This document summarizes treatment approaches for motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. It discusses that initial treatment should focus on physical therapy and lifestyle modifications. If medications are needed, dopamine agonists like rotigotine or monoamine oxidase B inhibitors can be used first but have limited effectiveness. Levodopa remains the most effective treatment for motor symptoms but comes with risks of dyskinesia and other side effects. The combination of levodopa and entacapone provides minimal additional benefit over levodopa alone. Overall the document recommends an individualized approach considering each patient's specific symptoms and risk factors.

1. Ajustar la información de acuerdo con el diseño curricular
Karen Tatiana Mora Franco
Camila Alejandra Morales
Nicole Valentina Cogua
Kevin David Tejada
CARRERA
Psicología
SEMESTRE
Quinto
Nombre del Docente
Koryn Bernal Manrique
Psicopatología niño – adulto
Universidad Manuela Beltrán
Bogotá
2022

2. Actividad
Elaborar una infografía/mapa mental en inglés, en donde se describan los siguientes
conceptos de la psicopatología del niño y el adolescente:
1.Definición de la psicopatología infantil
2. Epidemiología de los trastornos más frecuentes por los cuales consultan los niños, niñas
y adolescentes.
3. Elaborar 3 Raes de artículos indexados en idioma inglés en los cuales expliquen cuáles
son las intervenciones basadas en evidencia más efectivas y eficaces para esos diagnósticos,
integrar información más relevante en la infografía.
MAPA MENTAL:
https://padlet.com/kmora0297/tglgnqfknv5fm5n3

3. TITLE
Cognitive behavioral treatment for childhood anxiety disorders: long-term effects on
anxiety and secondary disorders in young adulthood
AUTHOR
Lissette M. Saavedra,1 Wendy K. Silverman,2 Antonio A. Morgan-Lopez,3 and William
M. Kurtines2
EDITION
Date Created: doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02242.x
DATE
1 February 2010
KEYWORDS
Anxiety disorders, long-term, follow-up, individual, group, cognitive behavioral therapy.
DESCRIPTION
Article
SOURCES
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 51:8 (2010), pp 924–934
This study received the following sources of support. The original RCTs were funded by
NIMH grants #R29MH4478l and #RO1MH4968 awarded to Wendy K. Silverman; the
long-term follow-up was funded by an NIMH grant #R03MH06577 awarded to Lissette
M. Saavedra. Additional support for Dr. Saavedra was provided through a Presidential
Dissertation Award from Florida International University and a Professional Development
Award from RTI International. Additional support for preparation of this manuscript was
provided by a NIMH midcareer development award (K24 MH073696) to Dr. Silverman.
Support for Dr. Morgan-Lopez was provided by the following grants: R01DA025198,
R21AA016543, and R21DA021147.
METHOD
: At long-term follow-up, participants (N = 67) were between 16 and 26 years of age (M =
19.43 years, SD = 3.02). Primary outcome was the targeted anxiety disorder and targeted
symptoms. Secondary outcomes were other disorders and symptoms not directly targeted
in the treatments including (1) other anxiety disorders and symptoms, (2) depressive
disorders and symptoms, and (3) substance use disorders and symptoms.
RESULTS
Long-term remission for anxiety disorders and symptoms targeted in the treatments was
evident 8 to 13 years post-treatment. Long-term remission also was found for the
secondary outcomes. There were more similarities than differences in the long-term gains
when comparing the treatment approaches
CONCLUSIONS
Consistent with past research, the study’s findings provide further evidence that the short-
term benefits of exposure-based CBT for childhood phobic and anxiety disorders using
both group and individual treatment may extend into the critical transition years of young
adulthood.
Authors of the RAE
Cogua Loaiza Nicole Valentina. Mora Franco Karen Tatiana. Morales Gutiérrez Camila
Alejandra. Tejada Guchubo Kevin David.

4. Date Created:
Treatment intensity and childhood apraxia of speech
Aravind Kumar Namasivayam, Frank Rudzicz, Jennifer Hard, Toni Rietveld
DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12154 last revision
January 2015
Clinical management of childhood apraxia
The present study used a pre- and post-treatment design (pre-/post)
All clinicians providing intervention were qualified SLPs
The MSTP was the treatment approach used in this study
Change was measured based on changes in the speech sound system
The caregiver is present in the room and participates in the therapy process
Journal Article
INT J LANG COMMUN DISORD, JULY 2015, VOL. 50, NO. 4, 529–546
Clinical management of childhood apraxia of speech
Express where it is challenging on quite a few levels. It usually has some
challenges and these
range from the etiology and definition of CAS to
the type, intensity, frequency, and amount of treatment
necessary to produce satisfactory results. The etiology is responsible for the CAS
and is unknown, but it has been suggested
be a sensorimotor neurological speech-sound that is based on
subtype of disorder (SSD) that disrupts neurophysiological processes at the level
of motor planning of speech and/or motor programming of speech movement.
Title
Author
Edition
Date
Keywords
Description
Sources
Contents
20150929

5. Those children who were diagnosed, evaluated, examined and presented
characteristics of CAS were
extracted from a larger data set, which contains 85 preschool children with SSD
all participated in a Ministry of Services for Children and Youth where it was
funded by being
investigation study. All 85 children had English as their primary home language
and met several inclusion/exclusion criteria for participation in a larger
investigation of
study. Inclusion criteria include skills such as (social, play and attention skills)
and thus having direct speech intervention (clinical observation by a certified
speech expert).
In addition, hearing and vision studies were performed within normal limits.
(parent reports), mild or major delays in expression were sought, each was to
have age-appropriate or nearly age-appropriate language, presented
receptive language, moderate to profound severity SSD
and presence of indicators of motor involvement of speech vowel and consonant
distortions, jaw lateral slip, jaw inappropriate excursion, decreased rounding and
lip retraction. All physicians who provided the intervention and follow-up were
qualified SLPs, prior to starting the study they completed a survey
on previous experience and on-the-job training
with children with motor speech disorders, after evaluating this they underwent
two multi-day workshops on
evaluation and treatment of children with
Speech motor problems. the first two days
Workshop was focused on the assessment and treatment of
children with motor speech disorders, in this assessment several factors were
examined and evaluated, plus the topics most discussed in
This workshop covered basic aspects of speech motor development,
identification of speech motor disorders,
motor hierarchy followed by appraisal, target selection,
treatment techniques, caregiver participation, importance of home practice and
resources for
treatment activities. With this, it was sought that the tests that were carried out
on the children were excellent and without margin of error.

6. Studies were carried out with a percentage of the population, mainly infants who
suffered from this disorder, giving a physical and mental diagnosis, with possible
causes and treatment for each child and these are justified based on their medical
history.
Conclusions.
Intensive treatment is previously recommended for the treatment of
children, it should always be carried out by a professional expert in the
subject. Although there is no specific treatment to cure this disorder, it is
possible to have an accompaniment with the infant so that he can have a
change throughout his life.
Authors of the RAE
Cogua Loaiza Nicole Valentina.
Mora Franco Karen Tatiana.
Morales Gutiérrez Camila Alejandra.
Tejada Guchubo Kevin David.
Methodology

7. Title
Parkinson’s disease: initial treatment of motor disorders
Author
Paris : Association Mieux Prescrire
Edition
Date Created: 20150930 Date Completed: 20151016 Latest Revision: 20150929
Date
September 1, 2015
Keywords
Physical Therapy Modalities*
Antiparkinson Agents/*adverse effects
Antiparkinson Agents/*therapeutic use
Motor Activity/*drug effects
Parkinson Disease/*drug therapy
Age Factors ; Antiparkinson Agents/administration & dosage ; Drug
Administration Schedule ; Humans ; Indoles/administration &
dosage ; Indoles/adverse effects ; Indoles/therapeutic
use ; Levodopa/administration & dosage ; Levodopa/adverse
effects ; Levodopa/therapeutic
use ; Parkinson Disease/diagnosis ; Parkinson Disease/psychology ; Time-to-
Treatment ; Treatment Outcome
Description
Journal Article
Sources
Prescrire International. Sep2015, Vol. 24 Issue 163, p215-217. 3p.
Contents
Parkinson’s disease is a central nervous system disorder characterised by motor
impairment and various other signs and symptoms, including neuropsychiatric
disorders . In Europe, the estimated prevalence of Parkinson’s disease is about%
among persons over 65 years of age and 3. Parkinson’s disease rarely occurs
before age 40 . A triad of motor symptoms.
Symptoms are often unilateral, typically on the same side as the tremor . A marked
improvement in these symptoms soon after starting treatment with levodopa
supports the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease.
Parkinson’s disease has no clearly identified cause, but genetic factors and brain
injury might play a role. Parkinson’s disease . The diagnosis of Parkinson’s
disease must be conveyed tactfully to the patient and family, taking into account
their prior knowledge of the disease and their emotional reaction. The patient
should first be informed of his or her existing symptoms, and then be allowed to
control the pace at which information is communicated on the somewhat
unpredictable course of the disease and available therapeutic options.

8. Parkinson’s disease . Monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors. MAO-B inhibitors
have only a modest impact on motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, barely
postponing the need for levodopa. Rotigotine.
Rotigotine is a non-ergot dopamine agonist available only in transdermal patch
form. Levodopa + entacapone. When used as first-line treatment for Parkinson’s
disease, the combination of levodopa + entacapone, a catechol-O-
methyltransferase inhibitor, is barely more effective than levodopa alone but
causes more nausea, diarrhoea and dyskinesia, which occur earlier and more
frequently .
Current treatments are designed to enhance dopaminergic activity, either with
levodopa , or with a non-ergot derivative dopamine agonist such as
ropinirole . Levodopa is the most effective drug for treatment of the motor
symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. After several years of levodopa
therapy, however, some patients develop motor fluctuations and
dyskinesia . Levodopa is administered as a fixeddose combination with a dopa-
decarboxylase inhibitor such as carbidopa or benserazide, as this allows lower
doses of levodopa to be used and reduces peripheral gastrointestinal and cardiac
adverse effects .
Levodopa is introduced gradually, without seeking immediate or complete control
of all symptoms. The levodopa + peripheral dopadecarboxylase inhibitor
combination is more manageable in immediate-release form than in extended-
release form .
Ropinirole, a non-ergot derivative dopamine agonist, is less effective than
levodopa in improving motor disorders but results in fewer motor fluctuations in
the long term.
Deep vein thrombosis is due to the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, usually
in a lower limb. Migration of all or part of the clot into a pulmonary artery can result
in pulmonary embolism, which can be fatal despite treatment . Prevention of
pulmonary embolism is based on prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis in at-risk
situations, treatment of confirmed venous thrombosis, and prevention of cardiac
embolism . The following article focuses solely on the prevention of deep vein
thrombosis.
Identifying high-risk situations. Other high-risk situations warranting antithrombotic
prophylaxis include treatment with cytotoxic drugs or with oestrogen antagonists
in the postoperative period, and hospitalisation in an intensive care
unit . Prophylaxis is also warranted in situations generally associated with a less
elevated risk of venous thrombosis if the patient has other risk factors such as
advanced age, a personal or family history of
thrombosis, dehydration, cancer, obesity, acute infection, and an exacerbation of
cardiac or respiratory failure.

9. Methodology
Research is carried out with a percentage of the population that suffers from this
disorder, giving a physical and mental diagnosis, with possible causes and
treatment for each patient and these are justified from their medical history.
Conclusions.
Given the investigation, concrete and detailed information on the motor disorder
is provided, symptoms and possible causes of them are exposed. In the same
way, brain processes are explained and how they affect motor function, the need
for levodopa and Rotigotine.
High-risk situations that may arise as a result of the treatment are identified and
clarified.
Author of the RAE
Cogua Loaiza Nicole Valentina.
Mora Franco Karen Tatiana.
Morales Gutiérrez Camila Alejandra.
Tejada Guchubo Kevin David.