRS-433V
August 19, 2018
The critique of ethical consideration of patients with dementia
Introduction
Based on Pan et al. (2013) study, the severities of the behavioural and psychological symptoms that are evident for vascular dementia are clearly presented. The research focuses on the application of quantitative measures to understand the severity of the symptoms using a sample of 51 patients with vascular dementia (Pan et al., 2013). The analysis considered the fluctuation of the behavioural symptoms based on diurnal, evening, and nocturnal activities. The ageing population has been outlined as being a risk factor for the continued prevalence and rise in the cases of dementia for decades. This paper will critique the PICOT statement on the grounds of those living with dementia in their daily lives.
PICOT statement for patients with dementia
P- (problem/patient/population): the research will focus on patients living with dementia (PWD)
I- Intervention will come in the form of integrating regular exercises to dementia patients to help improve memory loss and maintain a healthy fit.
C- Comparison: if a patient cannot engage in productive and useful forms of exercises, provide a supportive environment through informal caregiving to facilitate relaxation and safety.
O- Outcome: the outcome of the study is an improved overall safety of a patient living with dementia to reduce re-hospitalizations that result from injuries.
T- Time- this will show the time required in addressing the problem of dementia among home care patients.
Background information
Dementia generally is used to refer to the symptoms shown by individuals and mostly relate to memory. There have been complaining about the existence of rare signs amongst patients who visit clinical institutions. This included the loss of memory hence reducing their ability to carry out their daily tasks appropriately. However, it had been clearly proven that there was little that was done in realizing the desired the desired solutions to help out the patients. At higher stages patients showed problems in communication and language, focusing and paying attention, perceptions relating to visions, judgment and how the patients reasoned out. This, therefore, prompted the need to carry out a qualitative and quantitative study with a major aim of presenting ethical issues that relate to patients with dementia. The study was based on scholarly articles to present appropriate information that can help curb such instances in most or all medical and clinical institutions hence saving the patients. It is evident that the lack of patient care and safety acted as the major reason as to.
“A Study on Mental Health Problems of Adolescent” with Special Reference to C...ijtsrd
Mental health problems are very worldwide among adolescent. This may be due to the truth that attending family members to a difficult time for many traditional and non traditional among adolescent. Adolescent after effecting high school are typically younger, depend on parents for financial support, and do not work or work part time. Thus, in addition to stress related to academic load, these adolescent may have to face the task of taking on more adult like responsibilities lacking having yet mastered the skills and cognitive maturity of adulthood. Stress, life events, past experiences and genetics all play a part in determining our mental health. Student life exposes individuals to risk factors affecting mental health including financial worries, periods of transition, substance use, parental pressure, culture shock and disconnection from previous supports. Descriptive research design and simple random sampling technique was adopted for the study. A sample size of 60 people was collected using planned interviews. In this study conclude that 61 of the respondents had good mental health, 24 had moderate mental health, and the remaining 15 respondents had poor mental health. Dr. R. Revathi Priya | Ms. Vaishnavi. A "“A Study on Mental Health Problems of Adolescent” with Special Reference to Coimbatore Districts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59900.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/59900/“a-study-on-mental-health-problems-of-adolescent”-with-special-reference-to-coimbatore-districts/dr-r-revathi-priya
Running head Background and Significance2Background and Sig.docxsusanschei
Running head: Background and Significance 2
Background and Significance 2
Effects of ADHD and Executive Functioning on Brain Development
#7
PSY625: Biological Bases of Behavior
Jennifer Weniger
July 30, 2018
Background
Techniques for maintaining and enhancing executive function in children with ADHD is great potential benefit to children and to society. Improved executive function improves daily performance in children and adults suffering from ADHD. There is more and more research for brain deficits associated with ADHD. ADHD symptoms can include inattention and/or hyperactivity and acting impulsively. This disorder affects more than one in 20 under the age of 18, and two-thirds of those diagnosed continue to deal with symptoms as adults. Further research on the effects of ADHD and executive functioning would be beneficial for those suffering from the disorder. Symptoms of ADHD create significate impairment in social, academic, occupational functioning, and relationships (Bressert, 2018). Higher executive functioning would lead to the ability to perform task of daily living and the improvement of quality of life.
There are more and more studies of normal and abnormal brain development in children and adolescents. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study ADHD. The ones who will be helped by further studies and an increased understanding of ADHD and executive function deficit are the children and their families. Students who have these challenges need coaching from professionals who specialize in executive functioning problems. Students need to be taught the skills necessary to overcome their deficits. Executive function skills are not a guarantee to school success but without these skills the child will have difficulty at a certain point, which can be followed by a loss of self-esteem. Further knowledge will help children suffering from ADHD and executive disorder succeed in school and in life (Eckerd, Ruden, 2011).
There are seven skills associated with executive function, 1) self-awareness, 2) inhibition, 3) non-verbal working memory, 4) verbal working memory, 5) emotional self- regulation, 6) self-motivation, 7) planning and problem solving. Anyone exhibiting ADHD symptoms will have problems with all or most of these seven executive functions. These seven functions develop over time in chronological order. Starting with self-awareness at age 2 and ending with planning and problem-solving at age 30 in a neurotypical individual. An individual with ADHD id generally 30 to 40 percent behind in transitioning from one executive function to the next (Barkley, 2018).
There is need for more research in the significance of executive functioning deficits on ADHD. In the article, Interventions to improve executive functioning and working memory in school-aged children with AD(HD): a randomized controlled trail and stepped-care approach, the researchers investigated one executive function, working memory which pl ...
O R I G I N A L P A P E RSelf-Reported Depressive Symptoms.docxhopeaustin33688
O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Have Minimal Effect
on Executive Functioning Performance in Children
and Adolescents
Benjamin D. Hill • Danielle M. Ploetz •
Judith R. O’Jile • Mary Bodzy • Karen A. Holler •
Martin L. Rohling
Published online: 9 May 2012
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract The relation between mood and executive
functioning in children and adolescents has not been previ-
ously reported. This study examined the association between
self-reported depressive symptoms in both clinical outpa-
tient and psychiatric inpatient samples to the following
measures of executive functioning: the Controlled Oral
Word Association Test, Animal Naming, Trail Making Test,
and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Records from children and
adolescents aged 7–17 years old with an IQ [ 70 were
examined. Data were gathered at either an outpatient neu-
ropsychology clinic (n = 89) or an inpatient psychiatric
hospital setting (n = 81). Mood was measured with the
Children’s Depression Inventory. Generally, statistical
associations between self-reported depressive symptoms and
executive functioning were small and non-significant. The
variance predicted by mood on measures of executive
functioning was minimal (generally less than 2 %) for the
total sample, the outpatient group, inpatient group, and a
subgroup who endorsed elevated mood symptoms. These
results suggest that impaired performance on measures of
executive functioning in children and adolescents is mini-
mally related to self-reported depressive symptoms.
Keywords Executive functioning � Mood � Depression �
Cognitive ability � Neuropsychological assessment
Introduction
There is a long standing debate that has generated a con-
siderable amount of research in adults concerning the
relationship between levels of emotional disturbance and
their effects on performance on standard neuropsycholog-
ical tests. It appears that when the literature is taken as a
whole, adults diagnosed with psychiatric disorders tend to
perform worse than individuals without diagnoses (Basso
and Bornstein 1999; Cassens et al. 1990; Kindermann and
Brown 1997; Sackeim et al. 1992; Sherman et al. 2000;
Sweet et al. 1992; Tancer et al. 1990; Veiel 1997).
Depression, the most common mood disorder, is generally
associated with dysfunctional memory performance in the
adult literature (Burt et al. 1995; Christensen et al. 1997).
However, adult studies have shown conflicting patterns of
results across other neuropsychological domains. Some
researchers have reported depression to also be associated
with executive dysfunction (McDermott and Ebmeier
2009; Reppermund et al. 2007; Merriam et al. 1999; Martin
et al. 1991). However, others studies have reported no
effect of depression on executive functioning (Castaneda
et al. 2008; Miller et al. 1991; Rohling et al. 2002, Markela-
Lerenc et al. 2006).
While many different adult populations have been
.
Due Facilitating group to post by Day 1; all other students post AlyciaGold776
Due: Facilitating group to post by Day 1; all other students post to discussion prompt by Day 4 and one other peer initial discussion prompt post by Day 7
Initial Post: Created by Facilitating Group ( I am not in the facilitating group)
This is a student-led discussion.
· The facilitating group should choose one member from their group who will be responsible for the initial post.
· On Day 1 of this week, the chosen group member will create an initial post that is to include the group's discussion prompts, resources, and the instructions for what your classmates are to do with the resources.
· During this week, each member of your group is to participate in the facilitation of the discussion. This means making certain that everyone is engaged, questions from students are being answered, and the discussion is expanding.
· It is the expectation that the facilitating group will address all initial peer response posts by Day 7.
Reply Posts: Non-Facilitating Students
· If you are not a member of the facilitating group, you are to post a discussion prompt response according to the facilitating group's instructions by Day 4. Your reply posts should include substantive reflection directed to the presenters.
· You are also expected to respond to at least two other peer's initial discussion prompt posts.
Facilitating Group’s Post (to be replied)
Depression and Somatization Disorders
Barry Lynne, Brittany Stoken, and Jessica Murphy
NU664C: Psychiatric Mental Health Care of the Family I
November 1, 2021
Depression and Somatization Disorders
Hello Class,
Group 1 is assigned Depression and Somatization Disorders to further discuss. Failure to adjust and modify emotions cognitively while experiencing stress can ultimately present an outcome of exaggerated physiological and behavioral responses and amplify susceptibility to somatic disorders, such as somatization (Davoodi, et al., 2019). Somatization Disorder is the presentation of recurrent and multiple somatic complaints of several years duration for which medical attention has been sought but which do not derive from a specific physical disorder (Swartz, Blazer, & George, 2012).
Please respond to the following questions:
1. When caring for a patient with somatization disorder, what therapeutic interventions would you formulate (Allen, Woolfolk, Escobar, Gara, and Hamer, 2006)?
2. How would you evaluate the success of your interventions for a patient living with somatization?
Depression is an extremely serious mood disorder that effects how you think, feel, and act. Symptoms range from mild to severe including, feeling sad, loss of interest or pleasure, change in appetite, trouble sleeping or getting too much sleep, feeling worthless, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide (American Psychiatric Association, 2021). To be diagnosed with depression, symptoms must last at least two weeks and present a change in level of functioning (National Institute of Men ...
Running head UNTREATED ADHD CAN INCREASE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 1.docxtodd521
Running head: UNTREATED ADHD CAN INCREASE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 1
UNTREATED ADHD CAN INCREASE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 9
Untreated ADHD can increase Criminal Behavior
Jailya Wooden
Walden University
April 4, 2020
Introduction
The treatment of ADHD and the approaches to be employed are reliant on several factors including the age of the individuals suffering the disease, whether to be employed with other approaches and the comorbidities present. ADHD is a major issue in public health and can have negative effects on the families of the patient and society as a whole. As such, understanding the underlying factors of ADHD, its diagnosis and treatment approaches is crucial to how well the condition will be dealt with in the future. This paper looks into six research articles as part of the Capstone project and their studies of ADHD related subjects.
Articles Synthesis
According to Lücke et al., 2017, CBT or cognitive behavioral therapy is characterized as the standard type of psychotherapy administered in adults suffering ADHD. The article recognizes that biological factors including chronic negative feedback during childhood can play a role in the characterization of ADHD as a developmental disorder and these cannot be addressed substantially using CBT. The article looks into schema therapy which has recently become popular for use as a therapy approach when it comes to chronic psychiatric disorders due to its effectiveness. The therapy is centered on the targeting and identification of beliefs and dysfunctional patterns that are formed from experiences during childhood and encapsulated as early maladaptive schemas. The article also looks into studies that were used to demonstrate the increased prevalence of these schemas in ADHD suffering adults. As such, it analyzes the effectiveness and utilization of schema therapy and its potential in utilizing maladaptive schemas to treat ADHD. The effectiveness of the approach is bolstered when there are the influence and existence of secondary problems including impaired self-perception and poor coping mechanisms (Lücke et al., 2017). The article also cites the importance of conducting controlled randomized clinical studies to support the adoption of the approach and the analysis of its effectiveness in treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD.
According to Pan et al., 2019, the article looks into a study that compares CBT alone to its combination with medication in terms of cognitive and social functions, self-esteem, emotional symptoms and core symptoms in patients suffering ADHD. The study provides proof that CBT is an effective approach when it comes to treating ADHD regardless of whether it is employed with medication or not. There were, however, broader improvements when CBT was employed with medication in executive function but not in clinical symptoms, as compared to the use of CBT alone. This would, therefore, provide a scientific basis for the clinical selection of tr.
the importance of epidemiological studies, important historical research on mental health, techniques and processes, and epidemiological research findings on mental health during covid 19 are included.
Similar to Attention, Problem Solving And Decision Making In Adult Subjects With ADHD (20)
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Caprì et al. Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, 1(1), 2019, 1‐9
2
Introduction
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) represents one of the most common
neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood (Thomas, Sanders, Doust, Beller, & Glasziou, 2015). It
persists into adolescence and adulthood in 30% to 60% of cases (Biederman et al, 2006).
Worldwide incidence is between 5% and 15% of the school-aged population (Asherson, Buitelaar,
Faraone, & Rohde, 2016). The disorder is characterized by the following symptoms: inattention,
hyperactivity and impulsivity. Decades of research have revealed that ADHD is associated with
several executive dsyfunctions such as: set shifting, problem solving, working memory (WM),
inhibition, autobiographical memory, motivational processes, decision making and reinforcement
learning (Antonietti, Monnier, Gatti, & Fabio, 2010; Fabio, 2017; Fabio & Caprì, 2015; 2017;
Fabio, Caprì, Mohammadhasani, Gangemi, Gagliano & Martino, 2018; Fabio, Piran, & Antonietti,
2005; Mohammadhasani, Fabio, Fardanesh, & Hatami, 2015; Martino, Caprì, Castriciano, & Fabio,
2017; Mohammadhasani, Fardanesh, Hatami, Mozayani, Fabio, 2018; Stark et al., 2011)
Although executive impairments are well documented in children with ADHD and this disorder has
been recently reconceptualized as a lifespan disorder, little is known about neuropsychological
profile of adults with ADHD. Previous studies indicated that, in comparison to healthy adults, adult
subjects with ADHD showed deficiencies of various functions, such as: attention, WM, concept
formation, impulsivity, inhibition, shifting, delay discounting and increased reaction time variability
(Alderson, Kasper, Hudec, & Patros, 2013; Boonstra, Kooij, Oosterlaan, Sergeant, & Buitelaar,
2010; Boonstra, Oosterlaan, Sergeant, & Buitelaar, 2005; Fabio & Antonietti, 2012; Fabio,
Castriciano, & Rondanini, 2015; Fabio & Urso, 2014; Feige et al., 2013; Fuermaier et al., 2015;
Gmehlin et al., 2014; Grane, Endestad, Pinto, & Solbakk, 2014; Halleland, Haavik, & Lundervold,
2012; Lundervold et al., 2015; Johnson et al., 2001; Liverta Sempio, Fabio, Tiezzi, & Cedro, 2016;
Marx et al., 2010; Rohlf et al., 2012; Tucha et al., 2006).
Holst and Thorell (2017) investigated how neuropsychological measures can discriminate between
adults with ADHD and those with other psychiatric disorders. They found that adults with ADHD
performed more poorly in neuropsychological tests than the control group. Mäntylä, Still, Gullberg
and Del Missier (2012) examined decision-making competence in adults with and without ADHD,
using the Adult Decision-Making Competence (A-DMC) battery, and two affective decision tasks
(the Balloon Analog Risk Task and the Iowa Gambling Task). The results indicated that ADHD was
associated with impaired decision making in all tasks. A meta-analysis of decision making and
attention in adults with ADHD studied 59 studies, demonstrating the presence of DM deficits in
adults with ADHD, which are of similar magnitude as attention deficits (Mowinckel et al., 2015).
3. Caprì et al. Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, 1(1), 2019, 1‐9
3
Despite some cognitive processes have been studied, problem-solving abilities of adults with
ADHD have not been examined in detail. In Italian literature on ADHD in adulthood, the existing
studies didn’t provide a complete picture of the cognitive impairments associated with ADHD in
adulthood.
On the basis of these theoretical considerations, the present study examined attention, problem
solving and decision making in adults with and without ADHD. To investigate these cognitive
processes we employed three tests: Stroop test, Tower of Hanoi and Iowa Gambling Task. It was
hypothesized that the well-documented deficits in attention, problem solving and decision making
in children with ADHD will be displayed also in adults with ADHD.
Methods
Participants
The participants in the present study were selected from a sample of 130 students (80 females and
50 males) attending their 5th year of Secondary Education in Lombardy, a region of Northern Italy.
Students’ age ranged from 18 to 21 years (M = 18,7; SD = 3,27) and they were all Italian. All
participants gave written informed consent and the head teachers of the schools attended by the
participants approved the study. To select students with ADHD symptoms, two phases were
followed.
First phase. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale v.1.1 (ASRS), published by the World Health
Organization (Kessler et al., 2005; Lozano, Carmona, Muñoz-Silva, Fernández-Calderón, Díaz-
Batanero, Sanchez-Garcia, 2016), was used to classify subjects into “ADHD” or control groups.
The ASRS has high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.88) and high intra-class correlation
coefficients for subset symptom scores (intra-class correlation coefficients = 0.83; Adler, Spencer,
Faraone, Kessler, Howes, Biederman, & Secnik, 2006). The 18-item ASRS was designed to
evaluate current manifestation of ADHD symptoms in people aged 18 years or older. Such scale is
based on the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and the
questions are consistent with DSM-V criteria. Part-A contains the same 6 items as in the Screener
and part-B contains 12 additional questions based on DSM-V criteria. The paper version requires 5
minutes to complete. Subjects are required to use a 5-item Likert scale to indicate the frequency of
occurrence of symptoms over the past 6 months (0 = never; 1 = rarely; 2 = sometimes; 3 = often; 5
= very often). For each subject, the total score was obtained summing the scores of hyperactivity
subscale and inattention subscale (maximum total score: 72; maximum score in inattention
subscale: 36 and maximum score in hyperactivity subscale: 36). In this study, the ASRS was
compiled by teachers and students.
4. Caprì et al. Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, 1(1), 2019, 1‐9
4
Second phase. Students who exceeded the cut-off scores in ASRS moved on to the second phase for
a clinical diagnosis carried out by a specialized psychologist during individual interviews. The
psychologist conducted interviews to exclude ADHD-like symptoms such as bipolar disorders
(early onset bipolar disorder), depression, oppositional defiant disorder and dependence. He also
examined if the symptoms causing impairment were reported in two or more settings, the onset age
of the disorder and the use of medication. After the individual clinical assessment, all participants
who followed a medication regime or that had a psychopathology associated with anxiety,
depression, psychosis or mental retardation were excluded from the study.
The final sample included: 12 students (12 males and 0 females) with ADHD combined
presentation (ADHD-C) and 12 students as a healthy control group (HC). The mean age was 18
years for each group. The characteristics of the final sample were summarised in Table 1.
ADHD GROUP
M (SD)
CONTROL GROUP
M (SD)
n. boys/girls
Age
ASRS
Total
Inattentive
Hyperactive
12/0
18.3 (11.48)
39.33 (8.61)
21.50 (6.07)
17.83 (4.23)
12/0
18.4 (18.70)
5.9 (6.11)
1.2 (3.80)
4.7 (2.47)
Table 1. Mean (M) and standard deviations (SD) of the ASR for ADHD and control group and
characteristics of groups.
The HC group was recruited from the same classroom of each of the subjects with ADHD and they
were matched by age and gender. Moreover, the control participants met no criteria identified by
ASRS and were not diagnosed as affected by behavioural, emotional and/or relational problems by
the specialized psychologists.
Neuropsychological measurements
The neuropsychological test battery included measures of: attention, problem solving and decision
making. The tests were: Stroop Test, Tower of Hanoi and Gambling Task. All the tests were
administered via computer using the software Presentations.
Stroop Test (Stroop, 1935). The Stroop Test, also known as the color-word naming test, is used to
measure the ability to shift attention and inhibit interfering information (MacLeod, 1991). In the
classic version, subjects are shown words printed in a color different than that expressed by the
word’s meaning. The Stroop effect occurs when the printed color naming words are incongruent
with the colored ink (e.g. the word green printed in yellow).
In the current study, the Stroop Test was administered via an IBM PC-compatible computer. The
5. Caprì et al. Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, 1(1), 2019, 1‐9
5
stimuli consisted of 10 words printed in four colored inks (blue, red, yellow, and green) and
formatted in 45-point Arial font. Two types of stimulus words were used: words written in the color
congruent with the color expressed by the word’s meaning and words written in a color incongruent
with the color expressed by the word’s meaning.
Participants were required to rapidly name a list of color words (blue, red, green or yellow) in
which the color of the text can be incongruent or congruent with the word itself (Stroop, 1935).
They were instructed to respond as quickly as possible to the appearance of the congruent stimulus
by pressing the number 1 key and the number 2 key in response to the incongruent stimulus.
Participants were seated facing a 19” monitor that was approximately 60 cm away from them. The
inter-stimulus interval was 1s and the stimulus duration was 75s. The following parameters were
calculated: number of correct responses and the execution time of the incongruent task.
Tower of Hanoi (Shallice, 1982). The Tower of Hanoi is a mathematical game or puzzle, created by
Edouard Lucas in 1883. It consists of three pegs, and a number of disks of different sizes. The goal
of the game is to move the entire stack to another rod, by following three rules: only one disk can be
moved at a time; the disk can only be moved if it is the uppermost disk on a stack; no disk may be
placed on top of a smaller disk.
In this study, subjects were presented with 10 problems via a computer, in which they viewed the
target arrangement (model) and matched it by rearranging different colored disks on 3, 4, or 5 pegs
of different sizes. They were asked to move the disks as in the model in the fewest possible moves,
according to the rules described above, and starting from a default position. The initial starting
position was displayed on the left, and the goal position was displayed on the right. Participants
used the computer mouse to move the disks and had 2 minutes to solve each problem. Only if they
completed the first task, they could solve the next one. The number of moves to resolve the
problem, the number of violations of the rules and the frequency of the correct solution to solve the
problem were calculated.
Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) (Bechara et al., 1994). The IGT allows to assess the decision making in
a laboratory setting. Participants were given €1500 to start, and are told to maximize profit by
selecting cards from among four decks of cards varying in their amounts of monetary reward and
punishment, but they didn’t know the monetary scores. To enhance motivation, we paid participants
who had positive net earnings at the end of the task that amount at the end of the study. The decks
were divided into two types: desks A and B called “disadvantageous”, because the selection from
these decks is deemed risky, while Decks C and D were “advantageous”, because the selection
allows to win (Bechara et al. 1994).
6. Caprì et al. Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, 1(1), 2019, 1‐9
6
Procedures
The participants were tested in a quiet area of the school. The Gambling Task was administered in a
group format, whereas the Stroop Test and the Tower of Hanoi were administered individually. The
order of test administration was random across the different trials. ADHD group and the control
group were tested separately. Total administration time was 40 minutes approximately. All subjects
were tested in the morning from 9 to 11 a.m.
Statistical analyses
The data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 for Windows. The descriptive statistics of the dependent
variables were tabulated and examined. The alpha-level was set to .05 for all statistical tests. In case
of significant effects, the effect size of the test was reported. The effect sizes were computed and
categorized according to Cohen (1988). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA with
the independent variable (types of group: ADHD groups vs control group) and dependent variables
(parameters of the tests used in this study).
Results
Table 2 shows the means and standard deviations of neuropsychological measures for the tests used
in this study. With reference to IGT, the dependent variables were: the total score and the execution
time. The first variable showed significant effects, F (1, 22) = 16.82; p < .01d = 0.92; the ADHD
group has a worse performance compared to the healthy controls. We found no significant effect in
the second variable, F(1, 22)=0.17, p=0.7.
Parameters ADHD group
M (DS)
Control group
M (DS)
d.f. F p
Gambling Task
Scores
Execution time
in seconds
Tower of Hanoi
Moves
Stroop Test
Total
Color
Position
1391.66 (440.47)
563.66 (101.58)
88.91 (28.00)
45.58 (3.14)
21.25 (1.60)
24.33 (2.60)
2087.50 (389.12)
584.25 (138.05)
42.00 (5.34)
50.16 (0.83)
23.58 (0.90)
26.50 (0.67)
1, 22
1, 22
1, 22
1, 22
1, 22
1, 22
16.82
0.17
32.50
23.78
19.33
7.77
0.00
0.68
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
Table 2. Mean (M) and standard deviations (SD) of the Stroop Test, Tower of Hanoi and IGT for ADHD and
control group.
7. Caprì et al. Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, 1(1), 2019, 1‐9
7
As regards to the Tower of Hanoi, the factor “number of moves” showed significant effects, F(1,
22)=23.78, p<0.01. This means that the ADHD groups had a poorer performance than the HC
group.
We also found significant effects in the Stroop Test, F(1, 22)= 19.33, p<0.01; F(1, 22)= 7.77
p=0.01. Again, the ADHD show a worse performance compared to the control subjects.
Discussion
The main aim of the current study was to examine attention, problem solving and decision making
in adults with and without ADHD using neuropsychological tests. As expected, results revealed that
the ADHD group displayed marked deficits in all tasks. These findings indicated that subjects with
ADHD have more difficulties to represent the task mentally and to select the strategy of solution
(Brown, 2013; Fabio, 2017; Fabio, Castriciano, & Rondanini, 2015).
These results are consistent with previous research (Fabio & Urso, 2014; Fuermaier, Tucha, Koerts,
Aschenbrenner, Weisbrod, Lange et al., 2014; Fuermaier et al., 2015; Salomone, Fleming,
Bramham, O’Connell, & Robertson, 2016), demonstrating that adults with ADHD are less efficient
in the modulation of attention, and in the selection of the most relevant information.
Contrary to expectations, we did not find any difference related to “execution time” parameter of
IGT. This could be explained by saying that, in this study, only laboratory measures were
performed. Therefore, the results of ADHD participants on IGT may not accurately represent
symptoms and problems associated with ADHD as they occur in natural settings such as decision
making in a workplace.
The present results must be viewed in the context of some limitations. First, the sample sizes were
small (12 adults with ADHD and 12 healthy control participants). A second restriction of the study
is that we only considered the ADHD-C presentation. Future studies should aim to replicate results
in a larger sample, considering the different presentations of ADHD in adulthood.
In conclusion, our results suggest that adults with ADHD show a considerable impairment in
attention, problem solving and decision making. The present study contributes to understanding the
neuropsychological picture of adults with ADHD.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
The authors declare no conflict of interest and no source of funding for the present research. All
procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical
standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki
Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was
obtained from all parents of participants included in the study.
8. Caprì et al. Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, 1(1), 2019, 1‐9
8
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